刊首语

刊首语

6月是大学教师一年中最繁忙的时期，除了教书和研究外，又增加了硕士和博士学位论文的评阅以及本科的毕业设计答辩。今年我有4位博士研究生毕业，她们的学位论文分别是《煤矿废弃地景观再生规划与设计策略研究》、《城市河道近自然化研究》、《西方城市生态基础设施规划设计理论与实践研究》和《弹性城市视角下的风暴潮适应性景观及基础设施研究》。这些论文的核心都与生态相关，之所以选择这些题目，是由于学生在参与我的几乎每一项课题研究和规划设计实践中都遇到了受损的生态系统的恢复和健康的生态系统营建的问题。这几年我评阅的其他硕士或博士学位论文涉及生态领域研究的至少在半数以上，生态研究已成为学位论文选题最重要的方向之一，“生态”更是贯穿每一项规划设计实践的最重要的关键词之一。

“生态”是指生物的生存状态以及生物之间、生物与环境之间的关系。尽管生态学的概念直到19世纪才被提出，然而生物与环境之间的关系是地球上出现生命以来就一直存在的命题，自人类产生以来，人与自然的博弈更是从未停止。从原始时代对自然的依赖崇仰，到农耕时代对自然的调整改造，再到工业时代对于自然的开发掠夺，人类的发展史在很大程度上体现在人与自然之间的角色变化上。生态规划设计与研究成为风景园林的热点领域，原因在于地球的环境出现了严重的问题，我们必须面对生态平衡遭受破坏的现实，重新审视人与自然的关系，寻求人类与自然和谐相处的途径。

当今的中国，由于环境问题极为严峻，无论将生态一词放在多么高的位置都不为过。然而在生态的概念大行其道的今天，我们是否也该反思我们对生态的各种理解是否恰当，许多受到推崇，费尽心思所营建的“生态”环境是否真正建立起了人类与自然的和谐关系？

我的一位博士生曾和我谈起她在美国考察韦尔斯利学院（Wellesley College）的校友谷（Alumni Valley）的经历。这个设计以生态改造为核心，并荣获了2006年美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）的设计奖。她一路乘地铁换火车，好不容易到了韦尔斯利学院后，开始向路人询问校友谷的具体位置，讽刺的是学校里的老师和学生竟然无一知晓。在谷歌（Google）地图的指示下，她终于走到一处人迹罕至、杂草丛生的林地，从好几个角度去辨别，才依稀认出这就是校友谷，和获奖照片的精致景象相差甚远，反而是这个校园中的其它景观更加打动她。

这几年鹿特丹水广场作为兼具城市雨洪管理功能的城市空间频繁出现在各类风景园林杂志中，获得很多赞誉。正在荷兰访学的一位同事前一阵调研了这个大名鼎鼎的广场，在微信中感慨：“尽管有所准备，但还是吃了一惊，材料、细部、空间乃至理念都值得检讨”。微信中配的6张照片显现出这个建成不久的城市中的小广场破败的景象，没有一个人在使用这块场地。

我的另一位学生曾调查中国某城市新区核心地段的一个公园，这个公园以海绵城市理念而获得不少的奖项。可是他遇到的情况与前一位博士在“校友谷”的经历非常类似。他在问路时公园附近的居民反问他：“去那里干什么，除了蚊子，什么也没有，我们从来不去”。他守候在公园中，不时驱赶前来骚扰的蚊子，希望寻找公园的使用者，请他们帮忙填写一些问卷调查表，最终也没有等来一个人。难以想象，一个周边都是住宅区的公园居然没有使用者，个中原因值得深思。

风景园林学处理的是与人类密切相关的环境，需要考虑社会、生态、文化、艺术、经济等多方面的因素，经过综合分析找到最适合的发展途径。每块土地的价值都是综合的，设计面对的问题也是复杂多样的，唯生态论或生态至上的设计都是值得警惕的。对于城市公共空间而言，如果没有孩子们戏耍的天地，没有老年人锻炼的机会，没有市民户外生活的场地，那就丧失了它的使用功能，也就意味这割裂了人与自然之间的密切联系，那么设计师的那些生态理念对人类社会又有什么意义呢？一块土地如果不需要考虑人的使用，也就根本不需要风景园林师的工作，自然本身就可以成为最好的设计师。

生态设计不应该成为风景园林规划设计的精美包装，似乎扛起了“生态”大旗，带上了“生态”帽子就显得高端。应该将生态作为规划和设计的基本要求，将对自然的尊重和对自然规律的遵循融入设计师的血液中，使每一个项目都是生态的规划设计，同时也是社会的、美学的和文化的规划设计。让我们回归到生态的本质，重新把人类和人类社会置于自然之中，这样我们才能寻求风景园林生态规划设计的永恒之道。

