·推荐论文摘要·

海绵城市（LID）的内涵、途径与展望

仇保兴



·推荐论文摘要·

海绵城市（LID）的内涵、途径与展望

仇保兴

城镇化的大背景下，我国每年有一千多万人进城，新建成的建筑相当于世界建筑总量的一半。在这种情况下，如果不引进海绵城市的建设模式，我国的城市地表径流量就会大幅度增加，从而引发洪涝积水、河流水系生态恶化、水污染加剧等问题。海绵城市就像一块海绵那样，能把雨水留住，让水循环利用起来，把初期雨水径流的污染削减掉。本文介绍海绵城市的基本内涵、实现海绵城市途径、并对深化海绵城市建设的新技术作了展望。

LID；雨水径流；建筑总量；城市公园；地表径流量；河流水系；文介；中水回用；城市建设；水文特征

来源出版物：给水排水， 2015， 41（3）： 1-7

智慧化海绵城市的探讨与展望

李运杰，张弛，冷祥阳，等

摘要：海绵城市和智慧城市都是新一代的城市管理理念，都是为了让城市变得更加美好。将智慧城市的智慧化理念融入到海绵城市之中，实现海绵城市的智慧化，对于加快推进海绵城市的建设步伐和更好更高效地发挥海绵城市的作用，有很重要的意义。本文首先介绍了海绵城市的智慧化理念，然后从海绵城市的规划建设、运行管理和绩效评价三个阶段分别探讨了智慧化理念在海绵城市中的应用，以期为智慧的海绵城市发展提供一些借鉴和启示。

关键词：海绵城市；智慧化；规划建设；运行管理；绩效评价

来源出版物：南水北调与水利科技， 2016， 14（1）： 161-164

基于“海绵城市”建设的城市湿地景观设计

孟永刚，王向阳，章茹

摘要：为了应对城市雨洪问题，推进海绵城市建设，提出充分利用城市湿地景观设计进行雨洪管理。首先分析了城市湿地在海绵城市建设中的作用，然后提出城市湿地雨洪管理的策略，最后论述了城市湿地雨水管理的景观设计途径。指出城市湿地景观设计要依据雨水在源区—迁移—汇流域尺度上的过程，应用低影响开发技术，设计集水、输水、汇水景观，对这一全过程中的雨水进行汇集、渗透、过滤及存贮等处理，实现对雨水水量、水质的高效管理。

关键词：海绵城市；城市湿地；景观设计；低影响发展；雨洪管理

来源出版物：生态经济， 2016， 32（4）： 224-227

海绵城市理论与技术发展沿革及构建途径

车生泉，谢长坤，陈丹，等

摘要：为实现中国生态文明的发展及生态城市的建设，海绵城市技术的应用是我国城市自然式雨洪管控的核心手段。首先对国外发达国家的雨洪管理和技术应用进行了论述，然后，对海绵城市及其相关理论（最佳管理措施、低影响开发和绿色基础设施）进行了辨识，在此基础上对海绵城市建设的目标、内容和途径进行了系统的分析，并借鉴国外的实践案例，结合我国城市建设的特点，提出了适于我国海绵城市建设的发展策略，以指导我国海绵城市的建设，推动生态文明的发展。

关键词：风景园林；海绵城市；低影响开发；绿色基础设施

来源出版物：中国园林， 2015， 6： 11-15

“海绵城市”理论与实践

俞孔坚，李迪华，袁弘，等

摘要：当今中国正面临着水资源短缺，水质污染，洪涝灾害，水生物栖息地丧失等多种水问题。这些水问题综合症是系统性、综合的问题，亟需一个更为综合全面的解决方案。“海绵城市”理论的提出正是立足这一背景。文章基于生态系统服务、景观安全格局等理论，结合北京市、六盘水市以及哈尔滨群力国家湿地公园等案例，详细阐述了“海绵城市”概念的源起、发展、内涵和构建方法体系，指出“海绵城市”有别于传统的工程依赖性治水思路和“灰色”基础设施，它作为一种生态途径，其构建核心在于建立跨尺度的水生态基础设施，以综合解决中国城乡突出的水问题，并对未来“海绵城市”的研究方向提出了展望。

