中国常用动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植术的通畅率及疗效
2015-02-21齐弘炜综述袁彪审校
齐弘炜 综述 袁彪 审校
(首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院心血管疾病诊疗中心,北京100730)
中国常用动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植术的通畅率及疗效
齐弘炜 综述 袁彪 审校
(首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院心血管疾病诊疗中心,北京100730)
目前冠状动脉旁路移植术通常采用一支乳内动脉加一支或多支大隐静脉作为桥血管,大隐静脉会逐渐粥样硬化而闭塞,动脉的通畅率远高于大隐静脉。左乳内动脉已常规应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术,同应用双侧乳内动脉相比,左乳内动脉加大隐静脉被认为是远期死亡、心脏事件的独立危险因素。乳内动脉用于左侧冠状动脉时通畅率一样;原位或复合桥移植时所有的乳内动脉通畅率相同,但吻合于主动脉时通畅率降低,所以原位乳内动脉通畅率高于游离乳内动脉。胃网膜右动脉和桡动脉宜吻合于近端狭窄严重者。双侧乳内动脉+胃网膜右动脉可避免触及主动脉,最大程度地减少脑部并发症的发生。70岁以下冠状动脉旁路移植术、预期寿命5年以上者,应选择双侧乳内动脉;60岁以下没有或很少合并症的冠状动脉旁路移植术患者可考虑全动脉化搭桥手术。
冠状动脉旁路移植术;全动脉化;通畅率;疗效
目前最常用的心肌再血管化手术方式是采用一支乳内动脉(IMA)加一支或多支大隐静脉(SVG)作为桥血管,动脉和静脉移植物的生物学特性存在明显差异(如结构、血管壁营养供给、内皮细胞及对血管活性物质的反应),这些差异导致了其作为桥血管远期通畅率的差异,SVG会逐渐粥样硬化而闭塞,动脉的通畅率远高于SVG。SVG闭塞已经成为了冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的绊脚石,于是全动脉化及尽量减少SVG使用的再血管化外科手术呼之而出。现对动脉化CABG做一简要综述。
1 IMA桥的应用
1986年Loop等[1]的报道颠覆了SVG桥优于IMA桥的观点,从此IMA常规用于CABG,目前公认左乳内动脉(LIMA)-前降支吻合是CABG的金标准,自然而然地人们想到双侧乳内动脉(BIMA)可能更有优势。1999年报道了应用BIMA在病死率、再次手术及经皮冠状动脉介入术方面明显优于单侧乳内动脉(SIMA)[2]。更为精细的骨骼化乳内动脉(sIMA)具有除此之外的其他优点。sIMA指去除动脉周围组织,最外层仅为动脉外膜的IMA。优点:长度较带蒂的IMA长(增加2~4 cm),自身血流量也较大(增加10%~20%),而且它尽量保留了胸骨血供的侧支循环,使得术后胸骨愈合快,感染等并发症机会少。
动脉再血管化实验(ART)观察了BIMA与SIMA的疗效[3],30 d和1年的早期病死率和主要并发症相同,胸骨创伤需再处理者BIMA略高。中期研究结果尚在进行中。
5年时无症状患者计划冠状动脉造影发现,原位IMA通畅率为95.5%,游离IMA为91.4%,两者之间无显著差异(P=0.13);SVG通畅率略高于游离动脉桥(P=0.07),但明显低于原位IMA(P=0.01)。5年时无症状患者随意的冠状动脉造影显示原位LIMA和右乳内动脉(RIMA)通畅率95.8%,和计划冠状动脉造影相同,明显高于游离动脉桥(P=0.02)和SVG(P<0.01);游离动脉桥和SVG通畅率分别为89.1%和82.4%,无显著差异(P=0.09)[4]。Kurlansky等[5]报道原位RIMA吻合至左冠状动脉还是右冠状动脉效果无差异,但大多数术者认为LIMA之外的RIMA应吻合至狭窄严重的血管,其通畅的前向血流有助于提高远期通畅率。
与传统的LIMA加SVG相比,应用BIMA近期病死率相近,但10年的病死率及心肌梗死等心脏事件明显减少,LIMA加SVG被认为是远期死亡、心脏事件的独立危险因素[6]。
对比BIMA和LIMA长期生存的meta分析显示[7],27项观察实验包含了79 063例患者(BIMA 19 277例,LIMA 59 786例),BIMA组长期生存率明显高于LIMA组(P<0.000 01),搭桥患者BIMA桥应是一线选择。Yi等[8]的meta分析包含了15 583例患者,显示10年生存率BIMA优于SIMA,这种优势在第二个10年似乎仍在继续。Benedetto等[9]的meta分析寻找CABG的最佳第二条血管:术后造影通畅率RIMA和桡动脉(RA)明显优于SVG,RIMA优于RA。
