成人发育性髋关节发育不良的诊治现状
2016-01-24程亮亮赵德伟
程亮亮 赵德伟
. 综述 Review .
成人发育性髋关节发育不良的诊治现状
程亮亮 赵德伟
关节成形术,置换,髋;髋关节;髋脱位,先天性;人工关节;髋臼;髋发育不良
髋关节发育不良是因为髋臼先天性发育缺陷所导致长期生物力学异常而逐渐出现的股骨头半脱位或脱位,进而出现负重区软骨退变、软骨下骨坏死,最后发展为严重骨关节炎[1]。该疾病的患者往往在新生儿阶段即可出现髋关节的异常,因此在过去称之为先天性髋关节发育不良 (congenital dysplasia of the hip,CDH)[2],因为该病的发展演变与年龄密切相关,所以近些年更多的学者称其为发育性髋关节发育不良 (developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)。目前,每 1000 例新生儿中约有 1~2 例存在髋关节脱位,但是约有 15~20 例存在髋关节不稳[3]。尽管已有许多新生儿 DDH 的筛查手段[4],但仍有不少儿童被漏诊或者没有得到恰当的治疗。DDH 的病理改变主要为髋臼纤维环变扁或翻转、股骨头骨化中心发育异常、髋臼外倾角增大、股骨头覆盖率下降等。成人 DDH 患者的髋关节局部解剖及生物力学的异常以及继发的骨关节炎等因素导致手术难度高,其手术治疗一直是骨科医生的挑战。现对 DDH的临床表现、诊断、治疗及存在的问题综述如下。
一、临床表现、诊断与分型
1. 临床表现:成人 DDH 主要表现为腹股沟区疼痛,活动后疼痛加重。年轻患者也可表现为髋关节外侧疼痛,患肢翘二郎腿或拉伸髋外展肌时疼痛加重[5]。当患者髋关节出现盂唇撕裂或关节软骨的病理改变时,可表现为髋关节绞锁、黏滞感、无力感[5]。部分患者有无痛性髋关节弹响,主要原因为髂腰肌滑过股骨头表面而产生的弹响[6]。当髋关节无明显的半脱位且无继发性骨关节炎表现时,髋关节活动范围往往是正常的[5]。年轻患者往往因股骨颈过度前倾,而表现为髋关节内旋活动范围增大,而内旋活动减小则常提示可能继发了骨性关节炎。内旋挤压碰撞试验(屈曲、内收、内旋髋关节) 用于检测盂唇损伤或盂唇与股骨头颈交界处是否有撞击,有较高的敏感性。术前下肢长度的测量至关重要,可通过临床查体及 X 线片测量。
2. 诊断:常用的 X 线检查包括站立位骨盆正位 X 线片及髋关节侧位 X 线片,测量中心边缘角 (CE 角) 和臼顶负重区域倾斜角 (又称髋臼指数,AI) 可辅助诊断。CE角在正位 X 线片与侧位 X 线片均可测得,>25° 为正常,20°~25° 为临界值,<20° 认为是发育不良[7]。正位 X 线片 CE 角<20° 提示髋臼外侧股骨头覆盖不全,侧位 X 线片 CE 角<18° 提示髋臼前方股骨头覆盖不全[5]。AI<10°为正常。Murphy 等[8]认为,CE 角<15° 的 DDH 患者在70 岁以后均会出现骨性关节炎。
CT 可辅助判断髋关节的骨质情况,另外,股骨侧可通过 CT 测量股骨颈前倾角。MRI 便于诊断盂唇撕裂、软骨损伤等病变,这些损伤在 X 线或 CT 检查中无法判断。对于高度怀疑髋关节内存在病变但影像学又无明显异常的患者,可考虑行髋关节镜检查。
3. 分型:DDH 最常用的分型为 Crowe 分型[9]和Hartofilakidis 分型[10]。
Crowe 分型通过两种方法对髋关节发育不良进行量化。一种是通过比较股骨头上移程度分型 (I 型,上移程度<50%;II 型,上移程度 50%~75%;III 型,上移75%~100%;IV 型,上移>100%),另一种是通过泪滴线到头颈交界线之间距离与坐骨结节线到髂骨翼顶点线之间距离的比值分型 (I 型,比值<0.10;II 型,比值为0.10~0.15;III 型,比值为 0.16~0.20;IV 型,比值>0.20)[9]。Hartofilakidis 分型根据股骨头脱位的程度将 DDH分为 3 型:A 型,髋关节发育不良;B 型,低位髋关节脱位;C 型,高位髋关节脱位[10]。
