细胞因子参与胃癌发生和发展研究进展
2015-12-10综述审校
李 康(综述),旦 增(审校)
(西藏自治区人民医院内四科,拉萨 850000)
细胞因子参与胃癌发生和发展研究进展
李康※(综述),旦增(审校)
(西藏自治区人民医院内四科,拉萨 850000)
摘要:细胞因子是一类能在细胞间传递信息、发挥免疫调节的蛋白质或小分子多肽;其表达异常诱发多种疾病,包括胃癌。细胞因子参与调控细胞的癌变、侵袭与转移、血管生成,并通过调控肿瘤相关抗原的抗原递呈、淋巴细胞的活化参与胃癌的免疫逃逸,且在胃癌细胞抵抗放化疗治疗中发挥重要作用。因此,调节机体细胞因子的水平,促使机体形成对胃癌的抗肿瘤也就成为胃癌治疗的新方向。
关键词:胃癌;细胞因子;免疫逃逸
细胞因子是由多种细胞产生的,具有广泛调节细胞功能作用的多肽分子,细胞因子不仅作用于免疫系统和造血系统,还广泛作用于神经、内分泌系统,对细胞间相互作用、细胞的增殖分化和效应功能有重要的调节作用。细胞因子分为白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)、干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子 (tumor necrosis factor,TNF)超家族、集落刺激因子、趋化因子、生长因子等。众多细胞因子在体内通过旁分泌、自分泌或内分泌等方式发挥作用,具有多效性、重叠性、拮抗性、协同性等多种生理特性,形成了十分复杂的细胞因子调节网络,参与人体多种重要的生理功能。研究表明,细胞因子的表达异常伴有炎症反应、组织坏死及肿瘤的发生。其中在恶性肿瘤发生中,细胞因子能促进细胞的增殖、转移、血管生成,并参与肿瘤的放、化疗抵抗及肿瘤的免疫逃逸[1]。
胃癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,流行病学调查研究显示胃癌的发病率在消化道肿瘤中居首,相关病死率位居肿瘤第2位[2]。我国是胃癌的高发地区,胃癌病死率男性为40.8/10万,女性为18.6/10万;分别是欧美等发达国家的4.2~7.9 和3.8~8.0倍[3-4]。病例报道显示,多种细胞因子在胃癌患者中表达异常,并与肿瘤的分级、分期,肿瘤的预后不良密切相关[5-6],提示细胞因子的异常参与了胃癌的发生、发展,并极可能发挥了重要作用,调节细胞的表达水平可能成为胃癌治疗的新途径。现就细胞因子在胃癌发生、发展中的作用,以及利用细胞因子治疗胃癌的最新研究进展予以综述,期望为胃癌的治疗带来新的启示。
1细胞因子与胃癌发生、发展
1.1细胞因子参与的炎症反应与胃癌慢性炎症被认为是肿瘤发生的主要病因学之一,包括胃癌。其中75%的胃癌发生与幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染有关,细菌的毒力因素和机体的免疫系统互相作用形成慢性炎症反应,导致胃萎缩、肠化生、胃癌发生[7];其中多种细胞因子发挥促炎作用。Hp感染活化核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域通路增强干扰素γ信号通路中的信号传导与转录激活子(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)1和人干扰素调节因子的表达,促进炎性细胞因子IL-8和干扰素γ诱导表达,炎症反应加剧[8]。Hp感染导致少儿胃组织Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLR)2、TLR-4、TLR-5和TLR-9表达显著升高,细胞因子IL-8、IL-10 和 TNF-α 的表达也显著增加,胃组织的慢性炎症反应增强[9]。Hp感染后,IL-1β活化表达诱导胃组织的炎症反应,并诱导多个基因的甲基化,促使肿瘤的发生[10]。此外,IL-32调控趋化因子配体分子1、趋化因子配体分子2、IL-8、核因子κB(nuc-lear factor κB,NF-κB)的表达参与Hp感染诱导的炎症反应[11]。同时细胞因子的多态性与胃癌发生的风险密切相关,例如IL-1β及其受体基因的多态性影响Hp感染所致的炎症反应结果[12-13];转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)基因-509T胃癌具有更高易患性[14];TNF-α-857C/T、IL-8-845T/C、IL-10-592C/A基因表型增强胃部的炎症反应和胃癌的发生[15];TLR1- 602基因的多态性影响自然杀伤细胞和T细胞干扰素γ的产生,进而影响Hp诱导的胃部炎症反应[16];IL-6基因-174 C/G 和-572 C/G增加胃的炎症反应和胃癌发生的风险[17];IL-10-592基因多态性影响胃组织的炎症反应,增加胃癌的易患性[18-19]。
自身免疫性胃炎是一种器官特异性的自身免疫病,常伴有胃酸匮乏、贫血、胃息肉、胃良性肿瘤、胃腺癌,TNF-α 和IL-21 是其发生的关键因素,它们诱导表达的细胞因子在胃癌的发生中起重要作用[20]。如炎性因子IL-1β、IL-2、 IL-4、IL-6、 IL-10、TNF-α和干扰素γ的表达增加胃癌发生率;IL-8的表达增加使胃癌发生率提高2倍[21]。IL-6/JAK2信号活化转录因子STAT3通过调控Skp2/p27/p21通路调控细胞的增殖和转移[22]。三叶因子1是肿瘤抑制因子,表达于正常的胃上皮细胞中,主要维持上皮细胞结构和功能;但在胃癌组织中,胃组织炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α活化转录因子NF-κB显著下调三叶因子1表达,加速胃癌组织癌变[23]。IL-26通过活化STAT3上调抗凋亡基因Bcl-2、 Bcl-xL和c-myc促进细胞增殖[24]。炎性环境下TNF-α诱导NF-κB活化,使p65亚基结合组织中叉头样转录因子3(forkhead box protein 3,FOXP3),抑制FOXP3结合p21到启动子区,抑制p21的表达,促进胃癌细胞的生长[25]。
