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高中英语不定式用法浅探

2015-12-11舒桦

教育教学论坛 2015年39期
关键词:语法功能高中英语

舒桦

摘要:动词不定式是高中英语的重要知识点,也是各地高考的考点,对于不定式知识的掌握程度,直接影响学生的考试成绩和英语水平。本文对不定式用法结合具体实例进行探究和总结。

关键词:高中英语;不定式;语法功能

中图分类号:G632.41 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2015)39-0265-02

动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形组成,不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,其否定式为not(to)+动词原形。动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,没有人称和数的变化,除了不能单独用作谓语外,几乎可作句子中的任何成分,即主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补、主补和同位语。不定式仍有动词的特点,即可有自己的宾语和状语,构成不定式短语,在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用,动词不定式是高中英语知识结构的重要一部分,对不定式掌握的程度,直接影响学生的英语水平,故本文对于高中英语不定式的用法作一简要探究。

一、作主语

动词不定式作主语有两种形式:

1.不定式做主语要置前。例如:

To get to Guiyang by bus will take us four hours from Fenggang.

To learn a foreign languages well is not easy.

2.用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式放在句子后。例如:

Its our duty to make our country more beautiful.

It seems impossible to save money.

如果不定式要带逻辑主语,则需用介词of或for来引导,由“It+be+形容词+for/of sb+to do sth”构成。用for引导的形容词有:important,necessary,impossible,better,worse,easy,difficult,heavy,light等;需用of引导的形容词有:good,nice,kind,bad,cruel,wicked,clever,bright,wise,silly,foolish,stupid等,这些形容词主要表示做这件事的人的品格或素质。例如:

It is easy for us to arrive at the moon some day.

It is nice of you to play basketball with me.

二、作宾语

有些动词只能接不定式(短语)作宾语,如afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish,want,should(would)like等。

There were many talented actors out there just waiting .(2010江西卷)

【答案为B。不定式做wait的宾语。】

A.to discover B.to be discovered

C.discovered D.being discovered

有些及物动词的宾语要用“疑问词+动词不定式短语”,如advise,ask,decide,find out,instruct,know,forget,imagine,learn,observe,remember,tell,think,understand,wonder等。

He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.(2009四川卷)【答案为A】

A.to have B.having C.have D.had

介词的宾语一般为动名词,但在下列短语的介词后要用不定式:have no choice but,do nothing(anything/everything)but(except),cant but,cant choose but,cant help but。除have no choice外,but后面to都要省略。

If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but

an even greater challenge.(2012陕西卷)【答案为D】

A.meets B.meeting C.meet D.to meet

三、作表语

当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,plan,purpose等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句时,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用,表示具体动作或将来动作或其他。

His aim is to study abroad in the near future.他的目标是在不久的将来出国学习。

What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.我想说的是忘掉那些不愉快的经历。

如果主语部分有个表示不定式内容的do,用作表语的不定式可省略to。

All you have to do is ( to) finish the job quickly.

四、作定语

1.不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。

She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.

Ladies and gentlemen,I have something important to tell you.

2.当名词被the first,the last,the only等词以及形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,非谓语动词做定语只能用不定式。

She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

3.something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。

Do you have anything to send?

4.也可用在have...to do 和there be 句型中作定语。

There is no one to take care of her.

I have no jewelry to wear.

There are five pairs to choose from,but I am at a loss which to buy.

5.如果不定式是不及物动词,则后面需适当的介词。

Please pass me some paper to write on.

She has a nice pen to write with.

He bought a flat for the family to live in.

五、作同位语

不定式作同位语也在高考题中常出现。

Volunteering gives you a chance lives,including your own.(2013北京卷)【答案为D。不定式与chance为同位关系。】

A.change B.changing C.changed D.to change

The ability an idea is as important as the idea itself.(2011湖南卷)【答案为C。不定式与ability为同位关系。】

A.expressing B.expressed

C.to express D.to cover

用不定式作同位语的名词通常是表示企图、倾向、目的、愿望,打算、能力、意向等意义的名词,如plan,ability,attempt,wish等。

六、作状语

不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因等。

warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.(2013湖南卷)【答案为C,表示目的。】

A.Staying B.Stayed C.To stay D.Stay

George returned after the war,only that his wife had left him.(2012山东卷)【答案为A】

A.to be told B.telling C.being told D.told

only to do表示出乎意料的结果,主语George与不定式的动词逻辑上是被动关系。

The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy anything that happened to be on.(2012全国卷Ⅱ)【答案为A】

A.to watch B.watching

C.watched D.to have watched

动词不定式(短语)常跟在一些形容词后面,说明产生这些情绪的原因,如happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。

We were astonished the temple still in its original condition.(2010辽宁卷)【答案为B】

A.finding B.to find

C.find D.to be found

七、作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补足语

宾语与其宾补或主语与其主补形成逻辑上的主谓关系。常见动词有:ask,force,get,allow,prefer,expect,advise,permit,request,order,invite,help,wish,want,like,hate等。有以下几种形式:

Having finished her project,she was invited by the school to the new students.(2012江西卷)【答案为C,不定式作主语补足语。】

A.speaking B.having spoken

C.to speak D.to have spoken

My Father does not allow me to hang out too late at night.(宾语补足语)

使役动词跟不带“to”的不定式在句子中作宾语的补语即宾语补足语。

I often see him go to school on foot.

Let him do it by himself.

八、作独立成分

动词不定式(短语)可以用来做句子的独立成分。这些短语有:to begin with(首先),to tell the truth(说实在的),to make a long story short(长话短说),to be brief(简言之),to be exact(确切地说),to be frank(坦率地说),to conclude(总而言之)等。

To be honest,the pay isnt attractive enough though the job itself is quite interesting.

非谓语动词的应用很大程度上决定了学生的成绩和能力,作为非谓语动词的组成部分,不定式的重要性显而易见。不定式用法很多,上述内容虽然进行了相对比较系统的总结,但仍然存在一些问题。尽管如此,掌握不定式的基本用法和内容,仍然可以帮助学生学好英语,取得不错的成绩。

参考文献:

[1]张腊梅.高中英语不定式的几种极易出错的用法精析[J].语数外学习,2013,(6).

[2]满丽.浅谈动词不定式的用法[J].海外英语,2013.

[3]薄冰.英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,2007.

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