两种分型均可靠且可重复[11]。在一项研究中,3 位经验丰富的医生分别对 145 例 DDH 患者进行 Crowe 分型和Hartofilakidis 分型,两种分型的观察者间误差 Kappa 值分别为 0.90~0.92 和 0.85~0.93[11]。
二、治疗方式
随着髋关节生物力学的不断发展和对 DDH 疾病研究的不断深入,目前认为 DDH 继发骨关节炎的主要是由于关节面匹配度的丢失和股骨头覆盖面积的减少,进而关节局部应力异常集中所致。DDH 的外科治疗的目的是解除疼痛、恢复关节功能,对于尚未出现骨关节炎的患者可采取截骨保髋手术,而已发生严重骨关节炎的患者则需行人工关节置换术。
1. 保髋手术:保留关节的外科手术主要是通过改善关节面的匹配度、增加髋臼对股骨头的覆盖[12],纠正或改善髋关节局部的应力集中,延缓或终止继发性骨关节炎的发展,推迟或避免人工关节置换术。
Ganz 等[13]学者于 1988 年首先报道了髋臼周围截骨术(periacetabular osteotomy,PAO),通过小切口为髋臼提供最佳的位置校正[14]。PAO 可以纠正髋关节畸形,有效的缓解疼痛和改善关节功能[15]。对于软骨损伤轻微的患者,可考虑选择 PAO 及股骨截骨[16-17]。文献报道 PAO 后髋关节功能评分明显提高,预防了骨性关节炎的进展[18-19]。即使已经存在一定程度的骨性关节炎的表现,PAO 并重建正常髋臼的对线也可在数年内缓解症状[20-21]。已有报道,Tönnis 3 度、4 度骨性关节炎的患者通过截骨手术也获得了较好的临床效果,关节软骨间隙也获得了较大的改善[22]。但 PAO 需要极长的学习曲线,有报道显示临床并发症高达 15%[23]。目前普遍认为 PAO 适用于较年轻,且头臼匹配优良的患者[24-25]。但是 Ida 等[26]报道 40% 的DDH 患者的股骨头形态有异常,髋臼旋转后常常会出现髋臼与股骨头颈结合部的撞击[27],必要时可切开关节囊或借助关节镜进行修复。肥胖的患者需要谨慎选择 PAO,已经证实肥胖为术后并发症的一个主要风险因素[28]。
PAO 术后全髋关节置换是可行的。Parvizi 等[29]对此类关节置换病例进行分析,结果显示全髋关节置换术后所有患者疼痛均明显减轻,且安装髋臼假体后髋臼骨量良好,但作者同时指出 41 例中 23 例髋臼假体术后有后倾倾向。
保髋手术除了 PAO 之外,还有二联骨盆截骨术、髋臼造盖术等,其目的都是为了增加髋臼对股骨头的包容性,改善髋关节的力学环境。但目前应用最为普遍的还是PAO,该术式疗效确切,目前已被广大骨科医生所接受,并发展成为成人 DDH 保髋治疗的主要手术方式。
2. 人工关节置换术:DDH 晚期可继发严重的骨性关节炎,关节软骨破坏、软骨下骨囊性变、骨质增生、关节间隙狭窄或消失,进而导致患者关节疼痛明显、活动受限,严重影响生活质量。此时最佳的手术方式为全髋关节置换术,DDH 的患者常常因为其解剖结构的异常使得手术难度提高[30],如何更好地重建髋臼、选择与安放股骨假体、平衡下肢长度是做好 DDH 全髋关节置换术的关键点。
3. 髋臼重建:最理想的髋臼假体位置应该位于真臼内,Crowe III 和 IV 型的 DDH 术中定位真臼常常比较困难,可选择坐骨与耻骨交汇处或髋臼横韧带作为参考水平。术中需保证充足的暴露骨性标志、彻底清除髋臼内软组织以便评估臼底深度,可利用术中透视确定髋臼高度及深度。
