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The Herpetofauna of Iran: Checklist of Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status

2015-10-31BarbodSAFAEIMAHROOHanyehGHAFFARIHadiFAHIMISiamakBROOMANDMahtabYAZDANIANElnazNAJAFIMAJDSeyyedSaeedHOSSEINIANYOUSEFKHANIElhamREZAZADEHMahboubehSadatHOSSEINZADEHRezaNASRABADIMehdiRAJABIZADEHMeysamMASHAYEKHIAlirezaMOTESHAREIAlir

Asian Herpetological Research 2015年4期

Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO, Hanyeh GHAFFARI, Hadi FAHIMI, Siamak BROOMAND, Mahtab YAZDANIAN, Elnaz NAJAFI MAJD, Seyyed Saeed HOSSEINIAN YOUSEFKHANI, Elham REZAZADEH, Mahboubeh Sadat HOSSEINZADEH, Reza NASRABADI, Mehdi RAJABIZADEH, Meysam MASHAYEKHI, Alireza MOTESHAREI, Alireza NADERIand Seyed Mahdi KAZEMI

1Pars Herpetologists Institute, 3th Floor, No. 24, Roodbar S.W alley, Mirdamad, Tehran, Iran

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

3Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University, İzmir, Turkey

4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

5Department of Biology, Faculty of Scince, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

6Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

7Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University Science and Research, Tehran, Iran

8Natural History Museum of Iran, Pardisan Nature Park, Department of the Environment, Tehran, Iran

9Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

The Herpetofauna of Iran: Checklist of Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status

Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO1*, Hanyeh GHAFFARI2*, Hadi FAHIMI1, Siamak BROOMAND1, Mahtab YAZDANIAN1, Elnaz NAJAFI MAJD3, Seyyed Saeed HOSSEINIAN YOUSEFKHANI4, Elham REZAZADEH4, Mahboubeh Sadat HOSSEINZADEH4, Reza NASRABADI5, Mehdi RAJABIZADEH6, Meysam MASHAYEKHI7, Alireza MOTESHAREI8, Alireza NADERI8and Seyed Mahdi KAZEMI9

1Pars Herpetologists Institute, 3th Floor, No. 24, Roodbar S.W alley, Mirdamad, Tehran, Iran

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

3Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University, İzmir, Turkey

4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

5Department of Biology, Faculty of Scince, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

6Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

7Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University Science and Research, Tehran, Iran

8Natural History Museum of Iran, Pardisan Nature Park, Department of the Environment, Tehran, Iran

9Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

We present an annotated checklist for a total 241 reptiles and 22 amphibians including 5 frogs, 9 toads, 7 newts and salamanders, 1 crocodile, 1 worm lizard, 148 lizards, 79 snakes and 12 turtles and tortoises, includes the most scientifi c literature up to August 2014 and also based on several fi eld surveys conducted in different Provinces of Iran from 2009 to 2014. We present an up-to-dated checklist of reptiles and amphibians in Iran. We provide a comprehensive listing of taxonomy, names, distribution and conservation status of all amphibians and reptiles of Iran. This checklist includes all recognized named taxa, English names for classes, orders, families, species, subspecies along with Persian names for species, including indication of native and introduced species. For the fi rst time we report two non-native introduced reptiles from natural habitats of Iran. Of the total 22 species of amphibians in Iran, 6 (27.2%) are endemic and of the total 241 species of reptiles, 55 (22.8%) are endemic. Of the 22 amphibians species in Iran, 3 (13%) are Critically Endangered, 2 (9%) are Vulnerable and of the 241 reptile species 3 (1.2%) are Critically Endangered, 4(1.6%) are Endangered and 10 (4.1%) are Vulnerable. Accordingly, this paper combines signifi cant aspects of taxonomy,common names, conservation status and distribution of the Iranian herpetofauna.

Amphibians, Anura, Caudata, Reptiles, Crocodylia, Squamata, Testudines, Persian common name

1. Introduction

Iran is a vast country with the interface between three zoogeographic realms: Palearctic, Oriental (Indomalayan) and Afrotropical (Ethiopian) which caused high diversity of habitats. The country was divided into 14 bioclimatic groups by Sabeti (1997) based on Emberger'smethod. Six main watershed areas are identified in Iran comprised of Central Iran (52%), Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (24%), Caspian Sea (11%), Orumiyeh Lake(3.4%), Eastern Iran (6.8%), Qareh Qom (2.8%). More than half of Iran is mountainous. The country includes a complex of mountain chains surrounding a series of interior basins situated at 300 to 1500 meters (Anderson,1999).

The main terrestrial ecoregions in Iran are as follows:Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands(0.1%), Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe (0.4%),Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert (0.1%), Caspian lowland desert (0.3%), Central Persian desert basins (34.7%),Kopet Dagh semi-desert (0.4 %), Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert (3%), South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert (17.3%), Mesopotamian shrub desert (0.1%),Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh (0.4%), Kopet Dagh woodlands and forest steppe (1.6%), Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran Montane woodlands (7.5%), Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests (3.4%), Zagros Mountains forest steppe (21.8%), Alborz Range forest steppe (4.3%)and Eastern Anatolian montane steppe (4.6%). Aquatic ecoregions include Coral reefs, Mangrove forest and also Lakes and Rivers (Table 1, Figures 1, 2, 3). More than twenty natural lakes and many artifi cial lakes exist inside the country.

The knowledge of Iranian herpetofauna traces back to the 18th century (Anderson, 1872; Anderson, 1970,1974, 1999; Blanford, 1876; Baloutch and Kami, 1995;Boulenger, 1899, 1908, 1920, 1921; Brandt, 1837; De Filippi, 1863, 1864, 1865; Frynta et al., 1997; Lantz,1918; Latifi , 1966, 1991; Linnaeus, 1758; Mertens, 1956,1957; Murray, 1884; Nikolsky 1886, 1896, 1897, 1899,1903, 1907; Olivier, 1804; Procter, 1921; Schmidt, 1939,1955; Strauch, 1863; Wall, 1908; Werner, 1895, 1917;Zaroudny, 1897). In recent years, several new specieshave been described and new records published. As a result, the number of reptile species in Iran is increasing very rapidly, 31 new species have been added between 2000 to 2014 (Abtin et al., 2014; Ahmadzadeh et al.,2011, 2013; Bostanchi et al., 2006; Fathinia et al., 2011;Heidari et al., 2013; Kazemi et al., 2011; Krause et al.,2013; Litvinchuk et al., 2008; Melnikov et al., 2013,2014; Mozaffari and Parham, 2007; Mozaffari et al.,2011; Nazarov and Rajabizadeh, 2007; Nazarov et al.,2010, 2012; Nilson et al., 2003; Rajabizadeh et al., 2011;Rastegar-Pouyani et al., 2001, 2006; Torki, 2010, 2011a,2011b; Torki et al., 2011a, 2011b; Werner, 2006).

Table 1 Biomes, Ecoregions, endemic and examples of amphibians and reptiles in each ecoregion.

(Continued Table 1)

Whereas there is little agreement concerning common names of species, the most comprehensive references available in Iran (Anderson, 1999; Baloutch and Kami,1995; Latifi, 1991; Firouz, 2005) have applied different common names for amphibians and reptiles. For example,Eryx jayakari utilized as Jayakar's Sand Boa, Khuzistani Blind snake and Arabian Sand Boa in different references. The fact is, in conservation using widely (beyond borders)recognized common names is vital for unifi ed protection of threatened species (van Dijk et al., 2012) even between Provinces inside the country.

Consequently, in this paper we have attempted to integrate common names by using the category for scientifi c names by using following references: Anderson(1999), Baloutch and Kami (1995), Beolens et al. (2011,2013), Latifi (1991), Firouz (2005), Frank and Ramus(1995) and Wrobel (2004).

This checklist includes all recognized named taxa(species and subspecies), English names for all classes,orders, families, species, subspecies along with Persiannames for all species of amphibians and reptiles in Iran. In this checklist conservation status (IUCN and CITES),distributions in Iran for all taxa and endemic species is presented. Also for the first time two exotic reptiles are reported from natural habitats of Iran.

Our purpose in publishing this checklist is to integrate all of the species published in the literature,record, taxonomic changes in family, genus, species and subspecies and present an up-to-date checklist of reptiles and amphibians in Iran. Accordingly, this paper combines significant aspects of taxonomy, common names, conservation status and distribution of Iranian herpetofauna.

2. Materials and Methods

The data in this study includes most scientifi c literature up to August 2014 and also several fi eld surveys in differentprovinces of Iran from 2009 to 2014. In fi eld surveys we utilized three methods to identify and record amphibians and reptiles: linear transects during day and night, roadkill encounters and also opportunistic encounters. We mainly used the category for scientific Latin names and their translation into English and Persian, instead of the most commonly used names. Thus, we present closest common name to scientific name as widely recognized name. We have attempted to use equivalent Latin name for species that specifically honor a person and species including place name. We could not follow this rule in some cases, such as with a few snake species. In these cases, we used the most familiar local name. We used current IUCN Red List conservation status for all species(IUCN, 2014), whereas there is scant information about the status of reptiles Iran in Red List of IUCN, this issue need more consideration. We include status listings on CITES Appendices l, ll, lll, based on current listing(CITES, 2014). We also added non-native introduced species for the fi rst time to the checklist of Iran based on field work by Hanyeh Ghaffari, Barbod Safaei Mahroo and Mahtab Yazdanian.

In this checklist, taxonomic categories are alphabetically arranged and information for each species is presented in the following format: genus name, species name, English name, Persian name or local name,conservation status and distribution. If species have subspecies, the distribution is given to subspecies. The abbreviations used in this paper are; Persian name shown by (P), The (L) indicates local names, endemic species by country shown by (E) and non-native introduced species shown by (I).

