新疆准噶尔北缘早石炭世金-铜-钼成矿事件:年代学证据*
2015-07-21王玉往王京彬龙灵利丁汝福石煜赵路通
王玉往 王京彬 龙灵利 丁汝福 石煜 赵路通
1.北京矿产地质研究院,北京 100012
2.有色金属矿产地质调查中心,北京 100012
3.中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083
4.昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院,昆明 650093
新疆北部准噶尔北缘地区地处西伯利亚板块和准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块的结合部位,属中亚造山-成矿带的一部分,是中国重要的铜多金属成矿带之一。该区多年来一直作为我国和新疆地矿部门找矿的重点地区,目前已发现了多处大-中型铜镍、铜金、铜钼,以及铜多金属、铁和金矿。它们主要形成于2 个构造-岩浆活动期,即泥盆纪的洋陆俯冲期和二叠纪的后碰撞伸展期(或幔柱叠加造山期)。前者主要形成了晚泥盆世岛弧型斑岩铜(金)矿,如卡拉先格尔矿集区的喀腊苏、玉勒肯喀腊苏、卡拉先格尔等矿床,成岩成矿年龄多集中在374~381Ma(张招崇等,2006;闫升好等,2006a;吴淦国等,2008;赵战锋等,2009;杨富全等,2010);后者主要产有两类矿床:一是岩浆型铜镍硫化物型矿床,如喀拉通克矿集区(包括1 号、2 号、3 号等矿床),成岩成矿年龄多集中在280~298Ma(王润民和赵昌龙,1991;赵昌龙,1991;韩宝福等,2004;张作衡等,2005);二是造山型(或剪切带型)Au 矿,如额尔齐斯剪切带中的多纳拉萨依、赛都、沙尔布拉克、科克萨依等矿床,成矿年龄多集中在275~293Ma(李华芹等,1998;闫升好等,2006b,c;陈克强等,2010)。而介于泥盆纪和二叠纪之间的石炭纪,特别是早石炭世成岩和成矿事件报道较少。
作者近年来在对该区地质构造和矿床的研究中获得了一批早石炭世成岩成矿年代学数据。本文将对这些年代学数据进行系统的整理和分析,并结合以往的年代学资料和区域地质背景研究,探讨该区构造演化特征和成矿活动事件的关系,以期对该区找矿预测工作有所启迪和帮助。
1 区域地质背景
新疆北部北准噶尔地区位于阿尔泰山南缘(图1a)。该区以额尔齐斯-斋桑缝合带为界,北部属于西伯利亚板块,以南属于准噶尔-哈萨克斯坦板块(肖序常等,1992;何国琦和李茂松,2000;李锦轶等,2006;吴波等,2006)。自缝合带向南依次为Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 岛弧、Boshchekule-Chengiz-Yemaquan 岩浆岛弧带和西准噶尔增生杂岩。一般地,准噶尔北缘系指乌伦古河以北、额尔齐斯河以南的地区,大致包括额尔齐斯-斋桑缝合带和Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 岛弧带(Xiao et al.,2008;韩宝福等,2010)。
额尔齐斯-斋桑(-南蒙古)缝合带是古亚洲洋的一部分(Buslov et al., 2001, 2004; Badarch et al., 2002;Yakubchuk,2004;Xiao et al.,2004,2009;Rippington et al.,2008),其形成于早古生代或更早(Coleman,1989;Mossakovsky et al.,1993;Xiao et al.,1994),东哈萨克斯坦查拉蛇绿混杂岩中发育有奥陶纪的洋底玄武岩、层状硅质岩和燧石,并发育早古生代俯冲杂岩(Dobretsov et al.,1992;Iwata et al.,1996;Buslov et al.,2001,2004),该洋盆最早闭合于泥盆纪末-早石炭世,沿该缝合带发育一系列洋脊俯冲有关的岩石组合。中国境内,玛因鄂博一带发育有早泥盆世蛇绿混杂岩,层状辉长岩、枕状玄武岩的锆石U-Pb 年龄分别为403Ma 和397Ma,代表古亚洲洋的残余(刘崴国,2011);科克森套蛇绿混杂岩带中发育晚泥盆世蛇绿混杂岩(吐尔库班套辉长岩锆石U-Pb 年龄363Ma,Wang et al.,2012)、MORB 型拉斑玄武岩和深海复理石建造,以及乔夏哈拉-老山口地区中泥盆统北塔山组地层(D2b)中发育洋脊俯冲有关的苦橄岩、玄武岩(陈毓川等,2004;Zhang et al.,2005)等等,属于准噶尔洋盆俯冲的产物。
