急性胆源性胰腺炎胆道结石手术时机的探讨
2016-01-11顾玉青,徐红星,汪意青
·论著·
急性胆源性胰腺炎胆道结石手术时机的探讨
顾玉青徐红星汪意青
【摘要】目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎患者胆道结石手术时机。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月江苏省太仓市第一人民医院普通外科手术治疗的44例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者的病例资料。根据手术治疗的时间将患者分为早期手术组和延期手术组。早期手术指非手术治疗2周内,胰腺炎症状、体征基本消失后行手术治疗;延期手术是在非手术治疗2周后行手术治疗。结果44例胆源性胰腺炎患者中男性18例,女性26例,年龄26~83岁,平均54岁,42例为轻症急性胰腺炎,2例为重症急性胰腺炎。术前影像学检查提示胆囊结石合并胆总管结石5例,单纯胆囊结石39例。5例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者均剖腹行胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石T管引流术,其中1例因合并急性化脓性胆管炎而急诊手术,2例Ranson评分≤3分者行早期手术,2例Ranson评分≥4分者行延期手术,均治愈出院。39例单纯胆囊结石患者均行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,其中25例早期手术,14例延期手术,均治愈出院。与延期手术组比较,早期手术组患者平均年龄低[(46±12)岁比(64±11)岁]、Ranson评分低[(1.0±0.5)分比(1.5±0.8)分]、总住院时间短[(14.0±2.8)d比(18.1±3.3)d]、住院费用少[(17 899±3 461)元比(23 710±3 230)元],两组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。两组患者平均手术时间、术后恢复时间差异均无统计学意义。两组均无中转开腹病例,术后也均无并发症发生。结论重症急性胆源性胰腺炎患者应尽可能在非手术治疗后症状完全缓解时行延期手术;轻症急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期手术并不增加手术难度及并发症发生率,且能减少住院天数及住院费用。
【关键词】胰腺炎;胆石;外科手术
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2015.01.003
收稿日期:(2014-07-01)
Operation time on biliary duct stone with acute gallstone pancreatitisGuYuqing,XuHongxing,WangYiqing.DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,TaicangFirstPeople′sHospital,Taicang215400,China
Correspondingauthor:WangYiqing,Email: 551177wyq@163.com
Abstract【】ObjectiveTo investigate operation time on biliary duct stone with acute gallstone pancreatitis. MethodsThe clinical data of 44 patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis who were admitted to Department of General Surgery, Taicang First People′s Hospital for surgical management from January 2011 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into early surgery group and delayed surgery group according to the timing. Early surgery group was defined as the patients whose symptoms of pancreatitis were basically disappeared after conservative treatment and surgery was performed within two weeks, while delayed surgery group was defined as the patients who underwent surgery after two weeks. Results Of the 44 acute gallstone pancreatitis cases, 18 patients were males, and 26 were females, with median age of 54 years old (range 26-83 years old). Forty-two cases were mild acute pancreatitis and the other two cases were severe acute pancreatitis. Preoperative imaging indicated both cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis in 5 patients, cholecystolithiasis alone in 39 patients. The 5 patients underwent cholecystectomy and choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage. Among these 5 cases, one patient with concomitant acute suppurative cholangitis had an emergency surgery, two patients with Ranson score ≤3 had early surgery, and
作者单位:215400江苏太仓,太仓市第一人民医院普通外科
通信作者:汪意青,Email: 551177wyq@163.com
two patients with Ranson score ≥4 had delayed surgery, and all the patients were cured and discharged. Thirty-nine cases with cholecystolithiasis alone were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Among the 39 patients, 25 patients underwent early laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the other 14 patients underwent delayed surgery, and all the patients were cured and discharged. When compared with delayed group, the average age and Ranson score of early group were lower [(46±12)yrsvs(64±11) yrs and (1.0±0.5)vs(1.5±0.8)], and the median hospital length of stay and the cost were significantly less in the early group than those in the delayed group [(14.0±2.8)dvs(18.1±3.3)d and (17 899±3461)Yuanvs(23 710±3 230) Yuan], and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Nevertheless, there was no difference between the operation time and recovery time. There was no conversion to open surgery or post-operative complication in the two groups. ConclusionsFor severe acute pancreatitis, the delayed operation is recommended when the symptom of pancreatitis is completely improved after conservative management, while for mild acute pancreatitis, early surgery does not increase operation difficulty and complication, and it can decrease the length of hospital stays and costs.
