及物,还是不及物?
2015-03-19余可佳皮东莉
余可佳 皮东莉
在英语中,有一些动作既可用及物动词表述,也可以用不及物动词。用及物动词时,无论使用主动还是被动语态都说明人在这一动作中的作用。而用不及物动词表达则弱化了人的作用。掌握同一含义的及物动词(短语)和不及物动词(短语)的表达方式,就能了解在不同的语境下该用哪种语态。请看例子:
1. 表示“降价”时,可用bring down和go down,其中bring down及物。
Can you try to get them to bring down the price?你能请他们降一点价吗?
因此,bring down可用于被动语态。例如:
The price has been brought down. 价格降下去了。
而go down不及物,不用被动语态,说话人常常忽略价格下跌的人为因素。例如:
The price has gone down. 价格已经跌下去了。
2. 表示“提出”时,可用bring up, bring forward和come up。其中,bring up, bring forward及物。如:
Please bring the matter forward at the next meeting. 请在下一次会上提出这个问题。
因此bring up, bring forward可用于被动语态。例如:
New questions are constantly being brought up on the agenda. 新问题不断被提到日程上来。
而come up有“被提出”的意思,不及物,不用被动语态。例如:
The question of wage increases came up at the board meeting. 董事会上提出了增加工资的问题。
3. 表示“用完,耗尽”可用use up, run out of和run out, give out。use up和run out of及物,可用于被动语态中,run out和give out不及物,不用于被动语态中。
Can you spare me some ink? Mine has been used up. 你能腾一点墨水给我好吗?我的墨水用完了。
Our stores are running out. 我们的贮藏快耗尽了。
What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has given out?如果世界上所有的石油都用完了,我们将用什么作为能源呢?
Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before theres none left. 洪灾灾区的食物供应即将耗尽,我们必须在灾区断粮之前迅速采取行动。
要注意run out与run out of的区别。“我们的水就要喝完了。”用英语可以表述为:
1)We will run out of our water.
2)Our water will run out.
3)Our water will be run out of.
其中第3种表达是从第1种表达变成被动语态得来的。
4. 表示“疲劳”时,tire是“使……疲劳”的意思,常用被动语态。而give out表示“疲劳”时,是不及物的动词短语,只能用主动语态。
The runner gave out in the middle of the race. 那位赛跑选手跑到一半就筋疲力尽了。
Im very tired from running as fast as I can. 尽力快跑后我感觉很疲倦。
5. 表示“出版”时,既可用come out,也可用publish。come out的主语是书或文章之类的事物,come out后无宾语,而publish的主语是书或文章的作者,publish的宾语是书或文章。于是,表示书或文章“被出版”时,come out用主动语态,publish用被动语态。
When his first book came out, he was still only 22. 他出版第一本书时,不过只有22岁。
Many of them are published for senior high school students and are very careful about the vocabulary and the grammar that they use. 它们许多是为中学生出版的,在使用语法和词汇上非常谨慎。
6. 表示“举行”时,可用hold和take place, happen。happen, take place不能用于被动语态,而hold常用被动语态。
Where is the Picasso exhibition going to be held?毕加索展览会将在哪里举行?
The first Olympic Games in modern times happened in 1896. 第一次现代奥林匹克运动会于1896举行。
Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. 在一些西方国家有激动人心的狂欢节,通常在二月,复活节的四十天前。endprint
7. 表示“坐”,可用seat和sit。seat有“使……坐”之义,所以常用be seated表示“坐”,而sit是不及物动词,无被动语态。
He is seated at the back of the classroom.=He sits at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后排。
8. 表示“上升”时,可用raise和rise。其中,raise是及物动词,表示“举起,提高”, 常用raise的被动语态形式表示“上升”,而rise是一个不及物动词,没有被动语态。
The water level was raised half a meter in an hour.=The water level rose half a meter in an hour. 水位一个小时上升了半米。
9. 表示“穿”时,可用dress与wear, put on, have on。其中,dress有“给……穿衣”之义,常用dress的被动语态形式。而wear, put on和have on都表示“穿”,后可接衣服作宾语。
She uses a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things, such as getting out of bed, getting dressed and going to class. 她用轮椅到处走动,她花比其他人稍微多一些的时间处理日常事情如:起床、穿衣和上学。
He had to go to London, wear an expensive suit and give a performance to a TV camera. 他不得不去伦敦,穿着昂贵西装在摄像机前表演。
He likes to be dressed in black.=He likes to wear black clothes. 他喜欢穿黑衣服。
10. 表示“增加”时,可用increase和grow。而grow表示“增长”,多用主动语态。例如:
Since the first deer arrived at the Nanhaizi Milu Park from Britain in 1985, the number of the milu deer has grown every year. 自从1985年第一只糜鹿从英国运到南海子公园,糜鹿的数量每年都在增加。
In this way they cut down the fat and increased the fibre in the meal. 用这种方式他们降低食物中的脂肪,增加食物中的纤维素。
11. 表示“熄灭”时可用put out和go out。put out表示“扑灭”,是及物的动词短语,可用被动语态;而go out表示“(火或火灾)熄灭”,不及物,没有被动语态。例如:
The fire was put out by the fire fighters. 火灾被消防队员们扑灭了。
忽略火或火灾熄灭的人为因素时,可以说:
The fire went out. 火灾熄灭了。
不同的词语分别用主动或动的结构表达同一含义的例证不胜枚举,要学会类比的学习方法,使我们的英语表达更加准确。endprint