Practice and Enlightenment of Community Governance Innovation in New Urbanization Process〔* 〕

Chen Junhua，Xu Yangwen

(School of Economics and Management Southwest Petroleum University，Chengdu Sichuan 610000)

The 18th CPC National Congress points out that to advance the construction of new urbanization，we must actively promote the community construction，and perfect the new mode of community management and service system，making the community truly become a social community of orderly management and perfect service，civilized and peaceful．

During the process of new urbanization，the fundamental change of social structure，the highlights of community personnel composition heterogeneity，and the diversified spiritual and material needs of residents have led the various social contradictions to convergence in community，which has become a tendency．As a basic unit of social development，the community is the primary carrier of the implementation of social governance and has become the basic link of social construction and effective governance，with the increasing of its assumed business of social management，community governance and the exertion of public service function are particularly important．Therefore，it is necessary to summarize the experience of community governance innovation during the process of new urbanization and provide a reference to other areas of community governance innovation．

Ⅰ．Research and exploration of community governance during the new urbanization process

Theory of community construction method or community governance develops continually from the theory of the essence of community．Scholars，combining with the research results of community essence theory and the present situation of national community management，have proposed a series of methods of community governance．They mainly contain the social capital theory，public management theory，the theory of civil society and governance theory，among which，the introduction to the theory of governance greatly promotes the community construction theory．The definition given by the Commission on Global Governance emphasizes governance is the sum of all the management of affairs and a process of coordinating the interests of all parties，which cannot do without citizen’s participation．Eleanor Ostrom believes that，community governance is by means of institutional arrangement，not only different from country，but also different from the market，which can successfully achieve development and adjustment to some public resources system．It can make up for some deficiencies of the state and the market in the process of adjustment and coordination and become the supplement to the means of state and market．〔1〕Saunders sums up three kinds of modes of community governance research which are the social system theory，social conflict theory and social field theory．In our country，influenced by the western theory of autonomy，community autonomy theory had been prevalent for some time．It emphasized on community autonomy and market mobility so much that it ignored the role of government in community governance and it got to develop only after further theoretical research．Based on the governance theory，Yu Keping puts forward the theory of“good governance”，which advocates the realization of the cooperative governance of government and citizens in community construction realizing the maximization of public interests．From the aspect of our country’s“Company system”structure resolution，Wang Min(2013)further points out the“community trend”of community governance，exploring the three-dimensional cooperation of“government-enterprise-society”，and puts forward the new community governance mode of“service-governance-management”．

With the rapid development of urbanization，our country has made achievements through exploring the way of domestic community governance，which are typical of Shanghai mode，Shenyang mode and Jianghan mode．Shanghai mode constructs“two-level government，three-level management，four-level net work”management system．“Two-level government”refers to the municipal and district government，“three-level management”means the municipal，district and street，and “four-network”are municipal，district，street and neighborhood committees．The government plays the leading role in this mode．The community is located in the streets and attracts the participation of both social subject and the market subject．This mode emphasizes on the function of government too much，which is in fact the government-dominated mode．Shenyang mode is defined between the street offices and neighborhood committees．The establishment of three community autonomous organizations of community members of Congress，community consultative committees and community committees creatively give more autonomy to community and weaken the administrative power of government in community autonomy management，which realizes the autonomy governance of community business．Shenyang model is in fact the community autonomous mode．Jianghan mode is the intermediate between Shanghai mode and Shenyang mode．This mode definitely defines in documents the non-subordinate relationship between the street and the neighborhood，and strengthens government service function．It establishes a supervision and evaluation mechanism of streets and the government departments，and forms a cooperation mechanism of government service and community autonomy．Therefore，the essence of Jianghan mode is a mixed one．

Our country is in the period of economic transition．Economic development，democracy management and urbanization level vary greatly from region to region．It is difficult to form a unified pattern．Therefore，during the process of development of China’s community governance，the diversification of governance modes can hardly be avoided．In this case，it is of great significance to explore community governance mode with regional characteristics according to the actual situation of the area．

