APP下载

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性与宫颈癌的关系

2015-03-21姜迪张慧杰张淑兰

国际妇产科学杂志 2015年1期
关键词:纯合子叶酸甲基化

姜迪,张慧杰,张淑兰

·综述·

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性与宫颈癌的关系

姜迪,张慧杰,张淑兰△

宫颈癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发生是环境致癌因素与遗传因素共同作用的结果。目前研究表明,亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性与宫颈癌的发生密切相关,其降低了叶酸代谢酶的活性,影响细胞内正常DNA的合成及甲基化,以及通过与环境因素例如叶酸水平、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染、饮酒、吸烟及原癌基因的交互作用,从而改变个体对宫颈癌的易感性,并且在不同国家、不同种族分布存在显著差异。同时,MTHFR基因多态性表达与肿瘤预后有关,可能改变化疗的敏感度和化疗药物的毒性,但其与宫颈癌预后的关系尚未明确。现就MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌的易感性、流行病学调查及预后评估等方面的关系进行综述。

四氢叶酸脱氢酶;多态现象,遗传;宫颈肿瘤;疾病易感性

【Abstract】Cervical cancer is one of the most common female malignancies,resulted from both environmental factors and genetic variants.Recent research revealed that polymorphisms of MTHFR may have a correlation with increased cervical cancer susceptibility.A proposed mechanism for the role of MTHFR polymorphisms in carcinogenesis involves down-regulation of folate enzyme activities and interaction with the other factors such as folate level,human papillomaviruses infection,alcohol,smoking and the interaction of the proto-oncogene,which leaded to the abnormal patterns of DNA synthesis and methylation,influenced the individual susceptibility to cervical cancer,and played a completely different role in different countries and ethnic groups.MTHFR polymorphisms may also have a relationship with tumor prognosis by affecting the susceptibility to the chemotherapy and drug toxicity,however,whether it was associated with cervical cancer prognosis remained uncertain.This review concluded the relationship between MTHFR polymorphisms and cervical cancer in host susceptibility,epidemiology and prognosis as followed.

【Keywords】Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase;Polymorphism,genetic;Uterine cervical neoplasms;Disease susceptibility

(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2015,42:83-86)

宫颈癌是女性最常见的生殖道恶性肿瘤,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染是宫颈癌发生的主要原因,同时宿主因素也起着重要作用,即不同的群体和个体对宫颈癌的易感性存在差异。近年来,肿瘤相关基因多态性的研究颇受关注,亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)是叶酸代谢的关键酶,其在宫颈癌发生及发展中的作用日益受到关注。大量研究表明,MTHFR基因突变与宫颈癌的发生、发展及预后关系密切,但其具体作用存在较大的种族、地域分布差异,各地报道结论不一。

1 MTHFR基因多态性

1.1MTHFR基因结构与功能MTHFR是叶酸代谢的关键酶,其将5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸转化为5-四氢叶酸,后者作为辅因子在经蛋氨酸合成酶(methionine synthase,MTR)的催化作用后生成蛋氨酸,蛋氨酸在腺苷转移酶的作用下生成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)。MTHFR基因多态性是导致酶活性降低或缺失以及热稳定性改变的主要机制[1]。

MTHFR基因位于1号染色体短臂上(1p36.3),共有11个外显子和10个内含子。目前发现的MTHFR突变位点有近20多个,其中与人类疾病关系较为密切的是677C→T和1298A→C[2]。

MTHFR677C→T突变位点最早由Frosst等[3]于1995年发现并报道,其产生Ala222Val错义突变,引起酶活性和热稳定性的改变。研究表明,野生型纯合子677CC的MTHFR活性是杂合子CT的1.5倍、纯合子TT的3.3倍,而1298野生型纯合子的酶活性是突变杂合子与677突变杂合子联合的2倍[4]。流行病学资料表明,这两者位点的多态频率分布存在种族、地域差异。在中国MTHFR677纯合子的分布频率约为20%,1298CC纯合子为1.5%左右,在西欧、北美、加拿大等国家为10%左右。

