年轻女性早期乳腺癌诊治进展
2016-02-12章颖柳光宇
章颖,柳光宇
年轻女性早期乳腺癌诊治进展
章颖1,2,柳光宇1,2
摘要:乳腺癌位于女性癌症发病之首。相较年长患者,年轻乳腺癌有其独特的临床病理特征,检出率较低,预后也更差。个体化、多学科治疗对最大化疗效,减少不良反应尤为重要;且越来越多年轻女性在关注治疗效果的同时要求保留生殖内分泌功能。本文就年轻乳腺癌的诊断筛查方法、综合治疗进展、治疗产生的生殖内分泌问题等方面进行综述。
关键词:乳腺肿瘤;女(雌)性;诊断;治疗;综述;筛查;生殖内分泌
审校者E-mail:liugy123@yahoo.com
随着乳腺癌发病率的不断上升,其已成为我国女性癌症死亡的第二号杀手[1]。多项国内外研究发现,年龄是影响年轻乳腺癌患者生存率的独立预测因素[2-3]。目前,国际上对年轻乳腺癌的定义尚不统一,界定从30岁[4]、35岁[5]到40岁[6],多数研究将年轻乳腺癌的发病年龄断点设在40岁[6-7]。相较年长患者,年轻乳腺癌患者腺体致密,检出率低,加之肿瘤生物学行为更为恶性[8-9],因而预后较差[8]。随着对年轻乳腺癌认识的不断深入,结合手术、放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗的综合治疗使患者的预后明显改善。越来越多年轻患者希望在兼顾治疗的同时保留生育功能。因此,年轻女性乳腺癌的筛查、治疗及其预后和生殖内分泌问题都值得关注,本研究对相关研究进展综述如下。
1 年轻乳腺癌的筛查
年轻乳腺癌患者诊断时往往已出现临床症状,分期相对较晚[10]。美国放射学会(American college of radiation,ACR)建议,钼靶筛查可用于年龄<40岁、有胸部放疗既往史、BRCA突变携带或家族史阳性且终生乳腺癌患病风险≥20%的人群,但不应早于25岁[11]。年轻女性乳腺组织较致密,常规钼靶敏感度不高,肿块检出率仅78.5%[12]。国内外多项研究均指出,对钼靶评估为致密型腺体的患者,加做超声筛查可提高乳腺癌检出率[9]。ACR和乳腺影像学会(Society of Breast Imaging)都建议对终生患癌风险>20%的年轻人加做MRI筛查[13]。
2 局部治疗进展
2.1保乳手术与全乳腺切除术保乳手术不会降低早期乳腺癌患者的总体生存率[14]。多项病例研究均发现,保乳术后局部复发率随年龄增长而逐渐降低[15-16],<50岁患者保乳术后同侧乳房复发率是≥50岁患者的2倍[17];而在接受全乳腺切除术的患者中,年龄与术后局部复发率无明显相关性[18-19]。更为恶劣的生物学行为是导致局部复发和远处转移甚至死亡的罪魁祸首[15]。目前尚没有证据表明全乳腺切除术对年轻乳腺癌患者的预后较保乳手术更好。保乳手术对年轻患者而言是可行、安全的选择。
2.2保乳术后放疗保乳术后放疗可使局部复发率减半,从而使乳腺癌死亡率下降1/6[20]。但在50 Gy全乳放疗的基础上,瘤床加量能否改善早期乳腺癌生存获益一直备受争论。去年,欧洲癌症治疗研究组织(European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer,EORTC)开展的一项中位随访时间长达17.2年的随机对照Ⅲ期临床试验(n=5 318)[21]结果提示,T1-2N0-1M0(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)乳腺癌患者接受50 Gy全乳放疗后,瘤床加量16 Gy虽不能提高总体生存率,但可降低局部复发风险。其中,≤40岁人群获益最大(P=0.003),可降低局部复发率11.6%。乳腺癌患者接受瘤床加量放疗虽会增加重度肺纤维化的发生率,但在年轻人群中并无统计学差异。中位随访时间为8.9年的DBCG-IMN试验[22]中,腋窝淋巴结清扫术结果为淋巴结宏转移的患者在接受全乳/胸壁、锁骨区及腋窝放疗的基础上,加做内乳淋巴结引流区放疗可使<35岁患者8年生存率提高3.4%,35~49岁患者8年生存率提高2.7%。
2.3腋窝评估Z0011随机试验[23]在为期6.3年的中位随访时间里发现,前哨淋巴结1~2个阳性,cT1-2N0M0的保乳患者即使不接受腋窝淋巴结清扫,也不会增加局部及区域复发率。其作者认为尽管<40岁患者局部复发率高于年长患者,但腋窝淋巴结复发并不多见。40岁以下并不是保留腋窝淋巴结的禁忌条件——前哨淋巴结1~2个阳性、cT1-2N0M0的年轻保乳患者仍可免于腋窝淋巴结清扫。我国最近开展的一项包含了5个数据库的多中心研究(n=658)发现,前哨淋巴结1~2个阳性、cT1-2N0M0的乳腺癌患者与Z0011试验中免于腋窝清扫组患者的临床病理特征差异无统计学意义,进一步提示Z0011研究结果同样适用于中国人群[24]。
2.4对侧预防性乳腺切除BRCA基因突变、乳腺癌或卵巢癌家族史阳性的患者接受预防性乳腺切除可显著降低乳腺癌的发病风险[25]。国外数据显示,1988年来,乳腺原位癌和Ⅰ~Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者选择对侧乳腺预防性切除术的患者数量增加了1.5倍[26-27]。年轻、受过高等教育的早期乳腺癌患者更倾向选择对侧预防性乳腺切除[28-30]。乳腺切除同时整形带来的美观获益也使得年轻女性更愿意接受这种手术[28]。