虽然有如此多的优点,BIMA的应用在欧洲<10%,美国<5%,中国尚无统计数据。
2 RA血管桥的应用
2.1 RA应用概述
RA是具有高度痉挛特性的第三类动脉。1971年Carpentier首先使用,后因较高的狭窄和早期闭塞率而被抛弃。这可能和早期的单纯取出RA、不用血管扩张剂、金属探条扩张RA这些方法有关。随着后来认识的提高、方法的改进,目前已常规用于临床实践。
2.2 RA桥生存率
与静脉桥相比,RA 能适应动脉压力,不含静脉瓣且内径均一,获取后不影响术后活动,可减少早期、晚期病死率和致残率,提高远期生存率。在患者接受程度方面,Zhu等[10]认为获取RA比获取SVG有较高的患者舒服度及较少的疤痕不适程度。与其他动脉移植血管相比,肥胖、糖尿病、以往有腹部手术史者均不影响RA的获取,使其可用于大多数患者。
随着时间的推移,对RA桥生存率的认识也随之而变。1998年Borger等[11]报道与RIMA相比,作为第二选择的RA血管桥,一般认为虽然围术期和中期心脏并发症发生率和病死率没有差别,但胸骨感染率低,输血量少。RA可安全地应用于中至重度左心功能低下和年龄> 65岁的患者。2003年Caputo等[12]的研究认为,用RA作为除LIMA以外的第二根动脉移植血管比用RIMA作为第二根动脉移植血管具有早期和中期临床优势。2014年Navia等[13]报道了1 700例非体外循环下CABG长期疗效随访结果,除LIMA外,第二支血管桥选择RIMA或RA,显示BIMA在术后生存、再次干预/住院及联合终点方面均明显优于LIMA+RA。
Hayward等[14]报道6年生存率(P=0.36)和无事件生存率(P=0.08)RA和游离RIMA无差异。平均6年随访,70岁以下患者生存率RA有优于游离RIMA的趋势,但差异不显著,70岁以上组患者RA和SVG结果相同[15]。
2.3 RA桥造影通畅率
2.3.1 RA桥早、中期通畅率
Desai等[16]报道1年时冠状动脉造影RA闭塞率8.2%,SVG闭塞率13.6%(P= 0.009),线样征分别为7%和0.9%(P=0.001),RA的通畅率取决于靶血管的狭窄程度。而Goldman等[17]报道1年时造影通畅率RA和SVG无差异(89% vs 89%,P=0.98)。RA通畅性和临床结果研究(RAPCO) 5年中期结果不支持RA比游离RIMA有较高的通畅率,以及同游离RIMA或隐静脉移植血管相比临床相关事件较少的假设[18]。术后平均5.5年造影显示,移植桥失功(闭塞+线样征)70岁以下患者RA和游离RIMA无差异,70岁以上患者RA和SVG无差异[19]。RA通畅性研究(RAPS)显示,5年以上[平均(7.7±1.5)年]RA桥的功能闭塞率(12.0% vs 19.7%,P=0.03)和完全闭塞率(8.9% vs 18.6%,P=0.002)均低于SVG桥[20]。Collins等[21]报道其单中心吻合至回旋支分支血管的结果,5年时造影RA通畅率98.3%,SVG通畅率86.4%(P=0.04),其中各有10%和23%的通畅血管有狭窄,RA的通畅率甚至超过了报道的IMA通畅率。
2.3.2 RA桥中期通畅率meta分析
中期(3年以上)血管造影meta分析提示[22],RA闭塞率明显低于SVG(6.7% vs 17.2%,P<0.000 1),线样征RA明显高于SVG(3.1% vs 0%,P=0.03),移植桥失功RA明显低于SVG(9.6% vs 18.8%,P=0.000 5),移植桥完全通畅率RA明显高于SVG(88.6% vs 75.8%,P=0.005)。认为近段狭窄严重者应用RA比SVG在中期造影方面有明显优势,但RA线样征增多。
2.3.3 RA桥早、中期通畅率影响因素
术后1年造影的随机对照研究提示,糖尿病和靶血管直径细增加了桥血管的闭塞,吻合口近端狭窄严重可降低闭塞率;RA闭塞率男性(8.6%)和女性(5.3%)之间无显著差异(P=0.06),而SVG男性明显低于女性(12.0% vs 23.3%,P=0.02);外周血管病史和RA闭塞风险有关,但和早期SVG闭塞无关[23]。右冠状动脉粗大、狭窄较轻者更适合应用SVG或支架治疗。
3 胃网膜右动脉血管桥的应用
3.1 胃网膜右动脉应用概述