1.2MTHFR与叶酸叶酸是人体重要的B族维生素之一,必须从食物中获得,若摄入不足极易引起叶酸缺乏。低水平的叶酸摄入与肿瘤的发生密切相关,其主要机制可能是通过两大途径导致DNA合成修复障碍和甲基化状态紊乱:叶酸缺乏时,胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸(deoxythymidine monophosphate,dTMP)合成降低,尿嘧啶脱氧核苷酸(deoxyuridine monophosphate,dUMP)平均含量相对增高,三磷酸脱氧尿苷(deoxyuridine triphosphate,dUTP)错误掺入概率增高,DNA修复系统识别后将其切除,造成DNA单链甚至双链断裂,染色体不稳定,细胞转为恶性;叶酸功能的发挥主要与SAM的合成有关。SAM是细胞内各种甲基化反应的供体,低水平叶酸意味着低水平SAM,从而导致全基因组的低甲基化和特异性基因启动子区域CpG岛的高甲基化。前者使受抑制的原癌基因大量表达,而后者导致抑癌基因表达水平下降[5]。

Tio等[6]在对叶酸摄入与上消化道癌症的Meta分析中指出,高叶酸水平饮食降低患食道癌(OR= 0.59,95%CI:0.51~0.69)、胰腺癌(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.49~0.89)的风险。Webb等[7]研究发现,高叶酸饮食可以降低患卵巢癌的风险,尤其是吸烟、嗜酒的患者。然而,Yang等[8]对2 325例南美乳腺癌患者的研究未发现,叶酸摄入量与雌激素受体阴性乳腺癌患病率相关。

2 MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌发生

2.1MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌的流行病学目前大量分子流行病学研究表明MTHFR基因多态性不仅与癌症相关(包括直肠癌、甲状腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌等),还与缺血性脑卒中、胎儿生长受限等疾病相关[9-12],然而MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌的关系尚无定论,并且存在较大的种族、地域分布差异。Zhu等[13]综合了13项(共计1 936例患者)MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌关系的相关研究,对亚洲人和白种人MTHFR677TT基因型相对CC基因型罹患宫颈癌的风险进行了Meta分析,结果发现,在亚洲人中OR值为1.41,95%CI为1.07~1.86,P值为0.01;亚洲人TT型与CC+CT型比较,OR值为1.38,95%CI为1.08~1.75,P值为0.008。而在白种人中,TT型与CC型比较,OR值为0.65,95%CI为0.45~0.93,P值为0.02;TT+CT型与CC型比较,OR值为0.7,95%CI为0.58~0.86,P值为0.000 5。结果表明,MTHFR基因多态性可增加亚洲人罹患宫颈癌的风险,而对白种人却有保护作用。另外,Botezatu等[14]发现MTHFR基因多态性可增强罗马尼亚妇女罹患宫颈癌的易感性。Agodi等[15]则报道MTHFR基因多态性是西西里妇女患宫颈癌的保护因子。而在Lambropoulos等[16]的研究未发现MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌患病风险有关,同样的发现在日本也有报道。可见,由于地理环境和生活条件的不同,相同的基因突变在不同的人群中所发挥的作用不同。

2.2MTHFR基因多态性的交互作用造成研究结果不一致的原因很多,包括研究人群、样本例数以及研究对象的生活方式、HPV感染等。目前对MTHFR基因多态性相关交互作用研究方向主要集中在机体叶酸水平、HPV感染、饮酒、吸烟及原癌基因[17]。Le Marchand等[18]对饮食和总叶酸摄入水平及Messedi等[19]对血浆叶酸水平进行分析发现,677TT突变基因型在机体摄入高叶酸和甲硫氨酸时保护效应最强。Tong等[20]在韩国开展的一项包含927个病例的多中心研究发现,高水平叶酸浓度显著降低宫颈癌风险,低叶酸水平的MTHFR677TT基因型携带者患CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ(OR=2.39,95%CI:1.18~4.85)及宫颈癌(OR= 3.19,95%CI:1.43~7.13)的风险高于高叶酸水平的野生型纯合子或杂合子基因携带者。Goodman等[21]曾在2001年报道HPV感染合677C→T突变者患宫颈癌风险显著升高(OR=46.6,95%CI:15.9~136.2),其生物学假设可能是E6癌基因的非正常甲基化调控,导致E6癌基因表达异常,而HPV16感染及其E6癌基因与MTHFR基因是否具有协同作用尚无定论,具体机制和结果尚需进一步研究。