3. Results

Herein, we present species accounts for a total 241 reptiles and 22 amphibians (Table 2). Species of amphibians and reptiles include 5 frogs, 9 toads, 7 newts and salamanders, 1 Crocodile, 1 worm lizard, 148 lizards,79 snakes and 12 turtles and tortoises. Iran has 6 endemic amphibians (Table 1, Figure 4) and 55 endemic and 2 non-native introduced reptiles (Table 1, Figure 5) species.

Class: AMPHIBIA GRAY, 1825 / AMPHIBIANS

Order: ANURA FISCHER von WALDHEIM, 1813 / Frogs & Toads

Family: BUFONIDAE GRAY, 1825 / True Toads

Genus: Bufo GARSAULT, 1764

Bufo eichwaldi LITVINCHUK, BORKIN, SKORINOV & ROSANOV, 2008

Eichwald's Toad, Vazaq-e Eichwald (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Genus: Bufotes RAFINESQUE, 1815

Comment: Some researchers such as Frost et al.,(2006) and Dubois and Bour (2010) continue to use Pseudepidalea instead of Bufotes.

Bufotes luristanicus (SCHMIDT, 1952)

Lorestan Earless Toad, Vazaq-e bi-goosh-e Lorestan (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad and Fars Provinces. (E)

Bufotes oblongus (NIKOLSKY, 1896)

Eastern Persian Toad, Vazaq-e Khavari (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Semnan Provinces.

Bufotes surdus (BOULENGER, 1891)

Iranian Earless Toad, Vazaq-e bi-goosh-e Irani (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

B. s. annulatus (SCHMIDTLER & SCHMIDTLER, 1969)

Ring-Spotted Earless Toad

Distribution: Fars Province. (E)

B. s. surdus (BOULENGER, 1891)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan,Fars and Bushehr Provinces.

Bufotes turanensis (HEMMER, SCHMIDTLER & BÖHME, 1978)

Turan Toad, Vazaq-e Tooran (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: North Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran,Semnan and Tehran Provinces.

Bufotes variabilis (PALLAS, 1769)

Variable Toad, Vazaq-e rangarang (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

B. v. kermanensis (EISELT & SCHMIDTLER, 1971)

Kerman Variable Toad

Distribution: Kerman, Esfahan, Yazd and Hormozgan Provinces. (E)

Comment: Bufotes variabilis kavirensis (ANDRÉN & NILSON, 1979) Synonymy with B. v. kermanensis by Stöck, et al., (2001).

B. v. variabilis (PALLAS, 1769)

Distribution: Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Ilam,Lorestan, Markazi, Esfahan, Kermanshah, Kordestan,Hamedan, Zanjan, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan,Ardabil, Mazandaran, Gilan, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran and Qom Provinces.

Genus: Duttaphrynus FROST, GRANT, FAIVOVICH,BAIN, HAAS, HADDAD, DE SÁ, CHANNING,WILKINSON, DONNELLAN, RAXWORTHY,CAMPBELL, BLOTTO, MOLER, DREWES,NUSSBAUM, LYNCH, GREEN & WHEELER, 2006

Duttaphrynus olivaceus (BLANFORD, 1874)

Olive Toad, Vazaq-e zeytooni (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces.

Duttaphrynus stomaticus (LÜTKEN, 1864)

Indo-Gangetic (Marbled) Toad, Vazaq-e marmari (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan and North Khorasan Provinces.

Family: DICROGLOSSIDAE ANDERSON, 1871 / Forktongued Frogs

Subfamily: DICROGLOSSINAE ANDERSON, 1871

Genus: Euphlyctis FITZINGER, 1843

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (SCHNEIDER, 1799)

Skittering Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye Baloochi (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces.

Family: HYLIDAE RAFINESQUE, 1815 / Tree Frogs

Subfamily: HYLINAE RAFINESQUE, 1815

Genus: Hyla LAURENTI, 1768

Hyla orientalis BEDRIAGA, 1890

Oriental Tree Frog, Qoorbaqe derakhti-ye Khavari (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Hyla savignyi AUDOUIN, 1827

Savigny's Tree Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye derakhti-ye Savigny(P)

IUCN status: Least Concern

Distribution: Fars, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam,Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamedan, Markazi, Zanjan,Qom, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Family: PELOBATIDAE BONAPARTE, 1850 / Spadefoot Toads

Genus: Pelobates WAGLER, 1830

Pelobates syriacus BOETTGER, 1889

Syrian Spade-foot Toad, Vazaq-e bil-pay-e Soori (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Gilan,Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Family: RANIDAE RAFINESQUE, 1814 / True Frogs

Genus: Pelophylax FITZINGER, 1843

Pelophylax ridibundus (PALLAS, 1771)

Eurasian Marsh Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye mordabi-ye Orasia(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan,Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Qom,Markazi, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran,Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces.

Genus: Rana LINNAEUS, 1758 / Wood Frogs

Rana macrocnemis BOULENGER, 1885

Long-Legged Wood Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye jangali-ye paderaz (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Zanjan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Qazvin and Mazandaran Provinces.

Rana pseudodalmatina EISELT & SCHMIDTLER, 1971 Hircanian Wood Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye jangali-ye Hirkani(L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan and ArdabilProvinces. (E)

Order: CAUDATA SCOPOLI, 1777 / Salamanders & Newts

Family: HYNOBIIDAE COPE, 1859 / Asian Salamanders Subfamily: HYNOBINAE COPE, 1859

Genus: Iranodon DUBIOS & RAFFAËLLI, 2012 (E)

Comment: Nevertheless, Dubios and Raffaëlli (2012)recognized Iranodon as new genus, whereas other researchers consider Paradactylodon Risch, 1984 as a valid name.

Iranodon gorganensis (CLERGUE-GAZEAU & THORN, 1979)

Gorgan Brook Salamander, Samandar-e jooybari-ye Gorgan (P)

IUCN: Critically Endangered

Distribution: Golestan Province. (E)

Iranodon persicus (EISELT & STEINER, 1970)

Persian Brook Salamander, Samandar-e jooybari-ye Irani(P)

IUCN: Near Threatened

Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan and Ardabil Provinces. (E)

Family: SALAMANDRIDAE GOLDFUSS, 1820 / True Salamanders & Newts

Subfamily: PLEURODELINAE TSCHUDI, 1838

Genus: Neurergus COPE, 1862 / Mountain Newts

Neurergus crocatus COPE, 1862

Azarbaijan Mountain Newt, Samandar-e koohestani-ye Azarbaijan (L)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province.

Neurergus derjugini (NESTEROV, 1916)

Derjugin's (Kordestan) Mountain Newt, Samandar-e koohestani-ye Derjugin (P)

IUCN status: Critically Endangered

Distribution: Kordestan, Kermanshah and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Neurergus kaiseri SCHMIDT, 1952

Kaiser's (Lorestan) Mountain Newt, Samandar-e koohestani-ye Kaiser (P)

IUCN: Critically Endangered

CITES: Appendix I

Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces. (E)

Genus: Triturus RAFINESQUE, 1815 / Crested Newts

Triturus karelinii (STRAUCH, 1870)

Karelin's Crested Newt, Samandar-e tajdar-e Karelin (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Subfamily: SALAMANDRINAE GOLDFUSS, 1820

Genus: Salamandra GARSAULT, 1764

Salamandra infraimmaculata (MARTENS, 1885)

Spot-bellied Salamander, Samandar-e shekam-khaldar (P)

IUCN: Near Threatened

Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces.

Class: REPTILIA LAURENTI, 1768 / REPTILES

Order: CROCODYLIA WERMUTH, 1953 / Crocodiles

Family: CROCODYLIDAE HAY, 1902 / True Crocodiles

Genus: Crocodylus LAURENTI, 1768

Crocodylus palustris (LESSON, 1831)

Marsh Crocodile, Temsah-e talabi (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix I

C. p. palustris (LESSON, 1831)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Order: SQUMATA OPPEL, 1811

Suborder: AMPHISBAENIA GRAY, 1844/ Amphisbaenians

Family: TROGONOPHIDAE GRAY, 1865 / Spadeheaded Worm Lizards

Genus: Diplometopon NIKOLSKY, 1907

Diplometopon zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1907

Zarudny's Worm Lizard, Kerm-soosmar-e Zarudny (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces.

Suborder: SAURIA MCCARTHNEY, 1822 / Lizards

Family: AGAMIDAE SPIX, 1825 / Agamas

Subfamily: AGAMINAE SPIX, 1825

Genus: Laudakia GRAY, 1845 / Rock Agamas

Laudakia melanura BLYTH, 1854

Black Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye siah (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

L. m. lirata (BLANDORD, 1874)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman provinces.

Laudakia nupta (DE FILIPPI, 1843)

Large-scaled Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye poolakdorosht (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

L. n. fusca (BLANFORD, 1876)

Yellow-headed Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye sarzard (L)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces. (E)

L. n. nupta (DE FILIPPI, 1843)

Distribution: Fars, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi,Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Hamedan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Yazd, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Ilam,

Lorestan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces.

Genus: Paralaudakia BAIG, WAGNER, ANANJEVA & BÖHME, 2012

Paralaudakia caucasia (EICHWALD, 1831)

Caucasian Agama, Agama-ye Qafqazi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Markazi,Esfahan, Yazd, Semnan, Golestan, Gilan, Mazandaran,North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Zanjan, Hamedan and Fars Provinces.

Paralaudakia erythrogaster (NIKOLSKY, 1896)

Red-bellied Agama, Agama-ye shekam-sorkh (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces.

Paralaudakia microlepis (BLANFORD, 1874)

Small-scaled Agama, Agama-ye riz-poolak (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan,Sistan Va Baluchestan, Yazd, Fars, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces.

Genus: Phrynocephalus KAUP, 1825 / Toad-headed Agamas

Comment: Following Anderson (1999), the presence of P. clarkorum ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1967, P. interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN, 1856, P. luteoguttatus BOULENGER, 1887 and P. raddei BOETTGER, 1888 in Iran has not been confi rmed and there are no reliable records from Iran.