【Key words】Pancreatitis;Gallstones;Surgical procedures, operative
急性胆源性胰腺炎是急性胰腺炎(AP)的一种常见类型,在我国所占比例大于50%[1-2]。一般认为其发病机制是由于胆总管内结石、肿瘤等因素造成胆、胰管共同通道炎症、狭窄,导致胆、胰液逆流,引起胰腺自身消化所致[3]。关于胆源性胰腺炎诊断、治疗和手术时机等方面目前仍存在争议[4]。本研究回顾性分析急性胆源性胰腺炎行手术治疗胆道结石的患者资料,探讨对急性胆源性胰腺炎患者胆道结石的处理原则和手术时机。
资料和方法
一、临床资料
2011年1月至2013年12月太仓市第一人民医院普外科共收治急性胆源性胰腺炎(acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP)并行手术治疗胆道结石的患者44例。ABP诊断均符合中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组制定的急性胰腺炎的诊断标准[5]及以下条件[6]:(1)有胆石症史和(或)发病前有胆绞痛发作史;(2)上腹部压痛、肌紧张、反跳痛;(3)血、尿淀粉酶明显升高;(4)血清总胆红素>40 U/L或碱性磷酸酶(AKP)>225 U/L或ALT>75 U/L;(5)B超、CT检查提示胆囊结石、胆管结石并发梗阻、胆总管扩张和急性胰腺炎;(6)排除其他原因所引起的胰腺炎(酒精性、高钙血症、高脂血症和外伤等)。
根据Ranson多因素分析法判断病情轻重:(1)年龄>55岁; (2)血糖>11 mmol/L;(3)乳酸脱氢酶>350 U/L;(4)白细胞计数>16×109/L;(5)ASL>250 U/L。入院后48 h内指标:(1)红细胞比积下降>10%;(2)血钙<2 mmol/L;(3)PaO2<8 kPa;(4)剩余碱(BE)>4 mmol/L;(5)血尿素氮>1.785 mmol/L;(6)体液丧失超过6 L。上述11项指标中每项1分,≤3分为轻症急性胰腺炎(mild acute pancratitis, MAP ),≥4分以上者为重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)。
二、治疗方法
所有患者术前常规行MRCP检查。除1例因胆总管结石并发AP,出现化脓性胆管炎症状而急诊行手术治疗外,其余43例均先行非手术治疗,包括禁食、胃肠减压、静脉补液、预防性应用抗生素、给予抑制胰液分泌和胰酶活性的药物、维持水电解质及酸碱平衡、对症支持治疗等。根据手术治疗的时间将患者分为早期手术组和延期手术组。早期手术是指非手术治疗2周内,胰腺炎临床症状和体征基本消失,血常规、肝功能基本正常,血、尿淀粉酶基本降至正常,复查B超、CT提示胰腺水肿明显好转或消退后行手术治疗;延期手术是在非手术治疗2周后行手术治疗。手术治疗方式为胆囊切除术,合并胆总管结石者行胆总管切开取石T管引流术。
三、统计学处理
结果
一、一般情况
ABP患者中男性18例,女性26例,年龄26~83岁,平均54岁,MAP 42例,SAP 2例。术前B超、MRCP提示胆囊结石合并胆总管结石5例,单纯胆囊结石39例。Ranson评分≤3分42例,≥4分2例。
二、手术治疗方式
胆囊结石合并胆总管结石5例均行胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石T管引流术,其中1例因合并急性化脓性胆管炎而急诊手术,2例Ranson评分≤3分者行早期手术,2例Ranson评分≥4分者行延期手术。5例患者均治愈出院。
39例单纯胆囊结石者Ranson评分均≤3分,均行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,其中25例行早期手术,14例行延期手术。39例患者均治愈出院。
三、早期单纯胆囊切除术与延期手术患者的对比