3 MTHFR基因多态性与肿瘤预后

3.1MTHFR基因多态性与化疗敏感性尽管MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌预后的关系尚未明确,但是有相关研究证明其与肿瘤预后的关系密切,并可能修饰化疗效果。研究发现,结直肠癌、乳腺癌、非何杰金淋巴瘤、肺癌、胃癌、食管癌等肿瘤的预后可能与MTHFR基因多态性有关[22]。Sohn等[23]使用人MTHFR677CC或677TT cDNA转染人HCT 116大肠癌细胞和MDA-MB-435乳腺癌细胞,比较其对甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)的化疗敏感度,结果发现,MTHFR677TT转染的细胞相比MTHFR677CC转染的细胞生长更快,对5-Fu的化疗敏感度增强,而对MTX化疗敏感性较弱。Thomas等[24]在对大肠癌组织中的MTHFR基因多态性的分析中发现携带MTHFR677T等位基因的病例在5-Fu化疗后,有更好的疗效和更高的生存率,其可能机制是MTHFR的低活性抑制了5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸向5-甲基四氢叶酸转化,使得肿瘤细胞内的5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸浓度升高,促进肿瘤细胞增殖并增强其对化疗药物的敏感度。

3.2MTHFR基因多态性与化疗药物毒性Eissa等[25]发现,应用MTX治疗的患者中,基因型为677TT者发生中性粒细胞减少、消化道毒性的风险更高。Celtikci等[26]用流式细胞术、原位末端标记技术等观察凋亡发现,由于血清中同型半胱氨酸浓度升高和脱氧核苷酸池失衡、dUTP/dTTP比值升高,MTHFR基因低表达和高表达均加强MTX引起的骨髓抑制。

4 小结

宫颈癌的发生是环境致癌因素与遗传因素共同作用的结果,对于宫颈癌的易感基因定位成为目前研究的趋势。目前研究表明,MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌的发生密切相关,但具体作用关系结论不一致。除了MTHFR基因本身,其与环境因素及其他交互作用也同样影响宫颈癌的发生。在临床用药方面,从MTHFR基因多态性角度出发研究不同患者的药物敏感度差异,能更好地实施个体化治疗。因此,分析MTHFR基因多态性与宫颈癌易感性的关系,能为宫颈癌的早期诊断、早期治疗提供理论依据。

[1]Misra UK,Kalita J,Srivastava AK,et al.MTHFR gene polymorphism and its relationship with plasma homocysteine and folate in a North Indian population[J].Biochem Genet,2010,48(3/4):229-235.

[2]Nasr AS,Sami RM,Ibrahim NY.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms(677C>T and 1298A>C)in Egyptian patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma[J].J Cancer Res Ther,2012,8(3):355-360.

[3]Frosst P,Blom HJ,Milos R,et al.A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease:a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase[J].Nat Genet,1995,10(1):111-113.

[4]Sohn KJ,Jang H,Campan M,et al.The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation induces cell-specific changes in genomic DNA methylation and uracil misincorporation:a possible molecular basis for the site-specific cancer risk modification[J].Int J Cancer,2009,124(9):1999-2005.

[5]Comerford KB.Recent developments in multivitamin/mineral research[J].Adv Nutr,2013,4(6):644-656.

[6]Tio M,Andrici J,Cox MR,et al.Folate intake and the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2014,29(2):250-258.

[7]Webb PM,Ibiebele TI,Hughes MC,et al.Folate and related micronutrients,folate-metabolising genes and risk of ovarian cancer[J].Eur J Clin Nutr,2011,65(10):1133-1140.

[8]Yang D,Baumgartner RN,Slattery ML,et al.Dietary intake of folate,B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e54495.

[9]Prasad VV,Wilkhoo H.Association of the functional polymorphism C677Tinthemethylenetetrahydrofolatereductasegenewith colorectal,thyroid,breast,ovarian,andcervicalcancers[J].Onkologie,2011,34(8/9):422-426.

[10]Uehara SK,Rosa G.Association of homocysteinemia with high concentrations of serum insulin and uric acid in Brazilian subjects with metabolic syndrome genotyped for C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene[J].Nutr Res,2008,28 (11):760-766.

