Interactive Development of Community Education and Migrant Workers'Continuing Education

Ning WANG

Zhejiang Radio＆Television University，Hangzhou 310030，China

1 Introduction

Migrantworker is unique phenomenon in China's socialistmodernization construction and is a huge and special social group formed in the establishment and improvement of reform and opening-up and socialist market economic system.With the advent of the times of Knowledge Based Economy，the relationship between education and laborers is increasingly closer and plays a more and more significant role in influencing laborers.In 2010，Outline for Medium and Long Term Educational Reform and Development Plan of the State（2010-2020）clearly stated that continuing education，especially adult education，was education activity for all social members，and was an essential part of building life-long learning system.It is required to accelerate construction and development of various learning type organizations，build open universities，and establish whole nation learning and life-long learning society.

As important learning platform of continuing education，community education willmake considerable achievements in migrant workers'continuing education.This is the necessity for improving migrantworkers'labor skills，manifesting function of serving society，satisfying self-survival development，and also important development objectives and direction of building learning society and life-long learning system.Therefore，we discuss improvement of migrantworkers'quality and employment skills，andmake organic connection of community education and migrant workers'continuing education.

2 Brief overview of theories and literature

In recentyears，many scholarshavemade extensive studiesonmigrantworkers'continuing education and community education from different perspectives.Li Yixian（2000）held thatunder the guidance of lifelong great education concept，China's community education development trend is to realizing integration of irregular education and professional education.Feng Xitao（2000）made comparison of community education in Tianjin，Shanghai and Chongqing，and introduced 5 essential elements of community education.Chen Yi（2005）made comparatively systematic analysis on current situations and problems ofmigrant workers'community education in Jiading District of Shanghai.Wu Jinfan（2006）pointed thatmore than 700 000 migrant workers in Pudong New District have high demand for education.Radio and Television universities should constantly expand school running size，make effort to combine actual realitiesof local economy and social development，and actively explore characteristic remote open education and talent cultivationmodel.Gong Changyu（2007）pointed that itwas easier to realize combination of education organization form，education methods，and education contentwith practical situations ofmigrantworkers in accordancewith current stage community education with radio and television universities as major parts.Li Minghua（2007）advocated building an open college system for migrantworkers'continuing education，and held that such college would be open and provide service of"delivering education to home"for various education institutions.XiMeihong（2007）proposed taking community as a platform for education and communication ofmigrantworkers，to improve comprehensive quality ofmigrantworkers，and help them to better integrate into urban society.

The above studies fail to exploremutual relationship from interactive development of community education and migrant workers'continuing education.In this situation，it is intended to come up some recommendations for future development paths of migrantworkers'continuing education and community education，and provide some ideas for solving three issues concerning agriculture，farmers and rural areas.

3 Analysis on action mechanism ofm igrant workers'continuing education and community education

3.1 Community education provides effective learning platform for m igrant workers'continuing education

3.1.1Helpful for grasping future vocational education development trend of migrant workers.With social economic development，China has made considerable achievements in political，economic，and cultural fields，economy has transformed gradually from extensive to intensive development.This raises higher requirement for human resources and transforming from simple labor and complicated technology type.At current stage，the overall cultural level of China'smigrantworkers is not high.As a result，it leads to their relative difficulty in accepting new knowledge and new technology，and feeling not adapted to rapid social development.Therefore，the new requirement of rapid economic and social development for industrialworkers is contradictory to realities of low cultural level ofmigrantworkers.How to solve this problem needs various learning approach，improving cultural quality ofmigrantworkers，helping them to grasp labor skills formodernization production，strengthen self-developmentability，and find direction of vocational education development.

3.1.2Helpful for improving labor skills ofmigrantworkers.Migrantworkers have low labor income and poor treatment，partly because of their low overall qualities.Mostmigrantworkers have to do some temporary and simple works.Such situation will seriously restrict their career development.With the aid of community education，it is able to provide vocational education for migrant workers.In the training process，it is required to set reasonable and flexible course，teaching content，method，and means in accordance with realities and objective demands ofmigrantworkers.It is required to consider long-term development ofmigrant workers，provide standardized education in accordancewith professional standards of industries and enterprises，to help them improve cultural level and obtain corresponding professional qualifications，to better satisfy individual and social and economic development.