Phrynocephalus ahvazicus MELNIKOV, MELNIKOVA,NAZAROV, RAJABIZADEH, AL-JOHANY, AMR & ANANJEVA, 2014

Ahvaz Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Ahvaz (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khuzestan Province. (E)

Phrynocephalus ananjevae MELNIKOV, MELNIKOVA,NAZAROV & RAJABIZADEH, 2013

Ananjeva's Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Ananjeva (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Province. (E)

Phrynocephalus helioscopus (PALLAS, 1771)

Sunwatcher Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqiye khorshid-parast (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Ph. h. helioscopus (PALLAS, 1771)

Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Phrynocephalus horvathi MÉHELY, 1894

Horváth's Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Horvath (P)

IUCN: Critically Endangered

Distribution: West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

Phrynocephalus maculatus ANDERSON, 1872

Spotted Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye khaldar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Ph. m. maculatus ANDERSON, 1872

Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Fars, Esfahan,Kerman, Yazd, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Phrynocephalus mystaceus (PALLAS, 1776)

Secret Toad-headed Agama

IUCN: Not Listed

Ph. m. galli KRASSOWSKY, 1932

Touran Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Tooran (L)

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Semnan Provinces.

Phrynocephalus ornatus BOULENGER, 1887

Ornate Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye arasteh (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Ph. o. vindumi GOLUBEV, 1998

Vindum's Toad-headed Agama

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan provinces.

Comment: Solovyeva et al., 2014 placed Ph. ornatus in new Subgenus Microphrynocephalus by genetical and morphological studies.

Phrynocephalus persicus DE FILIPPI, 1863

Persian Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari and Esfahan Provinces.

Phrynocephalus scutellatus (OLIVIER, 1807)

Gray Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye khakestari (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan,Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, North Khorasan,Sistan Va Baluchestan, Markazi, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Kerman and HormozganProvinces.

Genus: Trapelus CUVIER, 1816 / Ground Agamas

Comment: The presence of T. megalonyx GÜNTHER,1864 and T. rubrigularis BLANFORD 1875 is probable in eastern border of Iran.

Trapelus agilis (OLIVIER, 1804)

Agile Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye chabok (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

T. a. agilis (OLIVIER, 1804)

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Hamedan,Kermanshah, Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Fars, Yazd,Semnan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi,South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces.

T. a. khuzistanensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI 1999

Kuzestan Ground Agama

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces. (E)

Trapelus persicus (BLANFORD, 1881)

Persian Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Bushehr, Fars, Esfahan and Kerman Provinces.

Trapelus ruderatus (OLIVIER, 1804)

Horny-scaled Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye poolak-shakhi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

T. r. ruderatus (OLIVIER, 1804)

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Markazi,Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Lorestan,Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan,Zanjan, Kordestan, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan and Ardabil Provinces.

Trapelus sanguinolentus (PALLAS, 1814)

Steppe Agama Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye esteppi (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Golestan Provinces.

Subfamily: DRACONINAE FITZINGER, 1826

Genus: Calotes CUVIER, 1816

Calotes versicolor (DAUDIN, 1802)

Indian Variable Lizard, Agama-ye rangarang (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Subfamily: UROMASTYCINAE THEOBOLD, 1868

Genus: Saara GRAY, 1845 / Spiny-tailed Agamas

Saara asmussi (STRAUCH, 1863)

Asmuss's Spiny-tailed Agama, Agama-ye dom-tiqi-ye Asmuss (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan,Tehran, Qom, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Saara loricata (BLANFORD, 1874)

Armoured Spiny-tailed Agama, Agama-ye dom-tiqi-ye zerehdar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces.

Genus: Uromastyx MERREM, 1820 / Mastigurs

Uromastyx aegyptia (FORSKÅL, 1775)

Egyptian Mastigure, Soosmar-e khardom-e Mesri (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix II

U. a. microlepis BLANFORD, 1874

Small-scaled Mastigure

Distribution: Hormozgan, Bushehr and Fars Provinces.

Family: ANGUIDAE GRAY, 1825 / Lateral-fold Lizards Subfamily: ANGUINAE GRAY, 1825

Genus: Anguis LINNAEUS, 1758 / Slow Worms

Anguis colchica (NORDMANN, 1840)

Colchican Slow Worm, Kalmareh (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

A. c. orientalis ANDERSON, 1872

Oriental Slow Worm

Distribution: Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan,Semnan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Genus: Pseudopus MERREM, 1820 / Glass Lizards

Pseudopus apodus (PALLAS, 1775)

Legless Glass Lizard, Lusmar (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan,Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardabil, West Azarbaijan,East Azarbaijan, Lorestan and Tehran Provinces.

Family: EUBLEPHARIDAE BOULENGER, 1883 / Eublepharids

Genus: Eublepharis GRAY, 1827 / Leopard Geckos

Eublepharis angramainyu ANDERSON & LEVITON,1966

Angra Mainyu Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye Ahrimani (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Kerman Provinces.

Eublepharis macularius (BLYTH, 1854)

Spotted Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye khaldar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan Provinces.

Eublepharis turcmenicus DAREVSKY, 1977

Turkmenistan Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye Torkamani (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Family: GEKKONIDAE GRAY, 1825 / Geckos

Genus: Agamura BLANFORD, 1874 / Spider Geckos

Agamura persica (DUMÉRIL, 1856)

Persian Spider Gecko, Geko-ye ankabooti-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Esfahan, Fars,Kerman, Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Bunopus BLANFORD, 1874 / Desert Geckos

Bunopus crassicaudus NIKOLSKY, 1907

Thick-tailed Desert Gecko, Geko-ye dom-koloft-e biabani(P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Qom, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin,Markazi, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces. (E)

Bunopus tuberculatus BLANFORD, 1874

Tuberculated Desert Gecko, Geko-ye zegildar-e biabani(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Esfahan,Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr,Hormozgan, Kerman, Yazd, Sistan Va Baluchestan,South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces.

Genus: Crossobamon BOETTGER, 1888 / Fringe-toed Geckos

Crossobamon eversmanni (WIEGMANN, 1834)

Eversmann's Fringe-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-sajafi -ye Eversmann (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

C. e. eversmanni (WIEGMANN, 1834)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan Provinces.

C. e. lumsdeni (BOULENGER, 1887)

Lumsden's Fringe-toed Geckos

Distribution: Semnan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Genus: Cyrtopodion FITZINGER, 1843 / Bent-toed Geckos

Cyrtopodion agamuroides (NIKOLSKY, 1900)

Spider Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye ankabooti (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Fars and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Cyrtopodion brevipes (BLANFORD, 1874)

Short-legged Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtkhamide-ye pa-kootah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan,Bushehr, Fars and Ilam Provinces. (E)

Cyrtopodion gastropholis (WERNER, 1917)

Rough-belly Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtkhamide-ye shekam-zebr (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Fars, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces. (E)

Cyrtopodion golubevi NAZAROV, ANANJEVA & RADJABIZADEH, 2009

Golubev's Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideye Golubev (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E)

Cyrtopodion hormozganum NAZAROV,BONDARENKO & RADJABIZADEH, 2012

Hormozgan Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideye Hormozgan (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Hormozgan Province. (E)

Cyrtopodion kachhense (STOLICZKA, 1872)

Kachh Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye Kachh (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Bushehr Province.

Comment: There is only one unconfirmed report for Cyrtopodion kachhense in 1913 from Iran (Rastegar-Pouyani et al., 2008).

Cyrtopodion kiabii AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, TORKI & BÖHME, 2011

Kiabi's Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye Kiabi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E)

Cyrtopodion kirmanense (NIKOLSKY, 1900)

Kerman Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye Kerman (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman provinces. (E)

Cyrtopodion persepolense NAZAROV, ANANJEVA & RADJABIZADEH, 2009

Persepolis Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideye Perspolis (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Fars province. (E)

Cyrtopodion scabrum (HEYDEN, 1827)

Rough-tail Bent-toed gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideye dom-zebr (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qom, Markazi,Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan,Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Kordestan, Gilan, East Azarbaijan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan,South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Cyrtopodion sistanensis NAZAROV & RAJABIZADEH,2007

Sistan Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideh-ye Sistan (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E)

Genus: Hemidactylus OKEN, 1817

Hemidactylus fl aviviridis RÜPPELL, 1835

Yellow-bellied House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye shekam-zard (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan,Bushehr, Fars and Khuzestan Provinces.

Hemidactylus persicus ANDERSON, 1872

Persian House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan,Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Lorestan and Ilam Provinces.

Comment: Based on Šmíd et al., (2013), deep level of intraspecific differentiation exsit within the Iranian populations.

Hemidactylus robustus HEYDEN, 1827

Robust House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Farbeh (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Lorestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Hemidactylus romeshkanicus TORKI, 2011

Romeshkan House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Romeshkan (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Lorestan Province. (E)

Genus: Mediodactylus SZCZERBAK & GOLUBEV,1977 / Middle-toed Geckos

Mediodactylus aspratilis (ANDERSON, 1973)

Iranian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e Irani (L)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad,Lorestan, Hamedan and Kermanshah Provinces. (E)

Mediodactylus heterocercum (BLANFORD, 1874)

Blanford's Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtmotevaset-e Blanford (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

M. h. heterocercum (BLANFORD, 1874)

Distribution: Hamedan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Kordestan,Lorestan, Markazi and Esfahan Provinces.

Mediodactylus heteropholis (MINTON, ANDERSON & ANDERSON, 1970)

Iraqui Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e Araqi (L)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah Province.

Mediodactylus ilamensis (FATHINIA, KARAMIANI,DARVISHNIA, HEIDARI & RASTEGAR-POUYANI,2011)

Ilam Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e Ilam (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Ilam Province. (E)

Mediodactylus russowii (STRAUCH, 1887)

Transcaspian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtmotevaset-e mavaraye Khazar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

M. r. zarudnayi (NIKOLSKY, 1899)

Zarudny's Middle-toed Gecko

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Khorasan Razavi and Semnan Provinces.