关键词：海绵城市；水生态基础设施；生态系统服务；景观安全格局；理论

来源出版物：城市规划， 2015， 39（6）： 26-36

海绵城市建设指南解读之基本概念与综合目标

车伍，赵杨，李俊奇，等

摘要：《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统构建（试行）》中涉及一系列新的基本概念、参数和方法，其控制目标也与传统排水系统有很大差异。对这些基础问题、关系与要点的透彻理解和把握，是落实海绵城市建设的重要基石。作为系列解读文章的第一篇，结合编制过程中的深入思考及长期研究和实践经验，着重阐述海绵城市的基本概念与内涵、狭义与广义低影响开发雨水系统与海绵城市的关系，以及综合目标的构建与各子目标之间的关系等基础问题，以期更清晰、科学地指导后续规划设计和建设工作的推进。

关键词：海绵城市；狭义与广义低影响开发；解读；基本概念；综合目标

来源出版物：中国给水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 1-5

海绵城市建设指南解读之城市径流总量控制指标

王文亮，李俊奇，车伍，等

摘要：基于我国目前城市规划体系，提出了城市径流总量控制指标及其量化分解方法，并通过案例，利用SWMM模型对该方法进行了验证，典型年的连续模拟结果表明，利用该方法对规划区域内各地块进行控制指标分解，很好地达到了城市总体规划提出的年径流总量控制目标，可用于指导我国实施径流总量控制。

关键词：城市规划；径流总量控制；控制指标；分解方法；模型验证

来源出版物：中国给水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 18-23

海绵城市建设指南解读之城市雨洪调蓄系统的合理构建

车伍，武彦杰，杨正，等

摘要：调蓄是城市雨洪控制利用系统和排水内涝防治规划中最重要的组成部分，通过对调蓄设施的合理设计、应用，可以很好地控制径流污染、削减径流总量和峰值、缓解洪涝灾害、利用雨水资源等。针对国内在城市雨洪调蓄的研究、规划设计和工程实施中存在的一些主要问题，首先厘清调蓄设施的不同种类及功能特点，进而提出调蓄系统的概念、构建城市雨洪调蓄系统的框架，分析调蓄系统与城市雨洪控制利用相关子系统的联系及相互衔接关系，为我国城市雨洪调蓄系统相关标准的制定、规划设计与建设提供更科学的思路和技术路线。

关键词：调蓄设施；调蓄系统；城市雨洪管理

来源出版物：中国给水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 13-17

我国城市雨洪管理及资源化利用研究

吴海瑾，翟国方

摘要：中国城市雨洪管理的理念和技术相对落后，不符合现代城市雨洪综合利用和管理的新要求。德国、日本、美国、英国等国家在雨洪管理和资源化利用上取得了一些成效，他们的经验和方法对我们解决现实问题有很重要的借鉴意义。现代科学的城市雨洪管理应该以专项规划为引导，以先进的预报、模拟、监测、控制等技术为支撑。在提高城市综合管理水平的基础上，通过合理的生态工程，提高雨洪资源利用率，将城市生态系统保护、环境美化与雨洪的防、滞、排、用结合起来，促进生态文明和亲水宜居城市建设。

关键词：雨洪灾害；管理；雨洪资源利用

来源出版物：现代城市研究， 2012（1）： 23-28

城市总体规划中雨水利用规划探讨

石炼

摘要：面临城市水资源紧缺、城市洪涝灾害等一系列涉水问题，城市雨水利用规划已成为城市规划中的重要内容之一。在城市总体规划中落实雨水利用理念，是生态理念在城市规划中的实践。以中新天津生态城规划为案例，分析了规划区雨水利用的影响因素，结合规划区自然、环境等条件确定了城市雨水利用初步方案，探讨了在城市规划中城市雨水利用与用地布局、绿地景观、水系、道路、防洪等城市规划要素的统筹协调，基于此，构建了城市雨水综合利用方案，以期实现城市水系统的良性循环。

关键词：城市规划；雨水利用；洪涝灾害；水系统；中新天津生态城

来源出版物：给水排水， 2012， 38（4）： 13-16

来源出版物：Journal of Hydrology， 2016， 533： 200-212

Evaluating retention capacity of infiltration rain gardens and their potential effect on urban stormwater management in the sub-humid loess region of China

Tang， S； Luo， W； Jia， Z； et al.