Zharma-Sawuer-Dulate-Baytag 岛弧带的北界为额尔齐斯蛇绿混杂岩带,其南界为乌仑古-阿尔曼台-洪古勒楞蛇绿岩带,其中的斜长岩、斜长花岗岩的年龄在475~503Ma 之间(Jian et al.,2005;肖文交等,2006;张元元和郭召杰,2010),是一条早古生代发育起来的蛇绿混杂岩带。该带以发育一套泥盆系岛弧型火山岩系为特点,区内主要出露晚古生代地层(图1b,c),局部零星出露有早古生代上奥陶统大理岩。其中泥盆系中、下统为深海-浅海相复理石建造,基性-中基性火山岩、中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩建造,并含放射虫硅质岩,其中发育钙碱性-拉斑玄武岩系列的双峰式火山岩、苦橄岩,形成于俯冲环境(未成熟岛弧,Zhang et al.,2009),上泥盆统为火山碎屑岩、粗碎屑岩夹安山岩等,形成于成熟岛弧环境;下石炭统主要为滨海、浅海相碎屑岩和中酸性火山岩,上石炭统则主要为浅海-滨海相碎屑岩;二叠系主要出露下统,岩性以陆相双峰式火山岩为主,形成于后碰撞拉张环境(周涛发等,2006)。
区内侵入岩浆岩主要形成于二叠纪,少量为石炭纪,以碱长花岗岩、二长花岗岩类为主,多形成几到百余平方千米的岩基、岩株,另有少量浅成、超浅成中-中酸性小岩株、岩脉发育(童英等,2010),个别地区发育中基性、基性脉岩,以及镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩。区内矿产以铜多金属为主,主要有以下几种类型:1)斑岩型Cu(Au)矿(如喀拉苏、玉勒肯喀拉苏矿床等);2)斑岩型Mo-Cu 矿床(如希勒库都克);3)矽卡岩型Mo-Cu 矿床(如索尔库都克矿床);4)矽卡岩型或IOCG 型Fe-Cu(-Au)矿(如乔夏哈拉矿床);5)浅成低温热液型Au 矿床(如阔尔真阔腊矿床);6)(脉岩)构造蚀变岩型Au 矿(如布尔克斯岱、201 矿床);7)造山型Au 矿(如沙尔布拉克、科克萨依矿床);8)岩浆型CuNi 硫化物矿床(如喀拉通克矿床)。它们均与晚古生代小型岩体、岩脉有关。
2 样品采集及分析测试
图1 新疆北部地质构造轮廓图(a)、北准噶尔地区西部(b)和东部(c)地质简图Fig.1 Sketch geological map of northern Xinjiang (a),western part of NMJB (b)and eastern part of NMJB (c)
进行锆石定年的样品分别取自下面2 个金矿区和科克森套蛇绿混杂岩带(图1b,c),均为小型花岗岩类岩体:1)A201 样品来自阿克塔斯金矿与成矿有关的花岗闪长岩,Au矿化即产于花岗闪长岩岩株旁侧的片理化黄铁绢英岩中,根据矿体与围岩的产出关系、岩体地球化学特征,以及物化探异常与矿体的关系,认为花岗闪长岩(前人称为斜长花岗岩)为成矿母岩(潘东等,2012;纪珊珊等,2012);2)X49 样品来自201 金矿与成矿有关的闪长质岩脉,Au 矿直接产于蚀变闪长岩及岩脉旁侧的片理化、黄铁绢英岩化凝灰质砂板岩中,按照王京彬等(1997,1999,2006)的分类,属典型的脉岩-构造蚀变岩型金矿,脉岩即为Au 矿的成矿母岩;3)K3 样品来自科克森套蛇绿混杂岩带吐尔库班套地区,岩性为侵入于复理石建造中的花岗岩脉;4)K28 样品来自科克森套地区,岩性为侵入于复理石建造中的岩枝状花岗闪长斑岩。