既往研究表明,对大多数乳腺癌患者而言,对侧乳房第二原发癌的平均发生率仅为每年0.5%~1%[31]。SEER分析提示,70%接受对侧乳腺预防性切除的患者实际并没有较高的该侧乳腺发病风险[32]。去年,一项纳入14 625例<45岁乳腺癌患者的回顾性研究提出,对侧预防性乳腺切除不能为年轻早期乳腺癌或雌激素受体(ER)阴性乳腺癌患者带来生存获益[33]。目前尚无证据支持对侧非乳腺癌高危风险的年轻女性行预防性乳腺切除可改善预后。我国指南暂不推荐对非高危乳腺癌患者行对侧乳腺预防性切除。
3 辅助内分泌治疗进展
他莫西芬用于年轻早期乳腺癌辅助内分泌治疗已经不再只有5年。首先,ATLAS研究[34]发现,ER阳性乳腺癌患者服用他莫西芬10年能使复发累积风险和死亡率分别下降3.7%和2.8%,且这种效应在用药10年后更为明显,该研究人群中,<45岁患者占19%。随后,aTTom研究[35]亦证实了该观点。2014年,ASCO[36]推荐已接受5年他莫西芬治疗的绝经前患者继续使用至10年。目前,国际上正在进行联合aTTom、ATLAS和其他临床试验的回顾性研究,以确定是否存在某组特定患者能从长期服用他莫西芬获益。
其次,2007年发表于Lancet的Meta分析对卵巢去势治疗应用于<40岁乳腺癌患者的价值予以了肯定[37]。SOFT试验[38]虽然在针对整个研究群体分析时未得出明显的生存获益,但在<35岁(11.5%)患者(其中94%接受了辅助化疗)中,5年乳腺癌无复发率在单用他莫西芬组、他莫西芬联合卵巢去势组、依西美坦联合卵巢抑制组分别为67.7%、78.9%和83.4%,差异有统计学意义。此外,在TEXT和SOFT试验联合分析[39]中,40岁以下患者占26.9%,充分显示了芳香化酶抑制剂相对于他莫西芬应用于年轻患者的优势,但必须同时考虑复发风险和不良反应。最近,EBCTCG发表的Meta分析[40]亦进一步证实了以上观点:<45岁患者接受5年芳香化酶抑制剂和5年他莫西芬治疗的乳腺癌相关事件发生率分别为1.9%/人年和4.9%/人年。相对于他莫西芬,口服芳香化酶抑制剂带来的复发率降低体现于治疗过程中,而非治疗结束后。
4 生殖内分泌问题及应对方法
美国最大的回顾性研究发现,36%的年轻乳腺癌患者因治疗而导致暂时或永久性闭经,这意味着年轻女性需要提前面对由此带来的血管舒缩症状、盗汗、性功能下降等围绝经期症状和生育问题[41]。对于年轻女性而言,使用性腺毒性较小的新辅助或辅助化疗是较好的选择[42]。随着晚婚晚育人群的扩大,妊娠期乳腺癌发病率也有所上升,约占<45岁患者的7%[43]。早期诊断、积极治疗对提高其生存率有重要意义。
4.1围绝经期症状及卵巢早衰的改善潮热是最常见的不良反应,出现于80%服用他莫西芬的患者[44]。性激素阻滞剂亦会产生围绝经期症状[45]。非激素非药理性治疗,以及小剂量的抗抑郁药、普瑞巴林和加巴喷丁都对围绝经期症状的缓解有所帮助[46-47]。
化疗相关性闭经的出现与药物种类、总剂量、剂量强度、治疗持续时间、患者年龄、治疗开始前卵巢功能的保存等有关[48],出现概率随年龄增长而增加。2011年,PROMISEGIM6试验[49]显示,化疗期间使用促性腺素释放激素类似物(LHRHa)可使早期绝经前乳腺癌患者卵巢功能早衰的发生率下降17%,其中≤40岁患者占66.5%,但该研究无法评估LHRHa是否有助于卵巢功能的长期恢复[50]。更新的POEM研究[51]证明,<50岁乳腺癌患者化疗过程中使用LHRHa能促进化疗后卵巢功能恢复且使怀孕率提高1倍,但由于研究过早终止和较高的失访率,该结果暂未写入指南。
4.2生育问题对<35岁早期乳腺癌患者而言,治疗完成后怀孕、哺乳不会增加乳腺癌复发风险[52],也不会降低生存率[53]。暂时中断辅助内分泌治疗以备生育对预后的影响目前正在Ⅱ期临床试验中。一旦确诊乳腺癌,生育保存技术应尽快启动[53]。在美国,大约5%的年轻女性乳腺癌患者在治疗开始前保留生育功能,方法包括卵母细胞冻存、体外受精、化疗期间服药保护卵巢等[54]。这些方法各有优缺点,以试管婴儿和胚胎冷冻最为成熟[52],但实施过程中的激素变化可能会延误化疗时间,从而影响预后。当胚胎或卵母细胞冻存不可行时,不延迟肿瘤治疗的卵巢组织冻存值得考虑[55]。LHRHa暂不应作为年轻女性保存生育能力的方法[56]。
4.3妊娠期哺乳期乳腺癌的诊治乳腺癌是妊娠期最常见的恶性肿瘤[57]。妊娠相关乳腺癌诊断、分期更晚,预后欠佳[58]。孕前、妊娠期、产后行乳腺检查可能利于乳腺癌的早期发现[59]。任何新出现于妊娠哺乳期的乳腺肿块均不应被忽视。B超是妊娠期患者的首选检查方式[60]。考虑到X线的致畸风险,钼靶检查不应用于妊娠前3个月[61]。哺乳期女性行钼靶检查前应尽可能排空乳房,使钼靶上的乳房密度降低,以提高病变检出率[62-63]。对于实性肿块,推荐行空芯针活检而非细针穿刺明确诊断[64]。由于造影剂对胎儿的潜在不利影响,妊娠期患者不推荐用MRI诊断和分期[65]。