Abstract: Recognized as an effective l ow impact development （LID） practice， rain gardens have been widely advocated t o b e bu ilt w ith ur ban la ndscaping f or stormwater r unoff r eduction through the retention a nd infiltration pr ocesses； bu t the f ield pe rformance a nd regional effect of rain gardens have not been thoroughly investigated. I n this paper， we presented a four-year monitoring study on the performance of a rain garden on stormwater retention； hydrological models were proposed to p redict the p otential effect o f r ain g ardens on r unoff reduction unde r d ifferent storms and the f uture ur ban development scenarios. The experimental rain garden was constructed in a sub-humid loess region in Xi’an， China； it has a contributing area ratio of 20：1 and depth of 15 c m. During the study period， we observed 28 large storm events，but only 5 o f them caused overflow from the rain garden. The flow r eduction r ate for the o verflow events r anged from 77% to 94%. The runoff coefficient f rom the contributing area （RC） was reduced to less than 0.02 on annual basis， and 0.008 over the four years average. Field observations a lso s howed that infiltration r ate r emained stable during the operation period. The predictions based on t he future landuse and storm v ariability of t he s tudy area showed that by converting a small fraction of the city land area into rain gardens， the negative hydrological effect from e xpansion of im pervious a rea c an be reduced significantly. The challenge， however， lies in how to plan and bu ild r ain g ardens as a n integral p art of the ur ban landscape.

Keywords: rain g arden； stormrunoff； d esign storm；infiltration； overflow； LID

来源出版物：Water Resources Management， 2016， 30（3）：983-1000

Hydrological effect of typical low impact development approaches in a residential district

Zhang， Xingqi； Guo， Xinya； Hu， Maochuan

Abstract: Understanding how low impact de velopment approaches （LIDs） r educe ur ban stormwater r unoff a nd increase baseflow is significant for urban water resources management. The SCS model and baseflow equation were employed to evaluate the performance of green roofs （GRs），permeable pavement （PP） and rain barrels （RBs） as retrofitting te chnologies i n a high-density r esidential community in Nanjing， C hina. I n a ddition， the f actors relevant t o t he performance of LIDs w ere explored b y estimating runoff variations at different rainfall frequencies. The f indings are that the application of GR， PP and RB resulted in reduction in surface runoff by 0.6%-36.8% and increased in b aseflow b y 2.68×103-60.93 × 103m3. In addition， there is a negative linear correlation between runoff depth and effective storage， and the effectiveness of RB on runoff reduction is greater than that of PP. The baseflow generated by 1 00% LID i mplementation is 1.94 times greater than that generated by 50% LID implementation. For PP， g enerated b aseflow increased w ith the increase i neffective s torage. The ba seflow ge nerated by G R i s 1.16 times greater than that generated by RB in the same roof area.

Keywords: Green r oofs； Permeable p avement； R ain barrels； Low impact development； Runoff； Baseflow

来源出版物：Natural Hazards， 2016， 80（1）： 389-400

Low-impact development practices to mitigate climate change effects on urban stormwater runoff: Case study of New York City

Zahmatkesh， Zahra； Burian， Steven J；Karamouz， Mohammad； et al.