锆石的挑选在河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所进行,首先将原岩样品破碎至150μm 左右,然后使用常规的重液浮选和电磁分离方法挑选出锆石,在双目镜下根据锆石的颜色、自形程度、形态、透明度等特征初步分类,挑选出具有代表性的锆石,将锆石样品颗粒粘贴在环氧树脂靶上,对其抛光直至锆石露出一半晶面。在上机分析前,先在显微镜下对锆石进行透射光、反射光及阴极发光(CL)照相,以检查锆石的表面及内部结构;结合阴极发光图像、透、反射光图像,对锆石进行分析,选定最佳的待测锆石部位,然后将样品靶在真空下镀金以备分析。锆石的阴极发光(CL)图像分析在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所扫描电镜实验室采用德国LE01450VP 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及MiniCL 阴极放光装置完成。
图2 阿克塔斯金矿花岗闪长岩的锆石阴极发光图像(a)和U-Pb 年龄图(b)Fig.2 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from granodiorite in the Aketasi Au deposit
图3 201 金矿闪长岩的锆石阴极发光图像(a)和U-Pb 年龄图(b)Fig.3 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from diorite in the“201”Au deposit
锆石的LA-ICP-MS 微区U-Pb 年龄测定在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室进行,将德国Lambda Physik公司的ComPex 102 ArF 准分子激光器(工作物质ArF,波长193nm)与Agilent 7500ce 型ICP-MS 以及MicroLas 公司的GeoLas 200M 光学系统连接。采用He 气作为剥蚀物质的载气,用美国国家标准技术研究院研制的人工合成硅酸盐玻璃标准参考物质NIST610 进行仪器最优化,采用Plesovice 标准锆石外部校正法进行锆石原位U-Pb 分析。采用的激光束斑直径为30μm,频率为5Hz,能量密度为15J/cm2,激光剥蚀深度为30~40μm。数据采集为20s 气体空白和60s 激光剥蚀。测试过程中在每5 次测定后就测定两次Plesovice 标准锆石对样品进行校正,同位素比值数据处理和U-Pb 表观年龄计算采用Glitter 程序进行,单个数据点误差均为1σ,加权平均值误差为2σ。年龄计算及谐和图采用Isoplot(ver3.0)完成(Ludwig,2003)。
3 分析结果
分析和计算所测锆石的年代学数据及参数如表1 所示。
阿克塔斯花岗闪长岩(A201)样品共获得15 个有效数据点(表1)。测试数据点年龄值主要分布在319~336Ma 之间,加权平均值为328.0 ±3.8Ma,数据点均分布在谐和线上或其附近,由此获得206Pb/238U 谐和年龄值为327.4 ±3.8Ma(图2b)。锆石粒度为60~100μm,晶体形态为短柱状、双锥状,发育清楚的韵律环带(图2a),其Th/U 比值较高(在0.9~1.8,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈现较好的正相关性,具典型岩浆锆石特征(吴元保和郑永飞,2004)。因此谐和年龄327.4 ±3.8Ma 可能代表花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄。
201 金矿的闪长岩(X49)样品共获得12 个有效数据点(表1)。测试数据点年龄值主要分布在317~339Ma 之间,加权平均值为324.2 ±3.8Ma,数据点均分布在谐和线上或其附近,由此获得206Pb/238U 谐和年龄值为323.7 ±3.4Ma(图3b)。锆石粒度为60~150μm,晶体形态为柱状、双锥状、半锥状,发育清楚的韵律环带(图3a),其Th/U 比值均>0.4(在0.4~0.6),且Th、U 呈现较好的正相关性,具典型岩浆锆石特征。因此谐和年龄323.7 ±3.4Ma 可能代表闪长岩的成岩年龄。