高位髋臼且髋关节中心不外偏是可以接受的。Nawabi 等[31]报道高位髋臼技术在 DDH 患者中取得满意疗效,提供了超过 10 年的耐久固定。高位髋臼的优点是手术技术较确定真臼简单,而且高位髋臼可依靠自身骨质减少对植骨的需求,但是高位髋臼往往因为臼杯的外移和上移使得外展肌功能欠佳、肢体长度平衡不良,另外因高位髋臼没有能够重建骨量也给翻修手术带来困难。有文献报道高位臼杯会增加下肢跛行及脱位发生的风险,臼杯固定界面能产生更高的剪切力和增加假体松动率[32]。一项对生物型髋臼假体治疗 53 例 DDH 患者至少随访 10 年的研究表明,当髋臼假体外翻>45° 或臼杯外移>25 mm 时,聚乙烯内衬磨损率明显增大[33]。
如已经确定臼杯的高度,则可在磨挫臼底前用电钻将臼底钻一小孔,用测深器测出臼底骨质深度,一般需磨挫至距髋臼内壁 3~4 mm,以便为翻修提供足够的骨量[34]。髋臼假体内移时需避免过度磨挫髋臼、骨量过度丢失及髋臼骨折。对于髋臼缘完整、内壁厚度>8 mm 的髋臼可行内壁截骨髋臼内陷[35]。内壁截骨可以优化髋臼杯的位置和稳定性,更有效地内移髋关节旋转中心并且增加骨覆盖,且可以选择较大直径的髋臼杯。髋臼内陷可以增加外展肌力臂,有效改善髋关节生物力学环境,同时可以增加负重区宿主骨覆盖。
如果髋臼假体前方及后方骨量充足,保证 75%~80%的髋臼假体覆盖即可[36-37]。如果臼杯试模测试时外上方30% 的范围或者前外侧 1.5 cm 无骨性覆盖,则选择结构性植骨 (植骨造盖术)。髋臼植骨造盖可以提供髋臼外侧支撑,并可为翻修提供一定的骨量[38],文献显示有良好的早期[39]和远期效果[40-41]。临床上常采用取自体股骨头截取部分骨块固定于缺损区,进行髋臼造盖植骨[42]。如髋臼有囊性变,清理囊变后可行髋臼内植骨,常取股骨头内松质骨,植入髋臼内,使用髋臼锉反转磨挫至与髋臼假体匹配后植入假体,位于假体和髋臼之间的颗粒样植骨可以促进假体与髋臼愈合,此方法又称扶壁植骨 (flying-buttress graft)。Gill 等[43]对 87 例严重 DDH 患者使用了 Müller 加强环重建缺损髋臼,其中 42 例采用了自体股骨头颗粒样植骨,取得了较好的临床疗效。另外,大多数的 DDH 患者都比较年轻,因此软组织平衡也很重要,尤其是外展肌的保护[44]。做好软组织平衡,最大程度的恢复髋关节术后功能。
总之,DDH 患者的髋臼假体应该置于真臼水平,并保证合适的倾斜角、前倾角,其临床效果要优于将假体置于外上方的假臼内。当髋臼假体覆盖不全时,可通过高位髋臼、髋臼内陷、结构性植骨、髋臼加强环等方案解决。
4. 股骨侧重建:DDH 患者的股骨侧常会表现为股骨髓腔狭窄、股骨颈前倾增大、髋周肌肉韧带挛缩等异常,有的患者既往有转子间或转子下截骨手术治疗的病史,这些对关节置换时股骨假体的植入均造成一定的困难。如果髋臼侧在术中进行了旋转中心的下移,则股骨侧可能需要进行短缩截骨以防过分牵拉而造成血管神经损伤[45]。尤其是 Crowe IV 型的 DDH 患者,如果髋关节中心下移>4 cm易导致坐骨神经麻痹[46]。术中可通过肌电图检测和唤醒试验以确定是否有神经损伤。股骨短缩截骨可减少神经损伤的风险,同时可以通过股骨近端的旋转调整股骨颈的前倾角。截骨常采取股骨近端或转子下截骨,所需短缩的长度由术前及术中测量髋臼中心下移的高度与肢体长度来决定[47-48]。Holinka 等[49]提出在手术之前通过髂股外架牵引髋关节,使股骨头回到髋关节真臼的位置,从而恢复肢体长度。
当股骨前倾角>40° 时,往往需要进行股骨旋转截骨纠正前倾角,但旋转截骨近端纠正前倾角时股骨大粗隆也转向前,使外展肌作用减弱。Silber 等[50]认识到此问题的重要性后,最早提出了组配型股骨假体,他们报道在股骨形态变异较大时选择组配型假体调整股骨前倾角。另外,使用小号的小锥度直型柄可以在股骨髓腔内旋转假体以获得适度的前倾角,从而可以避免进行股骨旋转截骨,该方法操作简单、费用较低、无需特殊假体。一般认为,如果需要进行转子下截骨,则建议使用生物型股骨假体,以免因骨水泥渗入截骨断面而造成骨不连[45]。