Mediodactylus sagittiferum (NIKOLSKY, 1900)

Jaz Murian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtmotevaset-e Jazmoorian (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces. (E)

Mediodactylus spinicauda (STRAUCH, 1887)

Thorny-tailed Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtmotevaset-e dom-khardar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Golestan, South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Mediodactylus stevenandersoni (TORKI, 2011)

Steven Anderson's Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtmotevaset-e Steven Anderson (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Lorestan and Markazi Provinces. (E)

Comment: Based on Sadeghi and Torki (2011), M. stevenandersoni is probably occurs in Kermanshah and Ilam provinces.

Genus: Microgecko NIKOLSKY, 1907 / Tiny Geckos

Microgecko helenae (NIKOLSKY, 1907)

Helen's Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Helen (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

M. h. helenae (NIKOLSKY, 1907)

Distribution: Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr and Kerman Provinces. (E)

M. h. fasciatus (SCHMIDTLER & SCHMIDTLER,1972)

Schmidtler's Tiny Gecko

Distribution: Kermanshah and Lorestan Provinces.

Microgecko latifi (LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1972)

Latifi 's Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Latifi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kerman, Fars, Esfahan, Yazd, Qom and Markazi Provinces. (E)

Microgecko persicus (NIKOLSKY, 1903)

Persian Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Parsi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

M. p. bakhtiari MINTON, ANDERSON & ANDERSON,1972

Bakhtiari's Tiny Gecko

Distribution: Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan,Bushehr and Fars Provinces. (E)

M. p. persicus (NIKOLSKY, 1903)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman,Fars and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces.

Genus: Pseudoceramodactylus HAAS, 1957

Pseudoceramodactylus khobarensis HAAS, 1957

Khobar Short-fi ngered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-kootah-e Khobar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Hormozgan Province.

Genus: Rhinogecko DE WITTE, 1973 / Swollen-nose Geckos

Comment: Based on Anderson (1999), occurrence of Rhinogecko femoralis SMITH, 1933 in Southeastern border of Iran is almost certain, but not confi rmed.

Rhinogecko misonnei DE WITTE, 1973

Misonne's Swollen-nose Gecko, Geko-ye bini-kargadaniye Misonne (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan Provinces.

Genus: Stenodactylus FITZINGER, 1826 / Combfi ngered Geckos

Stenodactylus affi nis (MURRAY, 1884)

Iranian Comb-fi ngered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-shaneh-e Irani (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Ilam and Hormozgan Provinces.

Stenodactylus arabicus (HAAS, 1957)

Arabian Comb-fingered Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtshaneh-e Arabi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan Province.

Stenodactylus doriae (BLANFORD, 1874)

Doria's Comb-fi ngered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-shaneh-e Doria (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan Provinces.

Genus: Tenuidactylus SZCZERBAK & GOLUBEV, 1984 / Thin-toed Geckos

Tenuidactylus caspius (EICHWALD, 1831)

Caspian Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e Khazari (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

T. c. caspius (EICHWALD, 1831)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Ardabil, Gilan,Golestan, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran and Qom Provinces.

Tenuidactylus longipes (NIKOLSKY, 1896)

Long-legged Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e pa-deraz (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

T. l. longipes (NIKOLSKY, 1896)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces.

Comment: T. l. microlepis (LANTZ 1918) is probably occurring in eastern border of Iran (Anderson 1999;Shafi ei Bafti et al., 2010).

Tenuidactylus turcmenicus (SZCZERBAK, 1978)

Turkmen Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e Torkamani (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Golestan Province.

Genus: Tropiocolotes PETERS, 1880

Tropiocolotes naybandensis KRAUSE,AHMADZADEH, MOAZENI, WAGNER & WILMS,2013

Nayband Dwarf Gecko, Geko-ye kootoleh-ye Nayband(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E)

Tropiocolotes cf. steudneri (PETERS, 1869)

Steudner's Dwarf Gecko, Geko-ye kootoleh-ye Steudner(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr Provinces.

Family: LACERTIDAE BONAPARTE, 1831 / Typical Lizards

Genus: Acanthodactylus FITZINGER, 1834 / Fringetoed Lizards

Acanthodactylus blanfordii BOULENGER, 1918

Blanford's Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Blanford (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan and South Khorasan Provinces.

Acanthodactylus boskianus (DAUDIN, 1802)

Bosc's Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Bosc (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

A. b. euphraticus BOULENGER, 1919

Euphrates Fringe-toed Lizard

Distribution: Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces.

Acanthodactylus cantoris G-NTHER, 1864

Cantor's Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Cantor (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Acanthodactylus grandis BOULENGER, 1909

Giant Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye bozorg (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan and Bushehr Provinces.

Acanthodactylus khamirensis HEIDARI, RASTEGARPOUYANI, RASTEGAR-POUYANI & RAJABIZADEH,2013

Khamir Port Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabehye Bandar-e-Khamir (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Hormozgan Province. (E)

Acanthodactylus micropholis BLANFORD, 1874

Small-scaled Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabehye riz-poolak (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan,Kerman, Fars and Bushehr Provinces.

Acanthodactylus nilsoni RASTEGAR-POUYANI, 1998 Nilson's Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Nilson (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Kermanshah Province. (E)

Acanthodactylus schmidti HAAS, 1957

Schmidt's Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Schmidt (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad and Bushehr Provinces.

Genus: Apathya MEHELY, 1907

Apathya cappadocica (WERNER, 1902)

Anatolian Lizard, Soosmar-e Anatoli (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

A. c. urmiana (LANTZ & SUCHOW 1934)

Urmia Anatolian Lizard

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces.

A. c. muhtari (Eiselt, 1979)

Muhtar's Anatolian Lizard

Distribution: Kordestan Province.

Apathya yassujica (NILSON, RASTEGAR-POUYANI,RASTEGAR-POUYANI & ANDRÉN, 2003)

Yasuj Lizard, Soosmar-e Yasooj (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces. (E)

Genus: Darevskia ARRIBAS, 1997 / Darevski's Lizards

Darevskia caspica AHMADZADEH, FLECKS,CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS,FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013

Caspian Sea Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye daryay-e-Khazar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Mazandaran Province. (E)

Darevskia chlorogaster (BOULENGER, 1908)

Green-bellied Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye shekamsabz (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Ardabil, Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces.

Darevskia defi lippii (CAMERANO, 1877)

De Filippi's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye De Filippi(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces. (E)

Darevskia kamii AHMADZADEH, FLECKS,CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME,HARRIS,FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013

Kami's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Kami (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Golestan Province. (E)

Darevskia kopetdaghica AHMADZADEH, FLECKS,CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS,FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013

Kopet-Dagh Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Kopeh-Daq (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: North Khorasan Province.

Darevskia praticola (EVERSMANN, 1834)

Meadow Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye alafzar (P)

IUCN: Near Threatened

Distribution: Ardabil and Gilan Provinces.

Darevskia raddei (BOETTGER, 1892)

Radde's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Radde (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

D. r. raddei (BOETTGER, 1892)

Distribution: East Azarbaijan and Ardabil Provinces.

D. r. chaldoranensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI,KARAMIANI, ORAEI, KHOSRAWANI & RASTEGARPOUYANI, 2011

Chaldoran Rock Lizard

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. (E)

D. r. vanensis (EISELT, SCHMIDTLER & DAREWSKY,1993)

Lake Van Rock Lizard

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province.

Darevskia schaekeli AHMADZADEH, FLECKS,CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS,FREITAS, RÖDDER, 2013

Schäkel's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Schakel (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. (E)

Darevskia steineri (EISELT, 1995)

Steiner's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Steiner (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Golestan Province. (E)

Darevskia valentini (BOETTGER, 1892)

Valentin's Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Valentin (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province.

Genus: Eremias FITZINGER, 1834 / Desert Lacertas

Eremias acutirostris (BOULENGER, 1887)

Point-snouted Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye poozeh-nok-tiz (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan Provinces.

Eremias andersoni DAREVSKY & SZCZERBAK, 1978 Anderson's Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Anderson (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Semnan, Qom and Esfahan Provinces. (E)

Eremias arguta (PALLAS, 1773)

Bright Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Barragh (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan,Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

Eremias fasciata BLANFORD, 1874

Narrow-banded Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye navar-dar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan,Yazd and Qom Provinces.

Eremias grammica (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823)

Reticulate Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye shatranji(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Eremias intermedia (STRAUCH, 1876)

Medial Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye miyani (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi Province.

Eremias kavirensis MOZAFFARI & PARHAM, 2007

Kavir Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Kavir (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Esfahan Province. (E)

Eremias kopetdaghica SZCZERBAK, 1972

Kopet Dagh Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Kopeh-Daq (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Eremias lalezharica MORAVEC, 1994

Lalehzar Racerunner, Lacerta-ye davandeh-ye Lalehzar(L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kerman Province. (E)

Eremias lineolata (NIKOLSKY, 1896)

Striped Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye rah-rah (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Semnan Provinces.

Eremias montana RASTEGAR-POUYANI & RASTEGAR-POUYANI, 2001

Mountain Racerunner, Lacerta-ye davandeh-ye koohestan(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah, Kordestan and Qazvin Provinces. (E)

Eremias nigrocellata NIKOLSKY, 1896

Black-ocellated Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye khaldar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan and Semnan Provinces.

Eremias nigrolateralis RASTEGAR-POUYANI & NILSON, 1998

Black-sided Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye pahloo-siah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Fars Province. (E)

Eremias papenfussi MOZAFFARI, AHMADZADEH & PARHAM, 2011

Papenfuss's Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Papenfuss (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin Provinces. (E)

Eremias persica BLANFORD, 1874

Persian Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Esfahan,Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Markazi, Zanjan, Semnan,North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan,Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Fars and Yazd Provinces.

Eremias pleskei NIKOLSKY, 1905

Pleske's Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Pleske (P)

IUCN: Critically Endangered

Distribution: West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

Eremias strauchi KESSLER, 1878

Strauch's Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Strauch(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil and Kordestan Provinces.