表1 准噶尔北缘花岗质岩类锆石U-Pb 测试结果Table 1 Zircon U-Pb data for granitoid from the NMJB
图4 吐尔库班套花岗岩的锆石阴极发光图像(a)和U-Pb 年龄图(b)Fig.4 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from the Tukuerbantao granite
图5 科克森套花岗闪长斑岩的锆石阴极发光图像(a)和U-Pb 年龄图(b)Fig.5 The CL images (a)and U-Pb dating (b)of zircon from the Ketesentao granodiorite-porphyry
吐尔库班套花岗岩(K3)样品共获得8 个有效数据点(表1)。测试数据点年龄值主要分布在311~330Ma 之间,加权平均值为322.3 ±5.1Ma,数据点均分布在谐和线上或其附近,由此获得206Pb/238U 谐和年龄值为323.0 ±9.7Ma(图4b)。锆石粒度为50~90μm,晶体形态为长柱状、双锥状、半锥状,发育清楚的韵律环带(图4a),其Th/U 比值较高(在1.5~2.0,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈现较好的正相关性,具典型岩浆锆石特征。因此谐和年龄323.0 ±9.7Ma 可能代表花岗岩的成岩年龄。
科克森套花岗闪长斑岩(K28)样品共获得13 个有效数据点(表1)。测试数据点年龄值主要分布在319~333Ma 之间,加权平均值为327.8 ±3.8Ma,数据点均分布在谐和线上或其附近,由此获得206Pb/238U 谐和年龄值为328.3 ±4.5Ma(图5b)。锆石粒度为50~200μm,晶体形态为长柱状、短柱状、双锥状、半锥状,发育清楚的韵律环带(图5a),其Th/U比值较高(在2.1~7.4,均>0.4),且Th、U 呈现较好的正相关性,具典型岩浆锆石特征。因此谐和年龄328.3 ±4.5Ma可能代表花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄。
上述各类岩体的形成年龄被限定在323~328Ma 之间,属早石炭世岩浆活动产物,并集中在中晚期维宪阶(Visean)和谢尔普霍夫阶(Serpukhovian)。
4 讨论
4.1 北准噶尔地区早石炭世的大地构造背景
北准噶尔地区属阿尔泰山南缘造山带,属中亚造山带的一部分。前已述及,阿尔泰山南缘造山带是一条以增生为特点的古生代造山带(Şengör et al.,1993;Yin and Nie,1996;Jahn et al.,2004;Safonova et al.,2004,2011;Xiao et al.,2004,2009;张招崇等,2007),其前身为古亚洲洋,发育于早古生代或更早。该区出露最晚的蛇绿岩,如吐尔库班套蛇绿岩中辉长岩锆石U-Pb 年龄为363Ma(Wang et al.,2012)及布尔根地区具蛇绿岩性质的拉斑玄武岩SHRIMP 锆石年龄为352Ma(吴波等,2006)表明其至少持续到晚泥盆世末-早石炭世初。关于该洋盆闭合的时限,各种证据表明应发生在晚泥盆世末-早石炭世初:吐尔库班套地区片麻状花岗岩的锆石U-Pb 年龄为355Ma,早石炭世纳林卡拉组(C1nl)底部的磨拉石建造不整合在同碰撞期片麻状花岗岩之上(Wang et al.,2012);在那林卡拉地区,富含珊瑚、菊石的下世炭统那林卡拉组(C1nl)(相当于维宪阶顶部层位)底部发育厚170m 的花岗质底砾岩,与下伏中泥盆统蕴都喀拉组呈角度不整合接触(王京彬和徐新,2006);新疆北部广泛发育的C/D 区域性不整合(夏林圻等,2006)及区域变形和变质作用等,可能代表了该洋盆闭合及其后相继拼贴事件的产物。