Ⅱ．The connotation of community governance during the process of urbanization

The research on community governance is a process of gradual development and is closely linked with the concepts of“community”and“governance”．“Community”is originally put forward by German sociologist F·Tönnies in his“Community and Society”in 1887．Put it simply，community refers to a regional life community consisting of a certain number of community residents．Governance is a new concept of social relations which emphasizes the management of public business through cooperation and consultation to make up the shortage and failure in the allocation of social resources by the state and market．The Global Governance Commission defines governance as the sum of all kinds of management modes by public or private individuals and institutions to govern common busi ness．〔2〕In short，community governance refers to the process and mechanism that the government，community organizations，residents and the district units，profit organizations，nonprofit organizations etc．coordinate and cooperate based on market principles，public interest and community identity to offer community public goods effectively，to meet the needs of the community and to optimize the community．

The communist party’s 18th National Congress puts forward the concept of“new urbanization”．The so-called new urbanization，refers to the way to urbanization that adheres to the concept of people-orientation，the driving force of new industrialization，the principle of overall consideration，to promote urban modernization，city cluster，city ecology and rural urbanization，comprehensively enhance the quality and level of urbanization，walking in a urbanization way that is of scientific development，intensive and high efficiency，perfect function，friendly environment，social harmony，distinct personality，integration of urban and rural areas，and coordinately development of major and medium small cities．In New urbanization，“new”refers to the transformation from one-sided focusing on the pursuit of city scale expansion，spatial expansion in the past to the upgrading of city’s connotation of culture and public service，making our cities and towns become truly suitable habitats of higher quality．〔3〕At the present stage，new urbanization performs in the integration of urban and rural．Social resources are of highly circulation．This kind of integration contains the extensive relations of economy，politics and culture，etc．which deepen in every aspect of community in a micro view．Therefore，under the background of new urbanization，community governance includes the profit pattern of government，citizen and social organizations，which is a governance of collaboration and inclusion．

Ⅲ．The characteristics of community governance in the process of urbanization

1．The diversity of the subjects of community governance

First，the process of urbanization performs the high liquidity of society and high refinement and specialization of social labor division．Urbanization has broken the traditional dualistic structures in urban and rural areas，In addition，the government，community organizations，social organizations and other subjects also change the role gradually to involve in the process of community governance as participants．There is a diversified tendency of main body of community governance during the process of urbanization．

2．Diversification of community governance mode

Our country is in the period of economic transition，in which the internal and external conditions in various regions determine the huge differences of urbanization among regions．Compared with the previous time，the social structures of different regions and cities tend to be diversified and complicated，the community development degree of public service and social management tends to be growing alienate，the community structure and function of city is changing，and real estate property management community，mixed community and informal community at the edge of the city will emerge in a large number．Therefore，the differences of different regional governance models in the current process of urbanization are obvious，and it will inevitably lead to the diversification of the community governance modes．

3．Technology and network of community governance

The process of urbanization is also a process of rapid development and communication of talents，information and technology．The differences between urban and rural areas are mainly concentrated on the basic differences of talent，information and technology．During the process of urbanization，the flowing of social resources and the rational allocation of educational resources minify the differences．In addition，during the process of community governance，the participation of professional college students and the usage of Internet make the professional，technical and networking become important marks of advancing degree of community governance nowadays．But on the other hand，it is also an inevitable trend of urbanization and modernization．

4．The renewal of ideas of community governance

The inherent requirements of governance and the diversification of governance body mean that services and collaboration have replaced the traditional management ideas．In practice，with the accelerating process of democratic construction of our country，the government has attached more importance to the management of basic level．Residents’consciousness of public participation has been strengthened gradually．The government no longer emphasizes too much on the administrative management of the community，and community residents also review the necessity to participate in community governance and show more enthusiasm．De-administration of community governance，serviceability and cooperation of public business have become new ideas of community governance．