Abstract: Urban stormwater runoff management systems are usually designed to meet performance standards based on h istorical climate d ata， w hich are as sumed to b e stationary. B ased o n the evidence f rom climate ch ange impact studies， in the near future， stormwater management systems， within the built environment， may need to meet performance expectations under climatic conditions different from historical climate. Considering the impacts of c limate c hange on rainfall i ntensities a nd s tormwater runoff peak flow and volumes， and in turn the effectiveness of mitigation， practices for urban stormwater management are desirable. This paper presents the results of a climate change impact study on ur ban stormwater r unoff i n t he Bronx River watershed， New York City. Considering the impacts of climate change on watershed r unoff， the potential f or l ow-impact d evelopment （LID） controls to mitigate the impacts was investigated. Stormwater runoff and LID controls were modeled using the U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model version 5 （EPA SWMM5）. The simulations w ere d riven b y h istorical p recipitation modified to r epresent f uture pr ojections u sing a change factor methodology b ased on precipitation f rom the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Using the c hange f actor m ethod， h istorical pr ecipitation was perturbed to obtain future data， based on three climate scenarios projecting maximum， mean， and minimum values for rainfall. Results of frequency analysis performed on the simulated p eak f low r ates， w ith d ifferent recurrence intervals， showed a noticeable increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme storm events and their peak values，under future extreme climate conditions. An LID control scenario consisting of r ainwater ha rvesting， por ous pavement， a nd b ioretention w as d esigned and e valuated using the SWMM model. The results showed that， while average increase in historical annual runoff volume under climate change impacts was approximately 48%， the LID controls could pr ovide a n average r eduction of 41% in annual runoff volume. Application of the LID controls also reduced peak flow rates by an average of 8% to 13%. LID implementation decreased watershed runoff corresponding to 2-year and 50-year r eturn p eriods， b y 28% and 14%，respectively. In conclusion， retrofits with LID controls may provide no t only their i nherent benefits （e.g.， runoff volume and w ater quality）， b ut also additional c limate impact mitigation benefits for stormwater runoff.

Keywords: climate ch ange； c limate ad aptation； change factor； green infrastructure； urban runoff

来源出版物：Journalof Irrigation and Drainage Engineering， 2015， 141（1）： 04014043

An overview of hybrid water supply systems in the context of urban water management: Challenges and opportunities

Sapkota， Mukta； Arora， Meenakshi； Malano， Hector； et al.

Abstract: This p aper p resents a cr itical r eview o f the physical impacts of decentralized water supply systems on existing centralized w ater infrastructures. T his p aper highlights the combination of centralized and decentralized systems， w hich is r eferred to a s h ybrid w ater supply systems. The s ystem is hypothesized t o generate m ore sustainable an d r esilient u rban w ater systems. T he b asic concept is to use decentralized water supply options such as rainwater t anks， s torm w ater harvesting and l ocalized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems. Currently the impact of hybrid water supply technologies on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes is yet to be known. T he p aper identifies a nu mber of significant r esearch g aps r elated to interactions be tween centralized an d d ecentralized u rban w ater s ervices. I t indicates that an improved understanding of the interaction between t hese s ystems i s ex pected t o provide a better integration of hybrid systems by improved sewerage and drainage d esign， as w ell as f acilitate op eration and maintenance planning. The paper also highlights the need for a f ramework t o better understand the interaction between d ifferent c omponents of h ybrid w ater s upply systems.

Keywords: hybrid water supply systems； wastewater；stormwater； water infrastructures

来源出版物：Water， 2015， 7（1）： 153-174

Optimizing low impact development （LID） for stormwater runoff treatment in urban area，Korea: Experimental and modeling approach

Baek， Sang-Soo； Choi， Dong-Ho； Jung， Jae-Woon； et al.

Abstract: Currently， continued urbanization and development result in an increase of impervious areas and surface runoff including pollutants. Also one of the greatest issues in pollutant emissions is the first flush effect （FFE），which implies a greater discharge rate of pollutant mass in the early part in the storm. Low impact development （LID）practices have been mentioned as a promising strategy to control urban stormwater runoff and pollution in the urban ecosystem. However， this requires many experimental and modeling efforts to test LID characteristics and propose an adequate guideline for optimizing LID management. In this study， w e pr opose a nove l m ethodology to op timize the sizes of d ifferent types of L ID b y c onducting intensive stormwater monitoring and numerical modeling in a commercial site in K orea. T he methodology pr oposed optimizes L ID s ize in a n a ttempt to moderate F FE on a receiving w aterbody. T hereby， the main obj ective of the optimization is to minimize mass first flush （MFF）， which is an indicator for quantifying FFE. The optimal sizes of 6 different LIDs ranged from 1.2 mm to 3.0 mm in terms of runoff depths， which significantly moderate the FFE. We hope that the new proposed methodology can be instructive for establishing LID strategies to mitigate FFE.

Keywords: stormwater treatment； low impact development （LID）； first flush effect （FFE）； mass first flush （MFF）； LID optimization

来源出版物：Water Research， 2015， 86： 122-131

Optimal spatial design of capacity and quantity of rainwater harvesting systems for urban flood mitigation

Huang， Chien-Lin； Hsu， Nien-Sheng；Wei， Chih-Chiang； et al.