Eremias suphani BAŞOĞLU & HELLMICH, 1968

Suphan Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Soophan(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province.

Eremias velox (PALLAS, 1771)

Rapid Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye chabok (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

E. v. velox (PALLAS, 1771)

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Markazi, Qazvin, Qom,Gilan, Semnan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces.

Genus: Iranolacerta ARNOLD, ARRIBAS & CARRANZA, 2007 / Iranian Lacertas

Iranolacerta brandtii (DE FILIPPI, 1863)

Brandt's Iranian Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Irani-ye Brandt (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Kordestan, Gilan and Esfahan Provinces.

Comment: Šmíd et al., (2014) assumed that I. b. esfahanica (NILSON, N. RASTEGAR-POUYANI, E. RASTEGAR-POUYANI & ANDRÉN, 2003) is younger synonym of I. b. brandtii (DE FILIPPI, 1863).

Iranolacerta zagrosica (RASTEGAR-POUYANI & NILSON, 1998)

Zagros Iranian Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Irani-ye Zagros (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Esfahan, Lorestan and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces. (E)

Genus: Lacerta LINNAEUS, 1758 / Lacertas

Comment: Ahmadzadeh et al., (2011) assumed that Lacerta mostoufi i BALOUTCH, 1976 is a nomen dubium.

Lacerta media LANTZ & CYRÉN, 1920

Three-lined Lacerta, Lacerta-ye se-khatti (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

L. m. media LANTZ & CYRÉN, 1920

Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Esfahan Provinces.

Lacerta strigata EICHWALD, 1831

Caspian Green Lacerta, Lacerta-ye sabz-e-Khazari (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

Genus: Mesalina GRAY, 1838 / Sand Lizards

Mesalina brevirostris BLANFORD, 1874

Short-snouted Sand Lizard, Soosmar-e rigzar-e poozehkootah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

M. b. brevirostris BLANFORD, 1874

Distribution: Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

M. b. fi eldi (HAAS & WERNER, 1969)

Field Sand Lizard

Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam and Bushehr Provinces.

Mesalina watsonana (STOLICZKA, 1872)

Watson's Sand Lizard, Soosmar-e rigzar-e Watson (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Markazi, Qom,Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Semnan,North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan,Yazd, Kerman and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Ophisops MÉNÉTRIES, 1832 / Snake-eyedLizards

Ophisops elegans MÉNÉTRIES, 1832

Elegant Snake-eyed Lizard, Soosmar-e mar-cheshm-e ziba (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qazvin, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Hamedan, Ilam, Lorestan, Khuzestan,Fars, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Timon TSCHUDI, 1836

Timon kurdistanica SUCHOW, 1936

Kurdistan Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Kordestan (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces.

Timon princeps (BLANFORD, 1874)

Prince Lacerta, Lacerta-ye perans (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Ilam, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Lorestan, Esfahan and Fars Provinces. (E)

Family: PHYLLODACTYLIDAE GAMBLE, BAUER,GREENBAUM & JACKMAN, 2008 / Leaf-toed Geckos Genus: Asaccus DIXON & ANDERSON, 1973 / Leaftoed Geckos

Asaccus andersoni TORKI, FATHINIA, ROSTAMI,GHARZI & NAZARI-SERENJEH, 2011

Anderson's Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Anderson (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Ilam Province. (E)

Asaccus elisae (WERNER, 1895)

Elisa's Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Elisa(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah, Ilam, Lorestan, Khuzestan,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Bushehr Provinces.

Asaccus granularis TORKI, 2010

Granular-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angoshtbargi-ye poolak-gerd (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces. (E)

Asaccus griseonotus DIXON & ANDERSON, 1973

Gray-marked Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye khakestari (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah, Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Asaccus iranicus TORKI, AHMADZADEH, ILGAZ, AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011

Iranian Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Irani(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E)

Asaccus kermanshahensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI,1996

Kermanshah Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Kermanshah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah Province. (E)

Asaccus kurdistanensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI,NILSON & FAIZI, 2006

Kurdistan Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Kordestan (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces. (E)

Asaccus nasrullahi WERNER, 2006

Nasrullah's Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Nasrollah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces. (E)

Asaccus tangestanensis TORKI, AHMADZADEH,ILGAZ, AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011

Tangestan Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Tangestan (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E)

Asaccus zagrosicus TORKI, AHMADZADEH, ILGAZ,AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011

Zagros Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Zagros (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Lorestan Province. (E)

Family: SCINCIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Skinks

Subfamily: EUGONGYLINAE WELCH, 1982

Genus: Ablepharus FITZINGER, 1823 / Snake-eyed Skinks

Ablepharus bivittatus (MENETRIES, 1832)

Two-streaked Snake-eyed Skink, Skink-e mar-cheshm-e do-khatti (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Qazvin, Tehran, Mazandaran, Semnan and Fars Provinces.

Ablepharus pannonicus FITZINGER, 1823

Asian Snake-eyed Skink, Skink-e mar-cheshm-e Asiayi(L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Semnan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan,Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Tehran, Alborz, Qom,Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad,Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Kerman,South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Subfamily: MABUYINAE MITTLEMAN, 1952

Genus: Trachylepis FITZINGER, 1843 / Grass Skinks

Trachylepis aurata (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Golden Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e talayi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

T. a. transcaucasica (CHERNOV, 1926)

Transcaucasian Grass Skink

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Zanjan, Qazvin, Markazi, Alborz, Tehran, Qom, Esfahan,Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah,Kordestan, Semnan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Trachylepis septemtaeniata (REUSS, 1834)

Southern Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e jonoobi (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Qom, Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad,Bushehr, Fars, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces.

Trachylepis vittata (OLIVIER, 1804)

Bridled Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e ramook (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces.

Subfamily: SCINCINAE GRAY, 1825

Genus: Chalcides LAURENTI, 1768 / Cylindrical Skinks

Chalcides ocellatus (FORSKﺇL, 1775)

Ocellated Cylindrical Skink, Skink-e khal-cheshmi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

C. o. ocellatus (FORSKÅL, 1775)

Distribution: Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Eumeces WIEGMANN, 1834 / Long-legged Skinks

Eumeces schneideri (DAUDIN, 1802)

Schneider's Long-legged Skink, Skink-e pa-boland-e Schneider (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

E. s. princeps (EICHWALD, 1839)

Prince Long-legged Skink

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Zanjan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Kerman,Yazd, Gilan, Qazvin, Alborz,Tehran, Qom, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

E. s. zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1900

Zarudny's Long-legged Skink

Distribution: South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Hormozgan Provinces.

Genus: Eurylepis BLYTH, 1854 / Mole Skinks

Eurylepis taeniolatus BLYTH, 1854

Ribbon-sided Mole Skink, Skink-e haffar-e pahlookhaldar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

E. t. parthianicus (SZCZERBAK, 1990)

Parthian Mole Skink

Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and Semnan Provinces.

Genus: Ophiomorus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1839 / Snake Skinks

Comment: Following Ananjeva et al. (2006) presence of Ophiomorus chernovi ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1966 in northeastern of Iran is probable.

Ophiomorus blanfordii BOULENGER, 1887

Blanford's Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Blanford(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Ophiomorus brevipes (BLANFORD, 1874)

Short-legged Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e pa-kootah(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Semnan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan,Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces.

Ophiomorus maranjabensis KAZEMI, FARHADI QOMI, KAMI & ANDERSON, 2011

Maranjab Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Maranjab (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Esfahan Province. (E)

Ophiomorus nuchalis NILSON & ANDRÉN, 1978

Plateau Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e falat (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Semnan, Tehran, Esfahan, Qom and Yazd Provinces. (E)

Ophiomorus persicus (STEINDACHNER, 1867)

Persian Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Parsi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Fars and Kerman Provinces. (E)

Ophiomorus streeti ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1966

Street's Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Street (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E)

Ophiomorus tridactylus (BLYTH, 1853)

Three-toed Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e se-angoshti(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Hormozgan Provinces.

Genus: Scincus LAURENTI, 1768 / Sandfi shes

Scincus mitranus ANDERSON, 1871

Mitra's Sandfi sh, Mahi-ye shenzar-e Mitra (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Scincus scincus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Common Sandfi sh, Mahi-ye shenzar-e mamooli (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

S. s. conirostris BLANFORD, 1881

Cone-snouted Sandfi sh

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Kerman Provinces.

Family: SPHAERODACTYLIDAE GAMBLE, BAUER,GREENBAUM & JACKMAN, 2008 / Plate-fi ngered

Genus: Pristurus RÜPPELL, 1835

Pristurus rupestris BLANFORD, 1874

Blanford's Rock Gecko, Geko-ye sanglakh-e Blanford (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

P. r. rupestris SCHMIDT, 1952

Distribution: Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Bushehr and Fars Provinces.

P. r. iranicus BLANFORD, 1874

Iranian Rock Gecko

Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E)

Genus: Teratoscincus STRAUCH, 1863 / Plate-tailed Geckos

Teratoscincus bedriagai NIKOLSKY, 1900

Bedraiga's Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e Bedraiga (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Teratoscincus scincus (SCHLEGEL, 1858)

Common Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e mamooli (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

T. s. keyserlingii (STRAUCH, 1863)

Keyserling's Plate-tailed Gecko

Distribution: Qom, Semnan, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars,Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Hormozgan Provinces.

Teratoscincus microlepis NIKOLSKY, 1899

Small-scaled Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e riz-poolak (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces.

Family: VARANIDAE GRAY, 1827 / Monitors

Genus: Varanus MERREM, 1820

Varanus bengalensis (DAUDIN, 1802)

Bengal Monitor, Bozmajeh-ye Bangal (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

CITES: Appendix I

V. b. bengalensis (DAUDIN, 1802)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces.

Varanus griseus (DAUDIN, 1803)

Gray Desert Monitor, Bozmajeh-ye biabani-ye khakestari(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix I

V. g. griseus (DAUDIN, 1803)

Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Bushehr and Fars Provinces.

