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小议高中英语中的定语从句

2015-05-30席祥

校园英语·下旬 2015年12期
关键词:主句限制性先行

席祥

定语从句是高中英语教学中的一个非常重要的语法,也是高考的一个热点,它在阅读中出现的频率很高,尤其是科普类文章,由此可见,定语从句的学习和掌握在英语学习中有着重要的意义。

1.定语从句的定义:修饰某一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句;用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。

3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。

4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关阿系代词和关系副词)。

(1)关系代词:that/ which /who/whom /whose/ as

(2)关系副词:when/where/why

5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】

6.引导词的功能(作用):

(1)连接先行词和定语从句。

(2)在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语、宾语、表语,关系副词充当状语)。

7.定语从句的类型:

(1)限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约的作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开,也不可将其省略,否则句意就不完整。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句

The man who youre talking to is my friend.

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

The man to whom youre talking is my friend.

介词的选用是高考的重点,可采用还原法,把定语从句的关系代词还原到句子里面,在该词的前面加上适当的介词,就很容易判断。例如:

The man ( ) whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.

还原:Italked the man at the meeting .(about)

The palace ( ) which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.

還原:I often pay a visit the place.(to)

③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which) ,some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。

He has seven children, three of whom are abroad.

We have many books, none of which is/are interesting.

(2)非限制性定语从句: 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用,如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍完整。

He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.

A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

8.定语从句注意事项:

(1)如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。

(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who或whom。

(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.

(4)which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语、宾语、表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似。例如:

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

(5)先行词既指人又指物,关系代词应该用that。

(6)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

(7)定语从句中主谓一致问题。

This is one of the rooms that are free now.

one of +可数名词的复数+关系代词(做主语)+V +其他,谓语动词的数由可数名词的复数决定,如果one之前有限定词,谓语动词的数则由one决定。

He was the only one of the boys who was late for class.

(8)as 引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,常用于as we all know, as is known to all, as is it, as is said above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中,通常由逗号将其与主句隔开,as 有“正如……”,“就像……”之意。

As we all know, the earth is round. (as 在从句中作宾语)。

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