现有研究并未证明提前终止妊娠能改善预后,但妊娠早期乳腺癌患者即使有化疗指征,也应推迟化疗至怀孕3个月以后[57]。妊娠任何阶段均可接受手术治疗[66]。尚无证据表明单纯乳房切除较保乳术更能改善妊娠期患者的预后[67],但保乳术后辅助放疗应推迟至分娩后。若妊娠期乳腺癌患者较早完成蒽环类化疗,可考虑继续使用紫杉醇两周方案,以更好地控制乳腺癌直至分娩[57]。对cN0妊娠期患者行前哨淋巴结活检可有效避免过度的腋窝清扫[68],且不会对胎儿产生不良影响[69]。对于有重建要求的患者,可在切除肿瘤的同时置入组织扩张器,但应待分娩后再择期行二期重建(包括自体乳房重建),以求最佳整形效果。
新辅助或辅助化疗应在妊娠的二、三阶段(孕12周后)进行。妊娠期乳腺癌常用化疗方案为蒽环类联合环磷酰胺。近年来,多项研究均显示妊娠期使用紫杉醇类药物不仅不会增加胎儿的不良事件[70-71],还能增强化疗效果[72]。因此,紫杉类药物可被考虑用于对蒽环类耐药或有禁忌证的妊娠期乳腺癌。内分泌[57]、靶向治疗[73]均不推荐在妊娠期应用。
5 总结
许多乳腺癌临床研究都针对年轻患者这一群体展开,但由于目前仍无统一的年龄断点,且多数研究选取样本仅在特定范围内有代表性,部分文献出现矛盾的结果。
常规钼靶对年轻乳腺癌检出率和敏感性较低,故不推荐对<40岁无症状妇女开展常规筛查。对年轻患者而言,保乳手术加全乳放疗以及前哨淋巴结活检和其他年龄段患者一样是可行、安全的选择。对侧乳腺预防性切除的价值存在很大争议,不应作为常规推荐。ER阳性早期患者术后接受他莫西芬治疗10年比5年更能降低局部复发率和死亡率。而与单用他莫西芬相比,卵巢去势联合他莫西芬,或卵巢去势联合依西美坦更有优势。同时使用LHRHa和辅助生殖技术可以为需要化疗的年轻乳腺癌患者保留生育功能提供可能性。妊娠期乳腺癌患者应根据孕周数制定个体化的治疗方案。
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(2016-03-24收稿2016-03-28修回)
(本文编辑陈丽洁)
Progress on diagnosis and treatment of early young female breast cancer
ZHANG Ying,LIU Guangyu
1 Department of Breast Surgery,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center,Shanghai 200032,China;2 Department of Oncology,Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University RevisorE-mail:liugy123@yahoo.com
Abstract:Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.Compared with older patients,young breast cancer has unique clinicopathological characteristics,with lower detective rate and worse prognosis.Multidisciplinary individual-based therapy is of great significance in maximizing therapeutic benefits,as well as minimizing their side effects.Today more and more young patients are eager to reserve reproductive functions at the same time.This article reviews the progress on screening and diagnostic measures,comprehensive treatments,and reproductive endocrine problems brought by therapies in early youngbreast cancer.
Key words:breast neoplasms;female;diagnosis;therapy;review;screening;reproductive endocrinology
中图分类号:R737.9
文献标志码:A
DOI:10.11958/20160219
作者单位:1复旦大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科(邮编200032);2复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系
作者简介:章颖(1992),女,硕士在读,主要从事乳腺肿瘤学研究