PREFACE

June is the busiest period for professors at universities. In addition to teaching and research programs， I also have to review the Master Thesis and PhD Thesis as well as the oral defense of graduation design of the graduates. This year， I will have four PhD graduates， and their graduation theses are Study on Planning and Design Strategies of Abandoned Coal Mine Land Landscape Regeneration，Research on near-naturalization of Urban Channelized Rivers， Theory and Practice of Western Urban Ecological Infrastructure Planning and Design and Research on Storm Surge Adaptive Landscape Infrastructure in Light of Resilient Cities. The core of the these theses are related to ecology， for students who participate in my research program and planning and design practice all encounter some problems on the restoration of damaged eco-system and building of a healthy eco-system. All the years， more than half of the Master and PhD theses that I have revised are focused on the research of ecology. Eco-research has become one of the most important topics for theses. Ecology is one of the key words that go through every planning and design practice.

Ecology refers to the living conditions of organism and the interactions among organisms and their environment. Although the concept of Ecology was proposed until the 19th century， the interactions among organisms and their environment have existed since biological phenomenon came into being on the earth. The game-play between human being and nature has never stopped since human being came to the earth. From the dependency and worship of the nature in the primitive society to the adjustment and transformation of nature in the farming society， and then the development and despoil of nature in the industrial age， the history of human being mainly demonstrated on the role change between human being and nature. However， our mother nature is suffering serious environmental issue and we have to face the fact the eco-balance has been destroyed. It is time for us to revise the relationship between human being and nature and to seek a new approach for the harmony existence between human being and nature. Therefore， eco-planning， design and research become the hot spot of the field of landscape architecture.

China is facing extremely severe environmental problems and the importance of ecology cannot be overstated. However， as the concept of ecology is popular today， we should reflect on our understanding of ecology. Has most well-praised and painstaking-built ecology really established the harmony relationship between human being and nature？

One of my PhD students used to tell me the story when she visited the Alumni Valley in Wellesley College in USA. This project was focused on eco-restoration and won the excellence award of general design category of the 2006 ASLA Professional Award. She took subways and trains and finally arrived at Wellesley College. Then she asked passers-by about the location of the Alumni Valley. It was ironical that none of the faculty or the students knew about the Alumni Valley. Thanks to the Google Map， she finally walked to inaccessible grassland that was overgrown with weeds. She tried to identify this grassland from different perspectives and finally found out that it was Alumni Valley. It was quite different from the beautiful and elegant scenery that was described in the photos that were used for the submission of the 2006 ASLA Professional Awards. However， the other landscape on campus seemed to more attractive.

Recently， the Water Squares in Rotterdam is frequently presented in different landscape architecture magazines as an example of urban space that offers urban storm water management functions. It is highly recognized. One of my colleagues who is a visiting scholar in Holland visited this well-known project and shared his thoughts in Wechat， “Although I have learned about this project but the site-condition really gives me a surprise！ The material，details and space requires our review.” The six photos he shared in Wechat presented a newly-built small plaza in a dreadful state of dilapidation and there was no one to use this plaza.

One of my students used to investigate a park in the core area of a new district in one city in China. This park won a great number of awards for its Sponge City design concept. But his experience seemed very similar to that of the previous PhD student in Alumni Valley. When he went along the park， the near-by residents asked him why he went there. There was nothing but mosquito and they never went there. He stayed in the park and brushed away the annoying mosquito， in the hope of looking for some users of this park who could help to fill in the questionnaire. Unfortunately， he waited for nobody. It is hard to believe that there is no users for a park built in a residence area and it may require some deep thinking about the reason.

Landscape Architecture deals with the environment that is close to human being. Therefore， social， ecology，cultural， art and economy factors should take into consideration and a most appropriative development approach should be worked out after comprehensive analysis. The value of each piece of land is comprehensive and the problems that designers encounter in a design process are also complex. Only ecological theory or ecology-oriented design is worthy of attention. For an urban public space， if there is no place for kids to play，no chance for the seniors to do physical exercise and no place for citizen's outdoor activity， then the public space has lost its uses and functions ，which means a disconnection between man and human being. Then what is point of the designers' eco-concept for human society？If a piece of land does not consider its uses for human being， then it does not need a landscape architect. Nature itself can be a best designer.

Eco-design should not become an attractive package for landscape design and plan. We should take ecology as the basic requirement for planning and design and should integrate the respect to nature and the nature roles in design to make sure that every project is an ecoplanning and design as well as a social， aesthetic and cultural planning and design. Let us return to the nature of ecology and put human being and human society in nature， so that we can look for an eternal way for landscape planning and design.

WANG Xiang-rong June， 2015