V. g. caspius (EICHWALD, 1831)

Caspian Desert Monitor

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan,Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan,Kerman, Yazd, Semnan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces.

Suborder: SERPENTES LINNAEUS, 1758 / Snakes

Family: COLUBRIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Typical Snakes

Subfamily: COLUBRINAE OPPEL, 1811

Genus: Boiga FITZINGER, 1826

Boiga trigonata (SCHNEIDER, 1802)

Indian Cat Snake, Gorbeh mar-e Hendi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

B. t. melanocephala (ANNANDALE, 1904)

Black-headed Cat Snake

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan,South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Semnan Provinces.

Genus: Coronella LAURENTI, 1768

Coronella austriaca LAURENTI, 1768

Austrian Smooth Snake, Mar-e baraq-e Otrishi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

C. a. austriaca LAURENTI, 1768

Distribution: Alboz, Tehran, West Azarbaijan, Gilan,Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Genus: Dolichophis GISTEL, 1868 / Whip Snakes

Dolichophis caspius (GMELIN, 1789)

Caspian Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye Khazar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

D. c. caspius GMELIN, 1789

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Tehran,Qazvin, Zanjan and Hamedan Provinces.

Dolichophis jugularis (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Large Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye bozorg (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

D. j. jugularis (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan,Markazi, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam,Lorestan, Esfahan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Dolichophis schmidti (NIKOLSKY, 1909)

Schmidt's Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye Schmidt (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Genus: Eirenis JAN, 1863 / Dwarf Snakes

Comment: Rajabizadeh et al., (2012) described Eirenis(Pediophis) kermanensis as a new species, but because morphology of this new species is very similar to E. medus, Mahlow et al., (2013) suggested more specimens must be collected and further studies should be carried out.

Based on Gholamhosseini et al., (2009) and Mahlow et al., (2013) Eirenis (Eoseirenis) decemlineatus(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854) has not been recorded in Iran.

Subgenus: Eirenis JAN, 1863

Eirenis (Eirenis) modestus (MARTIN, 1838)

Mild Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye aram (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

E. (E.) m. modestus (MARTIN, 1838)

Distribution: Markazi, Zanjan and Golestan Provinces.

Subgenus: Pediophis FITZINGER, 1843

Eirenis (Pediophis) collaris (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832)

Collared Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye toq-dar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

E. (P.) c. collaris (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832)

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Markazi, Qazvin, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Hamedan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, Esfahan,Bushehr and Fars Provinces.

Eirenis (Pediophis) coronella (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

Crowned Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye taj-dar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

E. (P.) c. coronella (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

Distribution: Khuzestan and Gilan Provinces.

Eirenis (Pediophis) medus (CHERNOV, 1940)

Striped Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye rah-rah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Markazi, Gilan, Tehran, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Eirenis (Pediophis) punctatolineatus (BOETTGER,1892)

Dotted Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye khaldar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

E. (P.) p. condoni (BOULENGER, 1920)

Condon's Dwarf Snake

Distribution: Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad,Bushehr, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces.

E. (P.) p. punctatolineatus (BOETTGER, 1892)

Distribution: Markazi, Esfahan, Fars, Khuzestan, Ilam,Lorestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, Tehran, Semnan,Gilan and North Khorasan Provinces.

Eirenis (Pediophis ?) rechingeri EISELT, 1971

Rechinger's Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye Rechinger(P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Fars Province. (E)

Comment: Mahlow et al., (2013) followed the recent authors and placed Eirenis rechingeri into the subgenus Pediophis.

Subgenus: Pseudocyclophis BOETTGER, 1888

Eirenis (Pseudocyclophis) persicus (ANDERSON, 1872)Persian Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye Parsi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Comment: Based on Ananjeva et al., (2006) and Gholamifard et al., (2012) Eirenis Pseudocyclophis nigrofasciatus (NIKOSLKY, 1907) dosen't have taxonomic value.

E. (P.) p. persicus (ANDERSON, 1872)

Distribution: Bushehr, Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman,Khuzestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Markazi, Tehran,Mazandaran and North Khorasan Provinces.

Genus: Elaphe FITZINGER, 1833

Comment: Although some researchers continue to use Elaphe, the Iranian species have been placed by others in Zamenis Wagler, 1830, reserving Elaphe for the North American species.

Elaphe dione (PALLAS, 1773)

Dione's Rat Snake, Mar-e mooshkhar-e Dione (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Mazandaran, Semnan, Golestan, Gilan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Elaphe sauromates (PALLAS, 1811)

Four-lined Rat Snake, Mar-e mooshkhar-e char-khati (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan,Hamedan, Kermanshah, Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijanand West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Genus: Hemorrhois BOIE, 1826

Hemorrhois nummifer (REUSS, 1834)

Coin-marked Snake, Mar-e khal-sekeh-ee (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Markazi,Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and Fars Provinces.

Hemorrhois ravergieri (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832)

Ravergier's Snake, Mar-e Ravergier (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Hamedan, Markazi, Lorestan, Ilam,Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kerman, Esfahan, Qom, Semnan,Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Hierophis FITZINGER, 1843

Hierophis andreanus (WERNER, 1917)

Andrea's Racer, Mar-e Andrea (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Lorestan, Markazi,Khuzestan, Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces. (E)

Genus: Lycodon BOIE, 1826

Lycodon striatus (SHAW, 1802)

Barred Wolf Snake, Mar-e gorgi-ye rah-rah (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

L. s. bicolor (NIKOLSKY 1903)

Bicolored Wolf Snake

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Hormozgan Provinces.

Genus: Lytorhynchus PETERS, 1862 / Leafnose Snakes

Lytorhynchus diadema (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)

Diadem Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye taj-almasi(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

L. d. gaddi (NIKOLSKY, 1907)

Gadd's Leafnose Snake

Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces.

Lytorhynchus maynardi ALCOCK & FINN, 1897

Maynard's Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye Maynard(P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Lytorhynchus ridgewayi BOULENGER, 1887

Ridgeway's Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye Ridgeway (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan,Kerman, Esfahan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Markazi,Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan,North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Oligodon BOIE, 1826 / Kukri Snakes

Oligodon taeniolatus (JERDON, 1853)

Striped Kukri Snake, Mar-e rah rah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

O. t. taeniolatus (JERDON, 1853)

Distribution: Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan,Zanjan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

Genus: Platyceps BLYTH, 1826

Platyceps karelini (BRANDT, 1838)

Karelin's Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e Karelin (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

P. k. chesneii (MARTIN, 1838)

Chesney's Flat-headed Snake

Distribution: Fars, Esfahan, Bushehr, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces.

P. k. karelini (BRANDT, 1838)

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan,Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Qom, Esfahan and Yazd Provinces.

Platyceps najadum (EICHWALD, 1831)

Slender Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e peikani (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

P. n. najadum (EICHWALD, 1831)

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Ilam, Hamedan, Markazi, Esfahan,Bushehr, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Lorestan, Qom, Semnan, Mazandaran,Gilan, Golestan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

P. n. schmidtleri (SCHÄTTI and MCCARTHY, 2001)

Schmidtler's Flat-headed Snake

Distribution: Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad and Kerman Provinces. (E)

Platyceps rhodorachis (JAN, 1865)

Braid Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e qeytani (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

P. r. ladacensis (ANDERSON, 1871)

Ladak Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e dasty (L)

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Zanjan,Qazvin, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam,Lorestan, Khuzestan, Markazi, Qom, Tehran, Alborz,Semnan,Yazd, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan,Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces.

P. r. rhodorachis (JAN, 1865)

Distribution: Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah,Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan,Qom, Markazi, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran, North Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd,Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Platyceps ventrimaculatus (GRAY, 1834)

Spotted Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e Pahlookhaldar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

P. v. ventrimaculatus (GRAY, 1834)

Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan,Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Golestan, Kordestan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Genus: Rhynchocalamus GÜNTHER, 1864

Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus (JAN, 1862)

Black-Headed Snake, Mar-e sar-siah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

R. m. satunini NIKOLSKY, 1899

Stunin's Black-Headed Snake

Distribution: Markazi, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Bushehr Provinces.

Genus: Spalerosophis JAN, 1843

Spalerosophis diadema (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

Diadem Snake, Mar-e tajdar (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

S. d. cliffordii (SCHLEGEL, 1837)

Clifford's Diadem Snake

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Hamedan,Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Hormozgan,Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Yazd, South Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan, Semnan,Qom, Markazi and Esfahan Provinces.

Comment: Based on Schätti et al., (2009) populations from Southwest Iran and possibly more western lowland areas are S. d. cliffordii and those from the Iranian Plateau are S. diadema.Schätti et al., (2009).

Suggested S. d. schirasianus (JAN, 1863) is a valid subspecies whereas, Baig and Masroor (2008) placed it in the junior synonymy of S. diadema.

Spalerosophis microlepis JAN, 1865

Small-scaled Diadem Snake, Mar-e tajdar-e riz-poolak (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Fars, Kerman, Esfahan, Qom, Markazi,Hamedan, Lorestan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces. (E)

Genus: Telescopus WAGLER, 1830

Telescopus fallax FLEISCHMANN, 1831

European Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e Oroopayi (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

T. f. iberus EICHWALD, 1831

Iberian Tiger-Snake

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Kordestan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Hamedan, Markazi, Esfahan,Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Telescopus nigriceps (AHL, 1924)

Black-headed Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e sar-siah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Kermanshah Province.

Telescopus rhinopoma (BLANFORD, 1874)

Iranian Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e Irani (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman,South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan,Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Bushehr Provinces.

Telescopus tessellatus (WALL, 1908)

Checkered Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e shatranji (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

T. t. martini (SCHMIDT, 1939)

Martin's Tiger Snake

Distribution: Tehran, Markazi, Kordestan, Kermanshah,Hamedan, Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces.

T. t. tessellatus (WALL, 1908)

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Esfahan Provinces.(E)

Genus: Zamenis WAGLER, 1830

Zamenis hohenackeri (STRAUCH, 1873)

Hohenacker's Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e Hohenacker (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: East Azarbaijan and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces.