按照Liegeois(1998)的定义,以蛇绿岩就位为特点,洋盆闭合之后进入到两个大陆之间的碰撞阶段,并可划分为主碰撞和后碰撞亚阶段,后碰撞发生在主碰撞之后,通常为陆内环境,但仍有较大的地体位移。后碰撞距主碰撞的时间较短,一般20~30Myr,甚至10~20Myr,(Sylvester,1998)。后碰撞造山为以伸展环境为特点(不同时期和地区也可出现挤压环境)(钱青和王焰,1999;侯增谦等,2006;杨鑫等,2012)。关于后碰撞构造阶段的岩浆活动特点,许多学者认为以发育碱性-过碱性杂岩、出现“双峰”岩石组合、含有一定量幔源或壳源的新生组分为特点(Hou et al.,2003,2004)。北准噶尔地区早石炭世和早二叠世均发育双峰式火山岩,特别是早二叠世萨吾尔地区裂陷盆地中陆相偏碱性玄武质-碱性长英质火山喷发,标志着后碰撞伸展阶段强烈的岩浆活动特征。该区碱性岩类(包括碱性花岗岩、富碱花岗岩、A2型花岗岩)主要形成于晚石炭世和早二叠世:如南邻卡拉麦里地区碱性花岗岩类的锆石U-Pb 年龄在302~314Ma(林锦富等,2007;唐红峰等,2007;苏玉平等,2008),西准噶尔大红山富碱花岗岩的U-Pb 锆石年龄305 ± 4Ma(徐新等,2010),萨吾尔地区恰其海和阔依塔斯A2型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为291Ma 和298Ma(周涛发等,2006)。由此可见,该区进入后碰撞构造阶段的时间基本限定在晚石炭世-早二叠世。
综上所述,若把洋盆闭合之后到后碰撞之前的构造阶段定义为主碰撞阶段,则北疆地区早石炭世-晚石炭世(早期)应处于主碰撞阶段。本文所测定的几个花岗质小岩体/岩脉年龄(323~328Ma)应属于主碰撞造山阶段。上述大部分岩石属高钾钙碱性系列(图6a),均具相似的稀土及不相容元素特征(图6b),形成于相似的构造环境(图6c,d),即岛弧/碰撞造山环境。
早石炭世时期,北准噶尔地区主要沉积了一套浅海-滨海相火山-碎屑岩地层,下部黑山头组(C1h)为碎屑岩、凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质粉砂岩夹大理岩,底部有安山质火山岩;上部那林卡拉组(C1nl)为杂色泥、砂质岩夹生物灰岩,南明水组(C1n)为一套杂色细碎屑岩、炭质页岩、硅质岩、钙质泥岩夹凝灰质粉砂岩、凝灰岩等。该一时期,北准噶尔地区的侵入岩浆活动出露零星,主要见于萨吾尔山地区,如萨吾尔碱长花岗岩(321Ma,Chen et al.,2010)、沃肯萨拉二长花岗岩(324Ma,Zhou et al.,2008)、森塔斯二长花岗岩(328Ma,Zhou et al.,2008)、塔斯特二长花岗岩(337Ma,范裕等,2007),以及南部西准噶尔地区的塔尔巴哈台岩体(325~346Ma,Chen et al.,2010)。这些岩体以富钾的I 型花岗岩为特征,地球化学构造环境判别图落入VAG(火山弧花岗岩)、WPG(板内花岗岩)的过渡区域,指示岩体处于后碰撞演化阶段挤压向拉张过渡的时期(Zhou et al.,2008;Chen et al.,2010)。由此看来早石炭世时期在北准噶尔地区的岩浆活动并不太明显,目前发现的早石炭世岩浆活动事件以小型的岩枝、岩脉或浅成-超浅成岩为主,推测可能与剥蚀程度有关。
4.2 碰撞-后碰撞阶段是斑岩型Cu-Mo-Au 矿成矿的有利构造环境