1.2细胞因子参与调控细胞生长、转移与胃癌细胞因子具有调节细胞的生长、转移的功能,在胃癌发生、发展过程中细胞因子发挥了重要作用。Cten是细胞黏附分子,在正常组织中低表达;但肿瘤组织中常现高表达并促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移,生长因子能够上调Cten的表达,介导肿瘤细胞的快速迁移[26]。IL-17调控肿瘤微环境,促进肿瘤血管生成,参与胃癌进程[27]。肝细胞生长因子能诱导活化促胃液素释放肽,介导转录因子Ets-1的活化上调IL-8的表达,促进血管生成,肿瘤侵袭和转移[28];并具有活化肿瘤基质纤维母细胞促进胃癌的生成作用[29]。TGF-β1通过上调结蹄组织生长因子的表达促进肿瘤细胞的上皮间质转化,促进肿瘤细胞黏附与腹膜间质[30]。炎性因子前列腺素E2和IL-1处理SNU719细胞后,细胞表达的上皮钙黏素减少,Snail表达增多,增强细胞的上皮间质转化,促进细胞迁徙[31]。纤维母细胞生长因子9能促进多种细胞的分裂增殖,在胃癌中纤维母细胞生长因子9高表达促进胃癌的生长和转移[32]。
1.3细胞因子参与胃癌免疫逃逸与化疗抵抗机体发挥抗肿瘤免疫应答,主要通过DC细胞的抗原呈递,激活机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫,形成对肿瘤的杀伤和清除肿瘤组织作用。但机体中存在复杂的免疫负调节,能形成免疫耐受,促进肿瘤的生长与转移。细胞因子能参与调节机体的免疫应答,在肿瘤免疫中形成正向或负向作用,肿瘤发生时常介导肿瘤的免疫逃逸。胃癌发生时,多种细胞因子诱导免疫耐受,促进胃癌的生长转移。TGF-β1和 TGF-β2与胃癌的不良预后密切相关,在胃癌发生时,外周血淋巴细胞中TGF-β1和 TGF-β2表达升高,抑制外周血单核细胞的活性,促进早期肿瘤的转移[33]。黏着斑蛋白诱导表达的炎性因子IL-10、 IL-17b等能调控肿瘤相关巨噬细胞促进肿瘤的转移[34]。IL-32能促进IL-6、IL-8和血管内皮生长因子分泌形成免疫耐受的微环境,促进细胞免疫逃逸[6]。Hp感染后,免疫抑制性细胞因子IL-10 和TGF-β1的表达显著上调,而杀伤性免疫因子干扰素γ表达下调,调节性T细胞CD4+IL-10+细胞 和CD4+CD25+FoxP3+细胞增多;同时参与胃组织修复的骨间充质干细胞进一步提高IL-10/干扰素γ、Treg/Th17比例,形成更强的免疫耐受;并活化Wnt和TGF-β信号,重新获取和维持肿瘤干细胞生长的优越微环境,加速胃癌发生进程[35-36]。此外,肿瘤细胞分泌细胞因子能增强胃癌的化疗抵抗,如血管内皮生长因子介导肿瘤的侵袭和转移,增加胃癌细胞化疗抵抗能力[37-38];TGF-β1外分泌能激活受损的胃上皮细胞中的成纤维细胞启动组织再生反应,增加化疗药物的抵抗性[39]; IL-8过表达显著促进胃癌细胞MKN-45的快速增殖、侵袭转移和化疗药物耐药性[40]等。
2细胞因子与胃癌的靶向治疗
细胞因子调控的炎症反应,细胞的生长、侵袭转移与胃癌的形成密切相关,干扰细胞因子调节肿瘤的生长,形成的免疫耐受对胃癌的治疗具有重要作用。IL-6家族在炎性相关肿瘤胃癌中活化gp130/STAT3信号,介导肿瘤的发生;IL-11是IL-6 家族成员之一,在胃癌组织中,IL-11与STAT3活化有很强的相关性,且是IL-6家族与胃癌发生的最主要成员,在裸鼠移植实验中,靶向抑制IL-11,能有效抑制STAT3的活化,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和肿瘤的生长,提示抑制IL-11可能是胃癌治疗的靶标[41]。细胞因子信号转导抑制蛋白1(suppressor of cytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)是一个细胞因子活化的关键抑制分子,其通过DCs控制细胞因子反应和抗原呈递;使用SOCS1特异性地抑制性短肽pJAK2(1001-1013)能有效抑制JAK/STAT 信号活化,抑制SOCS1的生物学作用,上调DCs成熟标记分子CD83和共刺激分子CD86的表达,增强DCs诱导T细胞增殖、分泌前炎性因子的能力,增强肿瘤抗原特异性杀伤作用,提示靶向抑制SOCS1可能成为抗胃癌治疗的有效靶点[42]。荆棘是传统中药,主要治疗水肿、化脓、疼痛等表皮性疾病,研究显示其乙醇提取物能抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移,主要表现在活化p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶上调p21蛋白的表达、抑制细胞周期蛋白的表达,抑制TNF-α 诱导的NF-κB 和激活剂蛋白1的活化,基质金属蛋白酶9的表达[43];而另一组研究则显示,稳定表达TNF-α的脐带血间充质干细胞可以有效地抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长,提示不同环境下调控TNF-α的表达可以发挥不同的抗肿瘤作用[44]。肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体分子能逆转肿瘤耐药基因多药耐药性 1、肺耐药蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶-π的表达,增加化疗介导的细胞凋亡和生长抑制,提示其可能成为反转胃癌化疗抵抗的有效靶点[45]。胃动蛋白在胃黏膜防御,胃癌发生中发挥重要的抑制作用;胃动蛋白的高表达能显著抑制NF-κB和环加氧酶2的表达,调节细胞因子的表达,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,促进细胞的凋亡[46]。巨噬细胞具有两种类型,分别为M1型和M2型,M1型巨噬细胞抑制肿瘤生长,而M2型则促进肿瘤生长;使用IL-12和干扰素γ处理前胃癌耐受小鼠M2巨噬细胞,促使小鼠巨噬细胞向M1转化,回输后能有效抑制前胃癌移植瘤的生长,提示细胞因子处理巨噬细胞M1型转化是一种胃癌免疫治疗的可能手段[47]。趋化因子配体18(CCL18)是树突状细胞趋化细胞因子,表达于多种淋巴细胞中,作用的靶细胞为CD4+、CD8+、CD45RA+和B淋巴细胞,其可作为胃癌预后的特异性标志物,CCL18的高表达预示着更好的预后,提示靶向上调CCL18的表达可以有效抑制胃癌的生长[48]。综上所述,细胞因子能从调控肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭与转移,机体的免疫系统杀伤等多角度抑制胃癌的生长,达到抗肿瘤治疗的目的。因此有理由相信,靶向调控细胞因子的水平可成为抗肿瘤治疗的新途径。
3小结
细胞因子具有调节细胞生成、细胞生长以及损伤组织修复等多种功能。胃癌的发生、发展过程中,细胞因子调控细胞增殖转移信号及肿瘤生长微环境(炎症反应和免疫抑制)为胃癌的发生、发展提供了良好的“沃土”。靶向细胞因子调节肿瘤的生长、侵袭与转移,打破肿瘤的免疫耐受成为胃癌治疗的新方向。但细胞因子与胃癌的关系还未阐明,多种细胞因子与胃癌的作用是双向的,在胃癌发展不同时期分别发挥促进或抑制胃癌的作用;因此未来应重点关注这种多向分子,系统阐明调控这些细胞因子表达的机制,不同环境中细胞因子的生物学作用及其基因多态性与胃癌发生、发展的作用,逐步阐明胃癌不同时期细胞因子的作用机制;从而应用细胞因子进行胃癌的个体化靶向治疗,为胃癌的治疗提供新途径。
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Progress in the Study of Cellular Factors Involved in the Occurrence and Development of Gastric CancerLIKang,DANZeng.(DepartmentFourofInternalMedicine,People′sHospitalofTibetAutonomousRegion,Lhasa850000,China)
Abstract:Cytokines are a kind of protein or small molecular peptides and play a role in passing information between the cells or regulating immune response.The abnormal expressions of cytokines often cause a variety of diseases,including stomach cancer.Cytokines are involved in the regulation of gastric cancer cells carcinogenesis,invasion and metastasis,angiogenesis and immune escape by regulating tumor related antigen presentation and lymphocytes activation.What′s more,cytokines also play an important role in gastric cancer cells resisting radiation and chemotherapy.Therefore,regulation of the body′s cytokines levels to form the antitumor effect of gastric cancer has become a new trend for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Key words:Gastric cancer; Cytokines; Immune escape
收稿日期:2015-01-28修回日期:2015-06-09编辑:薛惠文
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81060165)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.20.019
中图分类号:R34
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2015)20-3697-04