[11]Supanc V,Sonicki Z,Vukasovic I,et al.The role of classic risk factors and prothrombotic factor gene mutations in ischemic stroke risk development in young and middle-aged individuals[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2014,23(3):e171-e176.

[12]Ubeda N,Reyes L,González-Medina A,et al.Physiologic changes in homocysteine metabolism in pregnancy:a longitudinal study in Spain[J].Nutrition,2011,27(9):925-930.

[13]Zhu J,Wu L,Kohlmeier M,et al.Association between MTHFR C677T,MTHFR A1298C and MS A2756G polymorphisms and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II/III and cervical cancer:a meta-analysis[J].Mol Med Rep,2013,8(3):919-927.

[14]Botezatu A,Socolov D,Iancu IV,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)polymorphisms and promoter methylation in cervical oncogenic lesions and cancer[J].J Cell Mol Med,2013,17 (4):543-549.

[15]Agodi A,Barchitta M,Cipresso R,et al.Distribution of p53,GST,and MTHFR polymorphisms and risk of cervical intraepithelial lesions in sicily[J].Int J Gynecol Cancer,2010,20(1):141-146.

[16]Lambropoulos AF,Agorastos T,Foka ZJ,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism C677T is not associated to the risk of cervical dysplasia[J].Cancer Lett,2003,191(2):187-191.

[17]Louie KS,Castellsague X,de Sanjose S,et al.Smoking and passive smoking in cervical cancer risk:pooled analysis of couples from the IARC multicentric case-control studies[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers,2011,20(7):1379-1390.

[18]Le Marchand L,Wilkens LR,Kolonel LN,et al.The MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer:the multiethnic cohort study[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2005,14(5):1198-1203.

[19]Messedi M,Frigui M,Chaabouni Kh,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and variations of homocysteine concentrations in patients with Behcet′s disease[J].Gene,2013,527(1):306-310.

[20]Tong SY,Kim MK,Lee JK,et al.Common polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with risks of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in women with low serum folate and vitamin B12[J].Cancer Causes Control,2011,22(1):63-72.

[21]Goodman MT,McDuffie K,Hernandez B,et al.Association of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductasepolymorphismC677Tand dietary folate with the risk of cervical dysplasia[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2001,10(12):1275-1280.

[22]Trimmer EE.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase:biochemical characterization and medical significance[J].Curr Pharm Des,2013,19(14):2574-2593.

[23]Sohn KJ,Croxford R,Yates Z,et al.Effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism on chemosensitivity of colon and breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2004,96(2):134-144.

[24]Thomas F,Motsinger-Reif AA,Hoskins JM,et al.Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms and toxicity to 5-FU-based chemoradiation in rectal cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2011,105 (11):1654-1662.

[25]Eissa DS,Ahmed TM.C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene:effect on methotrexaterelated toxicity in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia[J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2013,24(2):181-188.

[26]Celtikci B,Lawrance AK,Wu Q,et al.Methotrexate-induced apoptosis is enhanced by altered expression of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase[J].Anticancer Drugs,2009,20(9):787-793.

Research on Association between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer

JIANG Di,ZHANG Hui-jie,ZHANG Shu-lan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China

ZHANG Shu-lan,E-mail:zsl0909@sina.com

2014-07-30)

[本文编辑王昕]

国家自然科学基金(81372776),高等学校博士点基金(20122104110014),辽宁省科学技术项目(2011225009),盛京自由者(201302)

110004沈阳,中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科

张淑兰,E-mail:zsl0909@sina.com

△审校者

猜你喜欢

纯合子叶酸甲基化
HepG2和Huh7细胞CYP3A4、CYP3A5和PXR基因非编码单核苷酸多态性分析
HepG2和Huh7细胞CYP3A4、CYP3A5和PXR基因非编码单核苷酸多态性分析
准备怀孕前3个月还不补叶酸就晚了
正在备孕的你,叶酸补对了吗
准备怀孕前3个月还不补叶酸就晚了
用猕猴桃补叶酸?未必适合你
生物教学中的几个误区
鼻咽癌组织中SYK基因启动子区的甲基化分析
胃癌DNA甲基化研究进展
能稳定遗传的一定是纯合子吗