总之,DDH 患者股骨近端形态的变异往往影响股骨假体的植入,组配型假体给外科医生提供了更多的选择,股骨短缩或旋转截骨可以处理一些严重的股骨畸形,充分的术前计划和丰富的临床经验是十分必要的[51]。
三、问题与展望
成人 DDH 的诊断并不困难,但是目前到医院就诊的患者多为症状比较明显的、影像检查提示严重的骨性关节炎,此时人工关节置换术则是主要的治疗方式。然而,关节置换也存在较多的并发症,对于较年轻的患者又涉及到二次翻修的问题,因此临床上更应致力于 DDH 的早期发现、早期治疗。以通过早期的保髋治疗纠正髋关节的生物力学关系,延缓或终止 DDH 的病情发展。对于 DDH 患者的外科治疗,因其髋臼及股骨的解剖变异个体差异性较大,因此术前必须制订全面详尽的手术方案,包括手术入路、截骨方式、骨缺损的重建方式、假体的类型与型号等。目前,髋臼旋转截骨术与人工关节置换术已是关节外科比较成熟的手术,但仍应从手术方式、生物力学、人工材料等方面继续探索研究,推动成人髋关节发育不良诊治技术的发展。
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(本文编辑:裴艳宏 李贵存)
Current concepts in adult patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: diagnosis and treatment
CHENG Liang-liang, ZHAO De-wei. Department of Orthopedics. Affliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian,liaoning, 116001, PRC
ZHAO De-wei, Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders that results in anatomic abnormalities leading to increased contact stress in the joint, eventually, secondary osteoarthritis. Because of altered anatomy of dysplastic hips and younger age, surgery in these patients requires technically demanding procedures. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for DDH are of the utmost importance. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with DDH, and concludes the current views and the associated surgical techniques.
Arthroplasty, replacement, hip; Hip joint; Hip dislocation, congenital; Joint prosthesis;Acetabulum; Hip dysplasia
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.07.009中图分类号:R681, R687.4
116001 大连大学附属中山医院骨科
赵德伟,Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com
2016-05-15)