早期手术组患者年龄26~74岁,平均(46±12)岁;延期手术组患者年龄48~83岁,平均(64±11)岁。早期手术组Ranson评分3例为0分,20例1分,2例2分;延期手术组分别为9例1分,3例2分,2例3分。早期手术组患者平均年龄、Ranson评分显著低于延期手术组;总住院时间显著短于延期手术组;住院费用显著低于延期手术组,两组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05,表1)。两组患者平均手术时间、术后恢复时间差异均无统计学意义。两组均无中转开腹病例,术后也均无并发症发生(表1)。延期手术组中有1例患者在胆源性胰腺炎治愈后出院等待手术的第5天再次出现AP症状,经非手术治疗胰腺炎症状好转后行早期手术。
表1单纯胆囊切除术早期手术组与延期手术组患者临床指标的比较
项 目早期手术组(25例)延期手术组(14例)t值或χ2值P值Ranson评分(x±s)1.0±0.51.5±0.818.3390.026手术时间(min,x±s)56.4±18.063.6±18.626.2340.254中转开腹(例)00术后并发症(例)00术后恢复时间(d,x±s)4.8±1.44.3±0.532.4210.076总住院天数(d,x±s)14.0±2.818.1±3.323.7610.001住院总费用(元,x±s)17899±346123710±323028.674<0.001
讨论
胆源性胰腺炎占AP总数的比例各个中心报道结果不同,在我国大于50%。胆源性胰腺炎多数为胆囊内小结石通过胆总管下移至Vater壶腹而发病[3]。本研究39例行胆囊切除术的胆源性胰腺炎病例中,术前B超或CT、MRCP提示38例为胆囊多发小结石,仅1例为胆囊单发较大结石。文献报道,若不切除胆囊,胆源性胰腺炎的复发率为29%~63%[7]。因此,对于胆源性胰腺炎,切除多发小结石的胆囊是治疗和预防再次复发的重要手段。
胆源性胰腺炎若胆管有梗阻,以胆管炎症状为主的患者应急诊手术解除胆道梗阻,行胆总管切开取石+T管引流术;胆囊未切除者同时切除胆囊[8]。对SAP患者,特别是高龄,全身情况差,病情危重,合并心、肺、肾等重要脏器功能障碍的患者,因难以耐受开腹手术,可早期行ERCP,明确病因后行Oddi括约肌切开以快速缓解胆道淤积、解除胰管高压,抑制病情的进一步发展,待胰腺炎症状缓解后再择期手术治疗胆道结石[1]。
对于轻症胆源性胰腺炎患者,手术切除胆囊和(或)胆总管切开取石并引流的时机目前仍有争议。早期的一些研究认为,早期胆囊切除术相较于延期手术,在MAP时并无优势,却能增加SAP患者的并发症发生率及病死率,因此更倾向于在胰腺炎完全控制后再择期行手术治疗[9]。但在近期,特别是腹腔镜技术的发展及广泛应用后,发现似乎没有必要等到胰腺炎症完全控制后再行手术切除胆囊。延期手术反而会增加再发胰腺炎的概率,延长患者的住院时间及费用,且并不能减少围手术期的并发症发生率[10]。
Morris等[11]汇总了2011年至2012年英国国民医疗保障体系中胆源性胰腺炎的治疗费用,发现早期和延期手术治疗的平均费用分别为2 748英镑和3 752英镑。 Taylor等[12]报道,早期手术能显著降低患者的住院天数,而不会增加术中及术后的并发症发生率。本组资料显示,早期手术组的平均住院费用显著低于延期手术组,患者住院总天数也显著短于延期手术组。这是因为胆源性胰腺炎经1周左右非手术治疗后症状得到控制,大多数胆囊周围炎症粘连已明显减轻,因此早期手术并不会增加手术难度及手术风险,也不会延长术后恢复时间。
近来有学者提出胆源性胰腺炎发病48 h内,血清淀粉酶开始下降,腹部症状体征开始好转后即可行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术[13]。但也有学者认为早期胆囊切除术并不适用于重型胆源性胰腺炎患者,Ranson评分常常需要到发病48 h后,48 h内尚不能完整评估胰腺炎的严重程度,尚需进一步临床数据支持[14]。
总之,应该根据胆道结石类型选择合适的处理方法,手术时机应个体化对待。对于轻型急性胆源性胰腺炎,早期手术能减少住院时间及费用,而不增加手术时间及手术并发症,因而更适用于轻症患者。重症急性胆源性胰腺炎患者则不推荐早期手术,应在AP控制后再进一步评估病情,考虑手术时机。
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