近年来的研究表明,大陆造山带(包括陆内和碰撞环境)是我国最重要的斑岩型矿床成矿环境(侯增谦等,2007;侯增谦和杨志明,2009),青藏高原的玉龙、冈底斯斑岩Cu-Mo-Au 成矿带和秦岭Mo(-PbZn)成矿带就是典型实例(侯增谦等,2008;张正伟等,2001;李永峰等,2005)。研究表明,在碰撞造山环境,陆内俯冲板片的拆沉导致软流圈(上地幔)上涌,并诱发下地壳物质熔融,产生含矿岩浆,由于碰撞后地壳伸展系统可为斑岩侵位提供运移通道,并导致岩浆流体大量分凝和铜钼金沉积(侯增谦,2004),因此碰撞造山环境是斑岩铜矿最有利的构造背景之一。一般认为,即使大陆环境中的斑岩型铜矿,直接起源于古老下地壳物质的长英质岩浆也是不利于成矿的,仍需要有幔源物质参与。中国大陆环境斑岩铜矿研究表明,主要成矿物质Cu、Mo、Au 等也是来自于地幔,岩浆混合(获取大量的S、挥发份和金属元素)导致幔源物质的加入是斑岩含矿性的主导因素,成矿作用主要是通过幔源岩浆的底侵成壳、软流圈物质对古老地壳的渗透交代、初生熔浆与地幔岩反应这三种方式从地幔中获取成矿金属元素(侯增谦等,2007)。
新疆北部碰撞后岩浆活动以地壳垂向增生为特点,石炭-二叠纪岩浆活动,不论是基性-超基性岩类,还是花岗质岩石,均具有低的Sr 初始比值和正的εNd值特征,显示强烈的壳幔相互作用特点(韩宝福等,1998,2006;童英等,2010)。另外,该区碰撞-后碰撞阶段形成的花岗质岩石普遍具有岩浆混合成因,希勒库都克矿区岩浆混合作用研究表明,岩浆混合对斑岩型铜钼金矿床成矿作用的制约主要体现在两个方面:幔源岩浆提供大量的金属物质和含矿母岩浆的结晶分异作用。岩浆混合作用恰是形成斑岩型铜钼矿床所需MASH 过程的重要环节(王玉往等,2012b)。
图6 准噶尔北缘早石炭世有关岩石地球化学图解(a)K2O-SiO2图(仿Middlemost,1994);(b)原始地幔标准化多元素配分曲线(原始地幔值据Sun and McDonough,1989);(c)Nb-Y 图(据Pearce et al.,1984);(d)Rb-(Y+Nb)图(据Pearce et al.,1984).原始数据均据本文未发表数据Fig.6 Geochemical diagrams of related Early Carboniferous rocks in the NMJB(a)K2O vs.SiO2 diagram (after Middlemost,1994);(b)primordial mantle-normalized multi-elements pattern (normalized values after Sun and McDonough,1989);(c)Nb vs.Y diagram (after Pearce et al.,1984);(d)Rb vs.(Y+Nb)diagram (after Pearce et al.,1984).All data is from this paper
北准噶尔地区传统的(已发现的引人瞩目的矿床)成矿时代主要是泥盆纪和二叠纪,前者主要是俯冲期形成的斑岩Cu(Au)矿和矽卡岩型Fe-Cu(-Au)矿,斑岩型矿床如喀拉苏、玉勒肯喀拉苏、卡拉先格尔等Cu(Au)矿床,成矿与晚泥盆世中酸性花岗质小岩株、岩脉有关,成岩成矿年龄集中在374~381Ma(张招崇等,2006;闫升好等,2006a;吴淦国等,2008;赵战锋等,2009;杨富全等,2010);矽卡岩型矿床如乔夏哈拉Fe-Cu(-Au)矿床,成矿与晚泥盆世闪长玢岩有关,闪长玢岩的锆石U-Pb 年龄377.6 ±1.4Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os 等时线年龄377.4 ±4.3Ma(张志欣等,2012)。二叠纪成矿作用以岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床(如喀拉通克)和造山带型金矿(如沙尔布拉克、科克萨依矿床等)著称,分别与二叠纪韧性剪切带(275~293Ma,李华芹等,1998;闫升好等,2006c)和二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁杂岩(280~298Ma,韩宝福等,2004;张作衡等,2005)有关。
