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分词作状语辨析

2015-08-18孙培香

高中生学习·高二版 2015年6期
关键词:主格主句分词

孙培香

逻辑关系

现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于:两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系。

1. 现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。

He went out, shutting the door behind him.

他出去后将门随手关上。(伴随状语)

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

由于不知如何是好,他去找父母帮忙。(原因状语)

2. 过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.

如果多鼓励这个孩子,他本来会表现得更好。(条件状语)

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.

在遇到困难时,我们必须设法克服它们。(时间状语)

例1 from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.

A. Seen B. Seeing

C. Having seen D. To see

解析 A。the south foot of the mountain与see 之间是被动关系。

例2 around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shown B. To be shown

C. Having been shown D. To show

解析 C。已经被带着参观了水立方,随后我们被带去参观了为2008年奥运会修建的鸟巢。这里用现在分词的完成式表示参观水立方在参观鸟巢之前,且我们是“被”带着参观水立方,所以还应该用被动语态。

时间概念

过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,或表示“一种状态”,与谓语动作同时发生或存在。

现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生或说话时正在进行;现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作;

另外,特别要注意的是:现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)常和表示次数的短语或时间段(for+一段时间)连用,表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”,这种情况下不能用过去分词替换,其他情况下则通常被过去分词所替换,使句子更简洁。

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.

因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。

Reading carefully, he found something he hadnt known before.

仔细阅读,他发现了一些从前不知道的东西。

Having finished his homework, he went home.

完成了作业,他就回家了。

Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.

进行了几次讨论后,终于做出了决定。

例3 into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

A. Translating B. Translated

C. To translate D. Having translated

解析 B。句意为“被翻译为英语,这个句子的语序完全不同了。”过去分词作时间状语,所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。

例4 an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.

A. Offer B. Offering

C. Offered D. To offer

解析 C。句意为“Andy在一部新电影里被分给一个重要角色,他得到了一个成名的机会。”这里过去分词作原因状语。

“连词+过去分词”作状语

这实际上一种从句主语与主句主语一致条件下的状语从句的省略形式。

Once (it is) begun, it must be done well.

一旦开始,它就必须被做好。

Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for tax drivers.

除非作出改变,这条法律将会给出租车司机的生活造成困难。

例5 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health.

A. being carried out B. carrying out

C. carried out D. to carry out

解析 C。if carried out regularly的完整形式是if exercise is carried out regularly。

例6 —Who should be responsible for the accident?

—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .

A. as told B. as are told

C. as telling D. as they told

解析 A。as told的完整形式是as they were told。

分词的独立主格结构

独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,常用逗号与主句隔开。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语。

分词独立主格结构可分为两部分:一部分是名词或代词(主格),起逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由现在分词或过去分词构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。

1. 名词/代词+现在分词

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。

The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

雨停了,他出去散步。

2.名词/代词+过去分词

More time given, we should have done it much better.

如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更好。

The boy stood there, his right hand raised.

那个男孩站在那里,右手高举。

例7 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons for the day.

A. finishing B. finished

C. had finished D. were finished

解析 B。整句意为“当天的课程上完,孩子们从文法学校回家了”。their lessons...构成过去分词的独立主格结构。lessons是finish的主语,与句子的主语children不一致,且lessons与finish之间是被动关系,所以选B。

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