Abstract: This study adopts rainwater harvesting systems （RWHS） i nto a s tormwater r unoff m anagement m odel （SWMM） for the spatial design of capacities and quantities of rain barrel for urban flood mitigation. A simulation-optimization model is proposed for effectively identifying the optimal design. First of all， we particularly classified t he c haracteristic z onal subregions for s patial design by u sing f uzzy C-means c lustering w ith the investigated da ta of ur ban r oof， land u se a nd d rainage system. In the simulation method， a series of regular spatial arrangements specification are designed by using statistical quartiles analysis for rooftop area and rainfall frequency analysis； accordingly， the corresponding reduced flooding circumstances can be simulated by SWMM. Moreover， the most e ffective s olution f or the s imulation m ethod is identified f rom the c alculated n et b enefit， w hich i s equivalent to the subtraction of the facility cost from the decreased i nundation l oss. It serves as t he i nitially identified s olution for t he op timization model. I n the optimization m ethod， ba ckpropagation n eural ne twork （BPNN） a re f irst applied f or d eveloping a w ater level simulation model of urban drainage systems to substitute for SWMM to conform to newly considered interdisciplinary multi-objective optimization model， and a tabu s earch-based a lgorithm is u sed with t he e mbedded BPNN-based S WMM to optim ize the p lanning s olution. The developed method is applied to the Zhong-He District，Taiwan. R esults demonstrate t hat t he application of t abu search a nd t he B PNN-based simulation m odel into t he optimization m odel can e ffectively， acc urately a nd fast search o ptimal d esign co nsidering economic net b enefit. Furthermore， the optimized spatial rain barrel design could reduce 72% of inundation losses according to the simulated flood events.

Keywords: rainwater h arvesting s ystem； stormwater runoff management model； backpropagation neural network；tabu search； s patial design of capacity and quantity；optimization； urban flood mitigation

来源出版物：Water， 2015， 7（9）： 5172-5202

Critical review of technical questions facing low impact development and green infrastructure: A perspective from the great plains

Vogel， Jason R； Moore， Trisha L； Coffman， Reid R； et al.

Abstract: Since its inception， L ow I mpact D evelopment （LID） has become part of urban stormwater management across the United States， marking progress in the gradual transition from centralized to distributed runoff management infrastructure. The ultimate goal of LID is full，cost-effective implementation to maximize watershed-scale ecosystem services and enhance resilience. To reach that goal in the Great Plains， the multi-disciplinary author team presents this c ritical r eview b ased o n thirteen technical questions within the c ontext of r egional c limate a nd socioeconomics across increasing complexities in scale and function. A lthough s ome pr ogress ha s be en made， much remains to be done including continued basic and appliedresearch， development of local LID design specifications，local demonstrations， and identifying funding mechanisms for these solutions. Within the Great Plains and beyond， by addressing these technical questions within a local context，the goal of widespread acceptance of LID can be achieved，resulting in m ore effective a nd r esilient stormwater management.

来源出版物：Water Environment Research， 2015， 87（9）：849-862

Review and research needs of bioretention used for the treatment of urban stormwater

Liu， Jia； Sample， David J； Bell， Cameron； et al.

Abstract: The c ontinued de velopment of ur ban a reas in recent decades has caused m ultiple i ssues af fecting t he sustainability of urban drainage systems. The increase of impervious surface areas in urban regions alters watershed hydrology and water quality. Typical impacts to downstream hydrologic regimes include higher peak flows and r unoff vo lumes， s horter lag times， and r educed infiltration and b ase f low. U rban r unoff increases the transport of po llutants a nd nutrients a nd thus d egrades water bodie s down stream fro m urban areas. On e o f the most frequently used practices to mitigate these impacts is bioretention. D espite its w idespread u se， research on bioretention systems remains active， particularly in terms of mix d esign and nitr ogen treatment. Recent r esearch focusing on bior etention is r eviewed h erein. The us e of mesocosms p rovides the a bility t o isolate p articular treatment processes and replicate variability. Computational models have been adapted and applied to simulate b ioretention， offering po tential improvements to their ope ration， maintenance， a nd d esign. Maintenance practices a re important for s ustained ope ration and h ave also been reviewed. Predicting maintenance is essential to assessing lifecycle costs. Within these research areas， gaps are explored， and recommendations made for future work.