既往文献报道,胃网膜右动脉(RGEA)动脉粥样硬化发生率低,组织学特性与IMA相似,原位移植能达到心脏的后壁和侧壁。骨骼化RGEA(sRGEA)的管径、长度、血流量都有所增加,另外,sRGEA还可以保留胃的静脉和淋巴管道。获取RGEA只需将胸骨正中切口稍微向下延长,毋须前臂或下肢的其他切口,创伤相对较小,腹部并发症并未增加[24],且认为RGEA桥血管血流量随着需氧量的增加而增加;对于完全通畅的RGEA,桥血管随着时间的推移其管径逐渐增加[25]。原位RGEA桥血管由于管径太小、血流量太少而引起竞争性血流,这是影响其通畅率的最主要因素[26-27]。应用超声刀获取sRGEA,可以在一定程度上增加长度、管径和血流量,且超声刀的使用并不影响内皮细胞的功能。
3.2 RGEA早、中期疗效
RGEA桥血管已取得了良好的早期和中期临床、血管造影结果。随着时间的推移,冠状动脉本身狭窄会逐渐加重,RGEA桥血管的远期预后优势会更加明显。对靶血管的选择是影响预后最重要的因素。单纯sRGEA的CABG患者术后1个月、27个月通畅率分别为97.6%和91.5%[28]。Ali等[29]对2000~2007年发表的关于RGEA桥血管的文献进行了分析总结,sRGEA取得了很好的早期和中期通畅率,3个月、1年、2年和4年的平均通畅率分别为97.7%、92.4%、91.5%和86.4%,并且支持sRGEA的证据在增加。Suma等[24]对1986~2006年1 352例应用RGEA桥血管(包括骨骼化和非骨骼化RGEA)行CABG的患者进行了研究,5年、10年和15年实际生存率分别为91.7%、81.4%和71.3%,非心脏事件生存率分别为95.8%、91.7%和88.6%,RGEA桥血管平均2.1个月、2.4年和8.7年的通畅率分别为95%、88%和87%。
4 IMA+RGEA疗效
4.1 IMA+RGEA早、中期疗效
Kim等[30]对175例BIMA吻合于左冠状动脉系统、sRGEA吻合于右冠状动脉系统的CABG患者进行了对照研究,术后早期、术后1年RGEA和BIMA通畅率分别为98.8%、99.3%,91.9%、97.2%;竞争性血流的发生率分别为5.6%、2.5%,6.8%、4.4%。Hirose等[31]对1991~2001年1 000例CABG患者随访研究发现原位RGEA和LIMA术后1年、3年和5年通畅率分别为98.7%、91.1%、84.4%,99.6%、98.8%、97.0%(P<0.000 5)。
4.2 BIMA+RGEA远期疗效
Tavilla等[32]采用带蒂的BIMA和RGEA应用于3支血管病变的患者,7年、10年实际生存率为91%、87%;出院后5年、10年无心绞痛发生率分别为97%和86%。与BIMA和SVG复合桥血管相比,7年实际生存率相当,心绞痛的发生率明显减低。但Esaki等[33]对1989~1999年采用BIMA吻合于左冠状动脉系统,RGEA原位桥血管(99例)和SVG(212例)吻合于右冠状动脉系统的患者进行了为期7年的随访研究,采用多因素分析的方法发现,RGEA桥血管不是一个重要的生存预测因素,认为与SVG相比,RGEA桥血管并不能改善BIMA CABG患者的远期预后。
但是,术后血脂水平对桥血管通畅率也有影响,这方面的研究也支持应用选择动脉桥[34]。并且双侧IMA+RGEA可避免接触升主动脉,可将潜在的脑卒中风险降到最低。老年、升主动脉硬化严重者需要“主动脉不接触技术”。
5 国内全动脉化搭桥手术应用状况
相对于国外全动脉化搭桥的临床实践、疗效观察及基础研究,国内多为临床实践的文献报道,但100例以上的报道不多。
全动脉化的方法很多:应用LIMA、BIMA、RGEA和RA的,BIMA“Y”形桥,IMA和RA“Y”形桥,BIMA应用为P形桥,应用LIMA、BIMA和RA,应用BIMA和RA,部分报道应用双侧RA。
sIMA的应用报道不多,有时是单侧IMA骨骼化[35]。国内应用RA的病例也明显多于RGEA,技术瓶颈可能是主要原因。
2014版欧洲心肌再血管化指南提出[36]:预期寿命5年以上的患者,70岁以下的患者应选择BIMA,最小程度的主动脉操作;2011年美国CABG指南提出[37]:60岁以下没有或很少合并症的CABG患者可考虑全动脉化搭桥手术(Ⅱb,C级);合适的情况下应用第二条IMA吻合至回旋支或右冠状动脉可提高生存率及降低再干预概率(Ⅱa,B级)。
综合国外文献,LIMA应为CABG的常规选用血管,且应常规吻合至前降支;BIMA效果最佳,而骨骼化BIMA可达到需要搭桥的靶血管,其他动脉血管可选择RGEA和/或RA,且原位移植比游离血管效果更理想。
