再障患者转化为急性白血病二例病例报道及文献复习
2015-10-21孙爱红王方方管俊谢晓艳马莉
孙爱红 王方方 管俊 谢晓艳 马莉
摘要:目的:回顾分析二例诊断为再障患者,半年后复查骨髓已为急性白血病(M2),分析其转变的可能原因。方法:回顾分析二例患者初诊时资料,如基本临床资料,血常规中红细胞参数,如红细胞平均体积、平均血红蛋白量,及多部位骨髓涂片特点;进一步分析治疗方法,尤其强化免疫抑制治疗对转化的影响。结果:二例患者因贫血就诊,初诊时经过骨髓涂片、活检诊断为再障,一例仅给予安雄及再造生血片促造血治疗,另一例强化免疫抑制治疗效果不明显,两例患者均在半年后复查骨髓诊断为急性白血病。
关键词:再障、急性白血病、转变、强化免疫治疗
Abstract:Purpose : Two cases diagnosed as aplastic anemia , who were diagnosed as acute leukemia (M2) six months after one patient had received promoting hematoietic activity and another patient had received intensive immunosuppressive therapy including ATG and cisclosporine(CsA), were retrospectively analyzed. Methods : They was retrospectively analysed about her basic information such as clinical data, periperal blood red blood cell(RBC) parameters including mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), and characteristics of multi - site bone marrow smear. Their treatments were also retrospectively analyzed. Results: Two patient initially diagnosed as severe aplastic anemia by aspiration and biopsy of their bone marrow had received promoting hematopoietic activity in one patient and intensive immunosuppressive therapy including p-ATG and CsA therapy in another patient but there were no significant effect. Their bone marrow reports six months after presented with acute myelocytic leukemia.
Keywords : aplastic anemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, transformation, intensive immunosuppressive therapy
1、病例資料
1.1患者,女性,48岁。面色苍白半年,本院门诊查血常规示三系减少,为进一步诊治收入。体征示中度贫血貌,全身皮肤粘膜散在出血点、瘀点。辅助检查:血常规:Hb71g/L,WBC 1.4×109/L,N 0.32×109/L,PLT 14×109/L。网织红细胞0.46%。尿常规示(-)。生化及免疫未见异常。心电图、胸片及腹部彩超等未见异常。骨髓涂片示增生减低,粒系21%,红系24%,淋巴系52%,巨核细胞未见。染色体核型示(46,XX)。同时骨髓活检提示造血组织减少,脂肪增多,建议排除再障。复查胸骨骨髓示增生活跃,巨核细胞1枚,淋巴细胞等非造血细胞比例明显升高。诊断:再生障碍性贫血。治疗:其因经济问题未同意ATG+CsA治疗,带药再造生血片、安雄、维生素B6等口服出院,门诊随诊(血常规三系恢复不明显)。六月后复查血常规示白细胞36×109/L再入院,复查骨髓提示增生明显原始细胞71%,POX(+),免疫分型示髓系表达,染色体46,XX核型。诊断为急性白血病(M2),患者未同意化疗,五天后复查血常规白细胞126×109/L,三天后出现神志不清,口眼歪斜,考虑合并颅内出血死亡。
1.2患者,女性,7岁。四年前出现面色苍白、头昏乏力,伴低热、咳嗽,当地医院诊断为上感,予“输液治疗”体温可正常,仍有咳嗽,伴皮肤瘀斑,本院门诊查血常规示三系减少,为进一步诊治收入本科。查体:中度贫血貌,全身皮肤粘膜散在瘀点、瘀斑,浅表淋巴结未及,其余(-)。入院后完善检查,复查血常规:Hb71g/L,WBC 4.3×109/L,N 0.32×109/L,PLT 14×109/L。网织红细胞0.96%,CD55 98.6%、CD59 99.2%。生化及免疫未见异常。骨髓涂片示有核细胞增生活跃,粒系增生减低、淋巴比例相对增多,未见病态造血细胞,巨核细胞未见。染色体、FISH未见异常。骨髓活检示造血组织减少,脂肪组织增多,符合再障。复查骨髓(胸骨)示增生活跃、未见巨核细胞。诊断为重型再障。给予强化免疫(IST)治疗(兔ATG+环孢素)。复查血常规三系仍低,不能脱离输注悬浮少白红细胞及血小板。半年后头昏、乏力加重,复查查骨髓涂片示增生明显活跃,原粒细胞22%,染色体45,XX,-7,免疫分型示髓系表达。诊断为“急性髓系白血病(M2)”,给予阿糖胞苷(10mg/m2/d×5d,总量200mg)化疗,40天后复查骨髓示原始细胞8%。拟行亲缘供体造血干细胞,结果示与其弟HLA高分辨配型为全相合,但因其供者身体状况欠佳,未能行造血干细胞移植。再予地西滨+IAG方案化疗(其中地西他滨50mg d1-2,去甲氧柔红霉素5mg d3-4,阿糖胞苷20mg d3-9,G-CSF 200mg/d)。化疗间歇21天时,复查骨髓:原始粒细胞43%。建议再化疗,患者家属未同意,给予接受输注红细胞、血小板对症支持治疗,三月后合并中枢及肺部感染治疗无效自动出院。
2、討论
2.1 患者临床、实验室检查的复习
全血细胞减少可能是由于严重的骨髓衰竭性疾病,需要系统检查,如铁代谢、生化、免疫等。本观察二例患者初诊时考虑再障诊断。病例1因经济原因未同意使用IST如ATG联合CsA治疗,使用中药、雄激素等促造血治疗,但门诊检查无好转,再入院检查,其白细胞进行性上升,骨髓检查符合急性白血病诊断。病例2初诊为重型再生障碍性贫血,经IST治疗后症状好转,血常规部分恢复,半年后后因转为急性髓细胞白血病合并染色体-7异常,经过化疗效果不好合并感染后自动出院。
2.2 临床上ICUS仍需积极寻找克隆异常的证据
要想在如此多的可能导致外周血全血细胞减少的疾病中,予以患者正确的诊断和治疗,除了依靠详细的体格检查和询问病史外,必要的实验室检查亦是至关重要。如骨髓穿刺、骨髓活检、流式细胞术及细胞遗传学的检查 [1-4]。而再障如果亦有遗传学的异常,则说明其可能象AL转化或与PNH相重叠、或为AA-PNH综合征。因此,细胞遗传学的检查对于明确和鉴别全血细胞减少的病因诊断亦非常重要[5-6]。
在临床上,我们可根据各种实验室检查方法,通过判断骨髓增生情况、有无细胞破坏的形态学或酶学的检查、有无特殊抗原抗体的表达、各种细胞如T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等及其比率,以及CD4/CD8阳性T细胞比值等、骨髓或外周血有无形态学方面的异常、有无肝脾、骨髓影像学的检查的异常等,再结合详细的体格检查和病史询问,必能对全血细胞减少症作出正确的诊断和减少误诊和漏诊的发生。
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