Zamenis longissimus (LAURENTI, 1768)

Long Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e deraz (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Hamedan,Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Zamenis persicus (WERNER, 1913)

Persian Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e Parsi (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Family: ELAPIDAE BOIE, 1827 / Cobras

Subfamily: ELAPINAE BOIE, 1827

Genus: Bungarus DAUDIN, 1803

Bungarus persicus ABTIN, NILSON, MOBARAKI,HOSSEINI, DEHGANNEJHAD, 2014

Persian Krait, Kobray-e Parsi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E)

Genus: Naja LAURENTI, 1768

Naja (Naja) oxiana (EICHWALD, 1831)

Central Asian Cobra, Kobray-e Asia-ye Miyaneh (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Genus: Walterinnesia LATASTE, 1887

Walterinnesia morgani (MOCQUARD, 1905)

Morgan's Black Cobra, Kobray-e siah-e Morgan (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Fars, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces.

Subfamily: HYDROPHIINAE SMITH, 1926 / Sea Snakes

Genus: Hydrophis LATRIELLE, 1802

Hydrophis curtus (SHAW, 1802)

Short Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi kootah (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus (DAUDIN, 1803)

Annulated Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi halqe-dar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis gracilis (SHAW, 1802)

Small-headed Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi sar-koochak (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis lapemoides (GRAY, 1849)

Persian Gulf Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi Kahlij-e Fars (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis ornatus (GRAY, 1842)

Ornate Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi arasteh (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis platurus (LINNAEUS, 1766)

Yellow-bellied Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi shekam-zard (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis schistosus (DAUDIN, 1803)

Beaked Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi nok deraz (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis spiralis (SHAW, 1802)

Yellow Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi zard (L)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Hydrophis viperinus (SCHMIDT, 1852)

Viperine Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi afee-shekl (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Family: ERYCIDAE BONAPARTE, 1831

Genus: Eryx DAUDIN, 1803 / Sand Boas

Eryx elegans (GRAY, 1849)

Elegant Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye ziba (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Khuzestan, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces.

Eryx jaculus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Javelin Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye nayzeyi (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

E. j. turcicus (OLIVIER, 1801)

Turkish Sand Boa

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Kordestan, Zanjan, Hamedan, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran,Qom, Semnan, Esfahan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces.

E. j. familiaris EICHWALD, 1831

Familiar Sand Boa

Distribution: Fars Province.

Comment: Gholamifard et al., (2012) reported collect Eryx jaculus familiaris from Fars Province.

Eryx jayakari BOULENGER, 1888

Jayakar's Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye Jayakar (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Khuzestan and Bushehr Provinces.

Eryx johnii (RUSSELL, 1801)

John's Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye John (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Eryx miliaris (PALLAS, 1773)

Dwarf Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye kootoleh (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Kordestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Hamedan, Qazvin,Esfahan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Comment: Based on morphological work, Eskandarzadeh et al. (2013) reported 2 specimens of Eryx sp. from Khorasan Provinces.

Eryx tataricus (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823)

Tartar Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye Tatari (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

CITES: Appendix II

E. t. tataricus (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823)

Distribution: Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan,Kordestan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Hamedan, Markazi,Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Golestan,Gilan, North Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

E. t. vittatus CHERNOV, 1959

Striped Sand Boa

Distribution: North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces.

Family: LAMPROPHIIDAE FITZINGER, 1843

Subfamily: LAMPROPHIINAE FITZINGER, 1843

Genus: Malpolon FITZINGER, 1826

Malpolon insignitus (GEOFFROY DE ST-HILAIRE,1827)

Eastern Montpellier Snake, Yaleh mar (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

M. i. fuscus (FLEISCHMANN, 1831)

Dark Montpellier Snake

Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Zanjan, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan,Lorestan, Markazi, Esfahan, Yazd, Qom, Semnan, Qazvin,Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khorasan razavi and Hormozgan Provinces.

Comment: Based on Carranza et al. (2006) and Sindaco et al. (2013) M. monspessulanus (HERMANN, 1804)distributed in west of Mediterranean Sea.

Genus: Rhagerhis PETERS, 1862

Rhagerhis moilensis (REUSS, 1834)

Moila Snake, Talheh mar (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Ilam Provinces.

Family: LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE STEJNEGER, 1892 / Slender Blind Snakes

Subfamily: LEPTOTYPHLOPINAE

Genus: Myriopholis HEDGES, ADALSTEINSSON & BRANCH, 2009

Myriopholis blanfordi (BOULENGER, 1890)

Blanford's Countless-Scaled Snake, Mar-e kermi-shekl-e Blanford (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Myriopholis macrorhyncha (JAN, 1860)

Beaked Countless-Scaled Snake, Mar-e kermi-shekl-e nok-dar (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah,West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Qazvin, Alborz,Tehran, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces.

Family: NATRICIDAE BONAPARTE, 1838

Genus: Natrix LAURENTI, 1768 / Water Snakes

Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS, 1758)

European Water Snake, Mar-e abi-ye Oroopayi (L)

IUCN: Lower risk/Least Concern

N. n. persa (PALLAS, 1814)

Persian Water Snake

Distribution: Mazandaran, Golestan, Gilan, Ardabil,Zanjan, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Markazi,Semnan and Tehran Provinces.

Natrix tessellata (LAURENTI, 1768)

Tessellated Water Snake, Mar-e abi-ye shatranji (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Tehran,Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan,Kordestan,Kermanshah, Hamedan, Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan,Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Qom, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan,North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces.

Family: PSAMMOPHIIDAE BONAPARTE, 1845

Genus: Psammophis FITZINGER, 1826

Psammophis lineolatus (BRANDT, 1836)

Ribbon Sand Racer, Tir mar-e rah-rah (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan,Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan,Kerman, Fars, Esfahan, Markazi, Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces.

Psammophis schokari (FORSKÅL, 1775)

Schokari Sand Racer, Tir mar-e biabani (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman,Fars, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Yazd, Semnan,Qom, Markazi, Tehran, Ilam, North Khorasan, KhorasanRazavi, South Khorasan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan Provinces.

Family: TYPHLOPIDAE MERREM, 1820 / Blind Snakes

Genus: Indotyphlops HEDGES, MARION, LIPP,MARIN &VIADAL, 2014

Indotyphlops braminus (DAUDIN, 1803)

Brahminy Blind Snake, Koor-mar-e Berahman (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Hormozgan Province.

Genus: Xerotyphlops HEDGES, MARION, LIPP,MARIN & VIDAL, 2014

Xerotyphlops vermicularis (MERREM, 1820)

Vormiform Blind Snake, Mar-e kermi shekl (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah,Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Markazi, Esfahan, Qom,Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Semnan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, Fars and Yazd Provinces.

Xerotyphlops wilsoni (WALL, 1908)

Wilson's Blind Snake, Mar-e kermi shekl Wilson (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Khuzestan Province. (E)

Family: VIPERIDAE LAURENTI, 1768 / Vipers

Subfamily: CROTALINAE OPPEL, 1811 / Pit Vipers

Genus: Gloydius HOGE ET ROMANO-HOGE, 1981

Gloydius halys (PALLAS, 1776)

Halys Pit Viper

IUCN: Not Listed

G. h. caucasicus (NIKOLSKY, 1916)

Caucasian Pit Viper, Afee hofredar-e Qafqazi (P)

Distribution: Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Gilan,Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces.

Subfamily: VIPERINAE OPPEL, 1811 / Old World vipers Genus: Cerastes LAURENTI, 1768

Cerastes gasperettii LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1967

Gasperetti's Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e Gasperetti (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

C. g. gasperettii LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1967

Distribution: Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces.

Genus: Echis MERREM, 1820

Echis carinatus (SCHNEIDER, 1801)

Carinate Saw-scaled Viper, Afee poolak areh-ee (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

E. c. sochureki STEMMLER, 1969

Sochurek's Saw-scaled Viper

Distribution: Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Kerman, Fars,Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, and Khuzestan Provinces.

Comment: Based on molecular technic and morphology Pook et al., (2009) placed Echis multisquamatus CHERLIN, 1981 in the synonymy of E. carinatus.

Genus: Eristicophis ALCOCK & FINN, 1896

Eristicophis macmahoni ALCOCK & FINN, 1897

McMahon's Desert Viper, Afee biabani-ye McMahon (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province.

Genus: Macrovipera REUSS, 1927

Macrovipera lebetina (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Levantine Viper, Gorzeh mar (L)

IUCN: Not Listed

M. l. cernovi (CHIKIN & SZCZERBAK, 1992)

Cernov's Viper

Distribution: Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Semnan Provinces.

M. l. obtusa (DWIGUBSKY, 1832)

Blunt Viper

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil,Qazvin, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Alborz, Tehran,Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan,Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Esfahan Provinces.

Genus: Montivipera NILSON, TUNIYEV, ANDRÉN,ORLOV, JOGER & HERRMANN, 1999

Montivipera albicornuta (NILSON & ANDRÉN, 1985)Zanjan Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-e Zanjan (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: Zanjan, Qazvin, Gilan, West Azarbaijan,East Azarbaijan, Kordestan and Hamedan Provinces.

Montivipera kuhrangica RAJABIZADEH, NILSON & KAMI, 2011

Kuhrang Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-e Koohrang(P)

IUCN: Not Listed

Distribution: Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Province. (E)

Montivipera latifii (MERTENS, DAREWSKY & KLEMMER, 1967)

Latifi 's Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-ye Latifi (P)

IUCN: Endangered

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz and Mazandaran Provinces.(E)

Montivipera raddei (BOETTGER, 1890)

Radde's Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-ye Radde (P)

IUCN: Near Threatened

M. r. raddei (BOETTGER, 1890)

Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province.

M. r. kurdestanica (NILSON & ANDRﺓN, 1986)

Kordestan Mountain Viper

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Zanjan and Hamedan Provinces.

