秸秆覆盖下旱作物防旱及生态小气候效应

帅文卫 成道 刘伟 郑治斌 刘可群

摘要：针对江汉平原棉花产量减产的气象因子中干旱的威胁最大，在江汉平原最大棉区天门市开展秸秆覆盖下旱地棉花防旱及生态小气候效应研究。结果表明，秸秆覆盖有增肥和改善土壤结构的作用，覆盖棉田的土壤肥力比对照平均速效钾增加18.0 mg/kg，速效磷增加0.4 mg/kg，碱解氮增加2.0 mg/kg，土壤容重比对照低0.154 g/cm3，土壤孔隙度比对照高5.48%；棉田秸秆覆盖有调温效应，秸秆覆盖棉田冠层空气温度比对照平均低0.5 ℃，地表温度平均低1.5 ℃，5 cm地温平均低0.6 ℃，10 cm地温平均低0.4 ℃，15 cm地温平均低0.4 ℃，降温效果晴天比阴天更明显；棉田秸秆覆盖有调湿控湿效应，在连续降雨时，盖草棉田土壤湿度除10 cm外，20～50 cm层次反对比照田低，且覆盖棉行间冠层行间空气湿度（H）平均低0.5%；在降水后5 d左右的的正常情况，可使土壤含水率10～50 cm层次各个时期都有不同程度的增加，各个层次增湿幅度分别为3.3%、3.0%、1.5%、1.4%、0.6%，在干旱天气条件下增湿幅度分别为6.3%、6.5%、4.2%、4.1%、3.1%。

关键词：秸秆覆盖；旱作物；防旱效应；生态小气候效应

中图分类号：X712；S147.5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2015）13-3118-05

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2015.13.012

Effects of Drought Crop Drought Control and Ecological Microclimate

by Straw Mulching

SHUAI Wen-wei1，CHENG Dao1，LIU Wei1，ZHENG Zhi-bin2，LIU Ke-qun3

（1. Tianmen Meteorological Bureau， Tianmen 431700，Hubei， China；2. Hubei Province Meteorological Bureau， Wuhan 430074， China；

3. Regional Climate Center of Wuhan， Wuhan 430074， China）

Abstract： In view of the Jianghan plain cotton harvest by meteorological factors in the threat of drought， the largest in the Jianghan plain largest recorded in Tianmen city of upland cotton covered with straw drought-resisting and ecological microclimate effect was studied. The results showed that straw mulching has the effect of weight gain and improve soil structure， covering cotton soil fertility compared with the average available k increased 18.0 mg/kg， available p increased by 0.4 mg/kg， alkali solution nitrogen increased by 2.0 mg/kg， soil bulk density of 0.154 g/m3， c was lower than the control soil porosity 5.48% higher than ck. Cotton straw covered with thermal control effect， platycodon grandiflorum cotton canopy cover air temperature was low compared with an average of 0.5 ℃， the average surface temperature 1.5 ℃， the average 5 cm geothermal was lower by 0.6 ℃， 10 cm low average ground temperature was lower by 0.4 ℃， and 15 cm low average ground temperature was lower by 0.4 ℃.Cooling effect of sunny days was more obvious than cloudy days. Cotton straw covering could adjust and control moisture and effect， in the continuous rain， grass cover cotton soil moisture in addition to 10 cm， 20 ～ 50 cm level against low in field， and covering cotton canopy row row air humidity （H） on average 0.5% lower； In precipitation around 5 days after the normal situation， can make the moisture content of soil moisture weight 10 ～ 50 cm level， the increase of various periods has different degree of the all levels humidifying rate were 3.3%， 3.0%， 1.5%， 1.4%， 1.5%， under the condition of dry weather humidifying was respectively： 6.3%， 6.5%， 4.2%， 4.1%， 3.2%.

Key words： straw mulching； drought crop；effect of drought control； effect of microclimate effect

收稿日期：2015-01-27

作者简介：帅文卫（1968-），男，湖北天门人，工程师，硕士，主要从事农业气象服务工作，（电话）13545992731（电子信箱）13545992731@163.com。