Keywords: urban stormwater； f ield study； l ow i mpact development； bioretention； computational modeling；mesocosm simulation

来源出版物：Water， 2014， 6（4）： 1069-1099

Urban recharge beneath low impact development and effects of climate variability and change

Newcomer， Michelle E； Gurdak， Jason J；Sklar， Leonard S； et al.

Abstract: Understanding low impact d evelopment （L ID）planning and best management practices （BMPs） effects on recharge is important because of the increasing use of LID BMPs to reduce storm water runoff and improve surfacewater q uality. L ID B MPs ar e microscale， d ecentralized management te chniques s uch a s vegetated systems，pervious pavement， a nd i nfiltration t renches t o c apture，reduce， filter， and slow storm w ater runoff. Some B MPs may enhance recharge， which has often been considered a secondary management benefit. Here we report results of a field and HYDRUS-2D modeling study in San Francisco，California， USA to quantify urban recharge rates， volumes，and efficiency beneath a LID BMP infiltration trench and irrigated l awn c onsidering historical E l Nino/Southern Oscillation （ENSO） variability and future climate change using simulated precipitation from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory （GFDL） A1F1 climate scenario. We find that in situ and modeling methods are complementary，particularly f or simulating h istorical a nd f uture r echarge scenarios， a nd t he i n situ data a re c ritical f or accurately estimating r echarge unde r c urrent c onditions. O bserved （2011-2012） and future （2099-2100） recharge rates beneath the infiltration trench （1750-3710 mm yr（-1）） were an order of m agnitude gr eater t han be neath t he ir rigated la wn （130-730 m m yr（-1））. Beneath t he infiltration tr ench，recharge rates ranged from 1390 to 5840 mm yr（-1） and averaged 3410 mm yr（-1） for El Nino years （1954-2012）and from 1540 to 3330 mm yr（-1） and averaged 2430 mm yr（-1） for La Nina years. We demonstrate a clear benefit for recharge and local groundwater resources using LID BMPs.

Keywords: low impact d evelopment； r echarge； cl imate change； E NSO； ur ban gr oundwater； m anaged aquifer recharge

来源出版物：Water R esources Research， 2014， 50（2）：1716-1734

编辑：卫夏雯

Developing a stochastic conflict resolution model for urban runoff quality management: Application of info-gap and bargaining theories Ghodsi， Seyed Hamed； Kerachian， Reza；

Estalaki， SM； et al.

In this pa per， t wo deterministic a nd s tochastic multilateral， multi-issue， non-cooperative bargainingmethodologies a re p roposed f or u rban r unoff q uality management. I n t he proposed m ethodologies， a c alibrated Storm W ater M anagement Model （SWMM） i s u sed t o simulate stormwater runoff quantity and quality for different urban stormwater runoff management scenarios， which have been defined considering several Low Impact Development （LID） techniques. In the deterministic methodology， the best management scenario， representing location and area of LID controls， i s i dentified using t he bargaining m odel. In t he stochastic methodology， uncertainties of some key parameters o f S WMM are an alyzed u sing t he i nfo-gap theory. F or each w ater q uality management s cenario，robustness and opportuneness criteria are determined based on utility functions of different stakeholders. Then， to find the best solution， the bargaining model is performed considering a combination of robustness and opportuneness criteria for each scenario based on utility function of each stakeholder. T he r esults of applying the pr oposed methodology in the Velenjak urban watershed located in the northeastern part of Tehran， the capital city of Iran， illustrate its p ractical u tility f or c onflict r esolution i n urban w ater quantity a nd quality m anagement. I t i s shown t hat t he solution o btained using t he de terministic model c annot outperform the result of the stochastic model considering the robustness and opportuneness criteria. Therefore， it can be concluded that the stochastic model， which incorporates the main uncertainties， could provide more reliable results.

urban runoff； low impact development （LID）；SWMM； uncertainty analysis； info-gap theory； bargaining theory