3.1.3Helpful formigrantworkers integrating into cities.In recent years，China's urban areas develop rapidly and urban construction needs numerousmigrantworkers.Especially，it provides broad vocational development space formigrantworkerswith higher cultural quality and also brings high income for them.Well-established facilities，convenient living，developed traffic，higher education level，and bettermedical care service of cities greatly attractmigrantworkers.They are eager to integrate into cities，but they also face some unfavorable factors.On the one hand，migrant workers have low cultural quality and original rural lifestylemakes them difficult to integrate into cities.On the other hand，their labor skillsare relatively low and the lack vocational continuing education.As a result，they are at a loss and helpless in constantly progressive cities.Most migrant workers have to deal with low technological contentwork in cities and it is difficult for them to integrate into urban life.Therefore，through community education，it is not only able to improve their employment skills，and increase their application knowledge of urban life.This is of great importance to improving comprehensive quality，adapting to urban life，integrating into cities，and finally becoming new citizens.

3.1.4Helpful for strengthening migrant workers'awareness of safeguarding rights.Migrantworkers have longwork time but poor working condition.Somemigrantworkershave nowork guarantee.Thus，when their legal rights and interests are damaged，they do not know how to safeguard their rights and interests.According to survey report of All-China Federation of Trade Unions，when migrantworkers face unfair problem such as back salary，less than 15%migrant workers attempt to solve the problems by legal means，whilemostmigrantworkers just bear patiently or safeguard their rights and interestsby extrememeans.This is partly because of imperfect system and partly because lack of awareness of safeguarding rights.Therefore，through community education，it isexpected to strengthen legal knowledge ofmigrantworkers and cultivate their awareness of safeguarding legal rights and interests by legalmeans.

3.1.5Helpful for reducing crime rate ofmigrantworkers.With increase of number of migrant workers，crime rate of migrant workers is increasing，which is a serious social issue.Reasons include：（i）long time of low level employment fails to satisfy increasingly urgent self survival and development demands of migrantworkers，and accumulation of conflicts leads to rise of crime rate；（ii）legal awareness ofmigrantworkers isweak.According to China's Migrant Worker Study Report，60.1%migrant worker criminals impute their crime to lack of legal knowledge.Community education can help farmers increase academic credentials，grasp specialized skills，improve legal knowledge，and obtain stable job，so as to reduce occurrence of crimes.

3.2 M igrant workers'continuing education promotes rapid development of community education

3.2.1Migrant workers are subjects participating in community education and motive force of development.Wide and active participation ofmigrantworkers is power source of community education development.Through effective incentivemeans，it is expected to bring into full play subject role ofmigrantworkers'continuing education in community education.Firstly，government should undertake the task of advocating and promotingmigrantworkers to participate in community education，take learners as subject，accurately survey learning demands of migrantworkers，inspire their learningmotivation，enthusiastically provide continuing education service，build favorable policy environment and social atmosphere，and strengthen propaganda and guidance effort，and make effort to attach great importance to education and training ofmigrantworkers.Secondly，it is recommended to promptly deliver demand of labor market to migrant workers and let them understand the importance of continuing education.Besides，it is recommended to implementemploymentaccess system，strengthen in-spection and supervision，gradually establish rural labor transfer system，and establish migrant worker education demand survey system，and provide education training ofmigrantworkers.Thirdly，through community organizing education，it is recommended to reduce costsofmigrantworkers for participating in continuing education and givemigrantworkers training treatment.Benefit is the essential driving force ofmigrantworkers'participating in community education.Whenmigrantworkers feel they can increase benefits through participating in community education，they will naturally actively participate in community education.In addition，it is recommended to combine education training，migrant workers making extra earning，and employment.