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Effects and Patency of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Used in China
QI Hongwei,YUAN Biao
(Cardiovascular Center,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100730,China)
One internal-mammary-artery(IMA) and one or more saphenous vein(SV) were commonly used in coronary artery bypass grafting. However, SV will occlude with progressive atherosclerosis. The expansion of obstructions (patency) of arterial grafts was much better than saphenous vein grafts(SVG). Left IMA(LIMA) was routinely used in coronary artery bypass grafting. However in comparison with group bilateral IMA(BIMA), LIMA+SV(s) was an independent risk factor from lower chances of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, acute myocardial infarction in a grafted area and cardiac events. Both IMA have similar patency when used on left-sided coronaries and as in-situ or composite grafts, but have inferior patency if anastomosed to aorta. Therefore the patency of IMA in-situ was superior than the free IMA. Right gastroepiploic artery and radial artery was suitable anastomose to the coronary artery with severe proximal stenosis. BIMA with right gastroepiploic artery could decrease the central nervous system complications as far as possible because of it does not touch the aorta. When a patient undergoes their first coronary surgery and is younger than 70 years, BIMA grafting should not be denied, especially if their life expectancy is higher than 5 years. Complete arterial revascularization may be reasonable for patients less than or equal to 60 years of age with few or no co-morbidities.
coronary artery bypass grafting; complete arterial revascularization; angiographic patency; outcome
国家自然科学基金(81370237)
齐弘炜(1970—),副主任医师,博士,主要从事心外科相关临床研究。Email: qiheart@sohu.com
R
A
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3934.2015.05.009
2014-11-06
2015-05-07