Ⅳ．The innovation practice of community governance in the process of urbanization

Xindu district of Chengdu has discovered an innovative way of community governance which is in the actual situation of the district，as follows:

1．Optimizing the basic organization level of party，form an effective governance network

During the process of strengthening and innovating community governance，Xindu District constantly promotes the upgrading construction of community party organization and strengthens the leading and promoting of party construction．The district optimizes the setting of party organization，explores and promotes regional party，timely establishes community party branch，community United Party branch and perfects system of united procedure of United Party branch in new community and centralized resettlement community．The district explores a two-way management mode of the territory of the member of party and affiliation，actively expands Party’s organization and coverage of work，optimizes the setting of the party，explores the organization system that construct Party committee(Branch)in community，Party branch in courtyard and party groups in buildings，and advances the mode of part-time committee members，realizing the extension of community party organization and work to area institutions，residents courtyard，social organizations and other crowd units．

2．Improving community service functions and perfecting the long-term management mechanism

At present，in all communities of Xindu district，each community implements the overall construction of service station．They are all equipped with relatively independent office and activity rooms for community service stations with necessary office equipments，strengthening public service projects and realizing“one-stop office，one door service”．In addition，during the process of community construction，this district integrates the management functions and service resources，sets service windows reasonably，fixes the staff，implements the policy of several people account for one post，improves service levels and improves work efficiency．Xindu District strengthens daily management of community service，further improves the policy of the leader-take-responsibility and system of supervision and assessment，forming a relatively perfect long-term management mechanism．At the same time，the district expands the content of service，introduces projects of life services and makes the residents’livings more convenient．

3．Strengthening the construction of volunteer service，stimulating the participation of social forces

During the practice of community governance，Xindu District has been trying very hard to foster the development of community culture and charitable social organizations，and exploring the government’s purchasing of public service．This district explores and establishes the“three associations”interactive social management mechanism，which takes communities as the basis，social groups as the carrier and social workers as the backbone．It strengthens the construction of social work talents and volunteer teams，and speeds up the formation of a new pattern of community management that the social workers lead the volunteers and volunteers lead the universal participation of the masses．At present，some communities have accelerated the construction of standard community volunteer service station，implemented the service station of office space gradually，and the stations have been equipped with computers，printers，cameras，cameras，fax machines and other office equipments．They ascertain management workers of full-time(part-time)volunteer service，establish the organization management system and guarantee the funds of operation etc．

4．Strengthening the grid information management and implement the new mode of operation

Digitalization or network has become an important way of modern office and even tends to conform to the modern way of life．In the process of community governance，Xindu District further strengthens the construction of community grid management service system，pays attention to a reasonable setting of grid，standardizes the organizational structure，implements the person of responsibility，ascertains work contents，divides work assignments，further improves the mechanism of discovery，report，disposal，feedback and evaluation，and establishes a grid management service mode of community．The district integrates the resources of information network on basic levels，constructs the service platform of community generalized information management combined with community management，social affairs，public services and convenient services．Based on the management and service network platform of comprehensive community information，Xindu district also establishes a community management mode of responsibility gridding，management refinement，platform informationalization and service humanization．

Ⅴ．Mobilize the participation of masses and protect the main body position of community residents

During the reform and development process of grassroots governance work of Xindu District，each community has established and perfected a relevant mechanism of community participation，paid attention to guide the community residents to participate in management of community business actively，fully broadened the ways of communication through the residents’Council，board of supervisors and other conferences of resident representative，strengthened the regular contacts between community neighborhood committees and community residents，and collected and reflected timely the opinions and suggestions of community residents．At the same time，the community has taken it a basic principle of work to realize，maintain and develop the fundamental interests of the community residents，viewing it a basic goal to provide comfortable living environment，pleasant leisure place，convenient service，making the community benefits;in addition，many of the communities organize rich and colorful community cultural activities，give full play to the subjective initiative of community residents，stimulate their enthusiasm for participation in construction of community，and make the community residents become the participants and promoters of community construction，so as to promote the further development of harmonious community construct ion．

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