Comment: Stümpel and Joger (2009) by using molecular techniques expressed Montivipera wagneri (Nilson & Andrén, 1984) has not been recorded from Iran.

Genus: Pseudocerastes BOULENGER, 1896

Comment: Based on Fathinia et al., (2014) Pseudocerastes fi eldi SCHMIDT, 1930 has not been recorded from Iran. Former records reported by (Bostanchi et al., 2006;Gholamifard and Esmaeili, 2010) could be P. persicus.

Pseudocerastes persicus (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)

Persian False Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e Parsi (P)

IUCN: Least Concern

Distribution: Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan,Kerman, Yazd, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi,North Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Qom, Markazi,Zanjan, Esfahan, Fars, Kermanshah, Ilam and Khuzestan Provinces.

Pseudocerastes urarachnoides BOSTANCHI,ANDERSON, KAMI & PAPENFUSS, 2006

Spider-tailed False Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e domankabooti (P)

IUCN: Data Defi cient

Distribution: Ilam, Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces.(E)

Genus: Vipera LAURENTI, 1768

Subgenus: Acridophaga REUSS, 1927

Vipera (Acridophaga) ebneri KNÖPFLER & SOCHUREK, 1955

Ebner's Viper, Afee Ebner (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Zanjan,Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.(E)

Vipera (Acridophaga) eriwanensis (REUSS, 1933)

Yerevan Viper, Afee Iravan (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

Distribution: Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

Order: TESTUDINES BATSCH, 1788 / Turtles, Tortoises & Terrapins

Suborder: CRYPTODIRA COPE, 1868 / Hidden-necked Turtles

Family: CHELONIIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Marine Turtles Subfamily: CARETTINAE GRAY, 1825

Genus: Caretta RAFINESQUE, 1814

Caretta caretta (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e Daryaye Sorkh (L)

IUCN: Endangered

CITES: Appendix I

C. c. gigas DERANIYAGALA, 1933

Pacifi c Loggerhead Sea Turtle

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Genus: Lepidochelys FITZINGER, 1843

Lepidochelys olivacea (ESCHSCHOLTZ, 1829)

Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye zeytuniye Ridley (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix I

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Subfamily: CHELONINAE OPPEL, 1811

Genus: Chelonia BRONGNIART, 1800

Chelonia mydas (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Green Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye sabz (L)

IUCN: Endangered

CITES: Appendix I

C. m. japonica (THUNBERG, 1787)

Japanese Green Sea Turtle

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Genus: Eretmochelys FITZINGER, 1843

Eretmochelys imbricata (LINNAEUS, 1766)

Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye poozeh oqabi (L)

IUCN: Critically Endangered

CITES: Appendix I

E. i. bissa (RÜPPELL, 1835)

Pacifi c Hawksbill Sea Turtle

Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf.

Family: DERMOCHELYIDAE BLAINVILLE, 1816 / Leatherback Turtles

Genus: Dermochelys BLAINVILLE, 1816

Dermochelys coriacea (VANDELLI, 1761)

Leatherback Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e charmi (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix I

D. c. schlegelii (GARMAN, 1884)

Pacifi c Leatherback Sea Turtle

Distribution: Oman and Persian Gulfs

Family: EMYDIDAE GRAY, 1825 / New World Pond Turtles

Subfamily: EMYDINAE RAFINESQUE, 1815

Genus: Emys DUMÉRIL, 1806

Emys orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758)

European Pond Turtle, Lakposht-e berkeyi-ye Oroopayi(L)

IUCN: Lower risk/Near Threatened

E. o. persica EICHWALD, 1831

Persian Pond Turtle

Distribution: Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan and Ardabil Provinces.

Comment: Currently Emys orbicularis distribution has expanded into other provinces of Iran such as Tehran and Alborz, caused by selling in Nowruz ceremonies.

Subfamily: DEIROCHELYINAE AGASSIZ, 1857

Genus: Trachemys AGASSIZ, 1857

Trachemys scripta (SCHOEPFF, 1792)

Common Slider, Lakposht-e goosh qermez (P)

Distribution: H. Ghaffari, B. Safaei-Mahroo and M. Yazdanyan have observed Trachemys scripta from Shoormast Lake, 5km West of Shirgah, Mazandaran Province and Mamloo Dam Lake, Tehran Province. This is the fi rst Record of this exotic species from Iran. (I)

Family: GEOEMYDIDAE THEOBALD, 1868 / Old World pond Turtles

Subfamily: GEOEMYDINAE THEOBALD, 1868

Genus: Mauremys GRAY, 1869

Mauremys caspica (GMELIN, 1774)

Caspian Turtle, Lakposht-e berkeyi-ye Khazari (P)

IUCN: Not Listed

M. c. caspica (GMELIN, 1774)

Distribution: Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Kordestan Provinces.

M. c. siebenrocki WISCHUF & FRITZ, 1997

Siebenrock's Caspian Turtle

Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Fars and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces.

M. c. ventrimaculata WISCHUF & FRITZ, 1996

Spot-bellied Caspian Turtle

Distribution: Fars and Esfahan Provinces. (E)

Comment: But based on results of Vambeger et al., (2012)and Fritz et al., (2007) that analysied microsatellite loci,mtDNA (cyt b) and nDNA (C-mos) sequences, they did not support the validity of three morphologically defi ned subspecies and concluded the subspecies should no longer be recognized.

Family: TESTUDINIDAE BATSCH, 1788 / Tortoises

Genus: Testudo LINNAEUS, 1758

Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758

Spur-thighed Tortoise, Lakposht-e mehmizdar (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix II

T. g. boxtoni BOULENGER, 1921

Buxton's Spur-thighed Tortoise

Distribution: Gilan, Qazvin, Zanjan, Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces.

T. g. armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADZE, 1991 Armenian Spur-thighed Tortoise

Distribution: Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan Provinces.

T. g. zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1896

Zarudni's Spur-thighed Tortoise

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman,Yazd, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces.

Comment: Based on Mashkaryan et al., (2013) T. graeca subspecies from other provinces (Tehran, Alborz,Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Kordestan, Kermanshah,Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Fars and Hamedan) are still unrecognized. Also see Parham et al., (2006).

Testudo horsfi eldii GRAY, 1844

Horsfi eld's Tortoise, Lakposht Horsfi eld (P)

IUCN: Vulnerable

CITES: Appendix II

T. h. horsfi eldii GRAY, 1844

Distribution: South Khorasan Province.

T. h. rustamovi CHKHIKVADZE, AMIRANSHVILI & ATAEV, 1990

Rustamov's Tortoise

Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces.

Family: TRIONYCHIDAE FITZINGER, 1826 / Softshell Turtles

Subfamily: TRIONYCHINAE GRAY, 1825

Genus: Pelodiscus FITZINGER, 1835

Pelodiscus sinensis (WIEGMANN, 1835)

Chinese Soft-shell Turtle, Lakposht-e lak-narm-e Chini(P)

Distribution: Two adult Pelodiscus sinensis were captured in 2011, from fi sh pools in Miankaleh Wildlife refuge, Mazandaran Province. (I)

Genus: Rafetus GRAY, 1864

Rafetus euphraticus (DAUDIN, 1802)

Euphrates Soft-shell Turtle, Lakposht-e lak-narm-e Foraty(P)

IUCN: Endangered

Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces.

Comment: Department of Environment of Lorestan Province in 2012, reported existence of one adult Rafetus euphraticus from Cham-mehr, 28 km West of Pol-e dokhtar, Lorestan Province.

4. Discussion

Gholamifard et al., (2012) and Rastegar-Pouyani et al., (2008) listed 215 species of Reptiles in Iran. The number of reptiles recorded from Iran now stands at 241 species. In addition, Baloutch and Kami (1995) listed 22species of amphibians and Rastegar-Pouyani et al., (2008)recorded 20 species from Iran. The number of recognized amphibians is 22 species.

Among 263 amphibian and reptile species of Iran, 108(41%) species are not listed and 109 (41.4%) species are least concern in the red list of IUCN. We assume the only reason for this high number of not listed and least concern species in the red list of IUCN is lack of information about population size, reduction trend and accurate extend of occurrence of reptiles and amphibians in national and global levels. In the other hand, the status of amphibians and reptiles of Iran has not been studied in depth. This shows the necessity of reconsideration in global categories and application of the IUCN red list criteria at national level based on IUCN guidelines. Considering the number of endemic amphibians and reptiles 61 (23.2%) in Iran, the fi rst step should be preparing endemic national assessment for inclusion on the IUCN red list.

In recent ten years, some of native and nonnative amphibians and reptiles have spread in high quantities inside the country through pet trade. European Pond Turtle and European Water Snake habitats limited to Caspian Sea coastline, north part of Iran. While now there are many records from central parts of Iran. Also for the first time we report Common Slider and Chinese Softshell Turtle as non-native introduced reptiles from natural habitats of Iran.

Acknowledgements Special thanks To Eskandar FIROUZ, Hooshang ZIAIE, Bijan F. DARESHOORI and Bahman IZADI for their support of this work. We thank Soheila SHAFIEI BAFTI, Nahid AHMADI, Soheila JAVANMARDI, Afshin ALIZADEH, Sajad TAVAKOLI,Amirhosein KHALEGHI, Taher GHADIRYAN, Hamid BOSTANCHI, Puya DARABI, Pooya NIKJOU, Nader KARAMI, Mohammadreza EHSSANI, Maysam GHASEMI and Soheil SAMI for providing amphibian and reptile distribution data. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and suggestions on the early version of this article.

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s: Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO, cofounder of Pars Herpetologists Institute, Tehran, Iran, with his research mainly focusing on Herpetology particularly amphibians ecology, biodiversity and conservation; and Dr. Hanyeh GHAFFARI, from the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, with her research focusing on ecology and conservation of pond turtles in the Middle East.

E-mail: barbodsafaei@gmail.com (Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO);ghaffari.hanyeh@gmail.com (Hanyeh GHAFFARI)

16 September 2014 Accepted: 2 June 2015