其实,研究区内还发育了一系列早石炭世碰撞期的斑岩-矽卡岩型Mo(Cu)矿和浅成低温热液Au 矿,以及脉岩-构造蚀变岩型Au 矿,已构成一早石炭世斑岩系列有关的Au-Cu-Mo 成矿带,但尚未引起广大地质学家的重视。希勒库都克Mo(Cu)矿床为一典型的早石炭世斑岩型矿床,其含矿流纹斑岩的锆石U-Pb 年龄为329Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os 等时线年龄为327Ma(龙灵利等,2009,2011);索尔库都克矽卡岩型Cu-Mo 矿床是该区较早发现的一个中型矿床,以前被认为形成于二叠纪,石榴石、绿帘石的Sm-Nd 等时线年龄为284 ±4Ma(周肃等,1996)。然而,最近Liu and Liu (2013)获得辉钼矿Re-Os 平均年龄323Ma,Mo 的成矿时代与希勒库都克斑岩Cu-Mo 矿床相近。在萨吾尔地区,产有阔尔真阔腊和布尔克斯岱等2 个中型金矿,其中阔尔真阔腊为浅成低温热液型Au 矿(尹意求等,1996);而相邻的布尔克斯岱Au 矿,属浅成低温热液型与脉岩构造蚀变岩型金矿的复合型(王玉往等,2012a),其流体包裹体Ar-Ar 年龄在332~337Ma,但被认为形成于岛弧环境(Shen et al.,2005)。除此之外,主碰撞阶段的造山型金矿也是重要的成矿类型,尽管目前北准噶尔地区这类金矿尚不发育,但北邻阿尔泰南缘的萨热阔布大型金矿很可能是一造山型金矿(徐九华等,2007;秦雅静等,2012),其矿石矿物石英的Ar-Ar 年龄为320Ma ±6Ma(丁汝福等,2001),亦属早石炭世晚期谢尔普霍夫阶。根据青藏高原等地区碰撞造山成矿规律,造山型金矿一般赋存于主碰撞缝合带及侧翼(侯增谦等,2008),推测本区额尔齐斯缝合带两侧均具有寻找该类型金矿的潜力。
图7 准噶尔北缘晚古生代俯冲-碰撞构造-成矿演化示意图Fig.7 Schematic model of the Late Paleozoic subductioncollision tectonic and metallogenetic evolution of the NMJB area
结合本文对201 和阿克塔斯两个小型Au 矿的含矿岩体精确定年推测,早石炭世中晚期(主要在维宪阶和谢尔普霍夫阶)发育的构造-岩浆-成矿事件可能具有普遍性,其含矿岩体均以小岩体形式出现。该期成岩、成矿事件发生在主碰撞阶段(图7),大地构造背景和地质条件对形成斑岩-浅成低温热液型Mo-Cu-Au 矿、脉岩-构造蚀变岩型Au 矿,以及造山型Au 矿有利。
本文早石炭世岩浆-成矿事件的厘定暗示准噶尔北缘可能发育一套碰撞型成矿组合,使该区成矿作用的认识构成了一个完整的成矿谱系:俯冲型成矿作用→碰撞型成矿作用→后碰撞型成矿作用。这一认识对于进一步理解中亚造山带构造-成矿背景提供了依据;同时,明确提出北准噶尔地区可能构成一潜在的早石炭世与碰撞有关的Mo-Cu-Au 成矿带,建议找矿部门引起重视。
5 结论
本文对新疆北部北准噶尔地区部分矿区和地区岩体进行了锆石U-Pb 定年分析,获得201 金矿闪长斑岩年龄323.7±3.4Ma,阿克塔斯Au 矿区花岗闪长岩年龄327.4 ±3.8Ma,科克森套地区花岗闪长斑岩年龄328.3 ±4.5Ma,库尔吐班套地区花岗岩年龄323.0 ±9.7Ma,这些年龄数据集中在323~328Ma,即早石炭世(主要在维宪阶和谢尔普霍夫阶)。
结合前人资料和区域地质分析认为,在早石炭世该区洋盆已经闭合,从而结束板块俯冲阶段进入碰撞造山阶段,该阶段中酸性岩浆活动发育,壳幔相互作用强烈,对形成大陆碰撞型斑岩系列的铜-钼-金矿床较为有利。
该区目前已发现的早石炭世矿床主要有斑岩-矽卡岩型Mo(Cu)矿、浅成低温热液型Au 矿、脉岩-构造蚀变岩型Au矿等类型,成矿与这一时期中-酸性的小岩体、岩脉有关,构成一早石炭世与大陆碰撞带斑岩系列有关的铜-钼-金成矿带。
致谢 实验过程中得到北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室季建清研究员、涂继耀老师、孙荣双老师的帮助;两位评审专家提出了有益的建议和修改意见;在此一并表示挚谢!
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