3.2.2Feedback and commentofmigrantworkers'continuing education promote benign development of community education.The effect of community education and training activities is decided by migrantworkers participating in learning.Thus，their participation of community education and training plays an excellent role in guiding developmentof community education.Such effect depends on variousworks of community education，including whether preliminary survey meets training demands of migrant workers，whether training materials are useful for them，whether training teachers can be guaranteed，and whether participation of training plays obvious role in improving their employment and increasing their income.These feedback and comments will have important guiding significance in subsequentwork of community education.

4 Building interactivemechanism for development of community education and m igrantworkers'continuing education

Migrant workers'participation in community education involves supply，consolidation and support service of excellent education resources，aswell as government，enterprise and society.Therefore，it is recommended tomake overall consideration，bring into play advantages of various parties and resources.The specific interactive relationship is illustrated in Fig.1.

4.1 Subjects of interactive relationship between community education and m igrant workers'continuing education

4.1.1Objects of community education and training.Objects of community education and training involve people and space geographical concept.People refer to those receiving community education and training，including all residents，expanding from original community poor residents and objects of special care to all community residents.For a city，it should expand from urban household population to non household registered population or floating population.Space geography covers all communities，especially ruralareas，forming urban and rural integrated community education and training spatial pattern.

4.1.2Supply subjects of community education and training.Suppliers of community education and training are organizers of community education and training，including（i）government at all levels，involving city，district，street，station，and community，（ii）community education and training providers，such as various commercial institutions or individual operators，（iii）service social organizations，including non-governmental and non-profit organizations，（iv）community residents，（v）organizations residing in communities.

4.1.3Content of community education and training.Content of community education and training isvaried and can be summarized as follows：（i）social public services，supplied by governmentand enjoyed and shared by all community residents（including people from other places）；（ii）services purchased by government，supplied by enterprises，social public organizations or individual operators but purchased by government；（iii）voluntary services，supplied by social volunteers；（iv）quasi-commercial education and training services，supplied by social public organizations；（v）commercial education and training，supplied by commercial training organizations.

4.1.4 Resource input of community education and training.Resource input of community education and training involves human，funds，and materials，especially funds.Recourse input mainly comes from（i）government public input；（ii）self-input of enterprises，individuals and various social organizations；（iii）selffunds；（iv）social donations，including donations from individuals and institutions，aswell aswelfare lottery.

4.1.5Feedback and commentof community education and training.Feedback and comment of community education and training are subjective feeling of education and training.This includes three aspects：（i）comment of education demand satisfaction for checking ultimate effect of community education and training；（ii） preference comment of education services for inspecting equalization of community education and training supply；（iii）comment of public input performance.

4.2 Analysis on building interactive relationship between community education and m igrant workers'continuing educationThe interactive developmentmechanism of community education and migrantworkers'continuing education involves supply subjects，resource input，training content，and training object.These focus on community education，take training object as the core，and form a closed cycle from full line input to dotted line output.On the basis of preliminary education and training demands ofmigrantworkers，government，enterprises，and social organizations inputhuman provide various education and training，to convey skills tomigrantworkers and community residents.This is full line resource transfer.After receiving education and training，participantswill have a subjective feeling and comment of education and training organized by communities.The comments involve entire training process，from preliminary survey to resource input，training servicesand training quality，aswell as the effecton their employment and income.All of these will be reflected in education and training.In Fig.1，dotted line denotes feedback and comments ofmigrantworkers participating in community education and training.These feedback and comments are greatly helpful for solving the problem of how to use community education and training to promotemigrantworkers'continuing education.

5 Conclusions and recommendations

Migrantworkers participating in community education is a type of continuing education.Communities provide an effective learning platform and carrier formigrantworkers participating in continuing education and supply some useful employment skills and information for migrant workers'continuing education.Migrant workers'participation in community education is favorable for communities performing management functions and better promoting development of community education.Besides，migrant workers participating in feedback and comment of community education can improve quality of community education and effect of training.Both complement each other and promote each other.Certainly，participation ofmigrantworkers in community education is influenced by many factorsand personal factorsofmigrantworkers，such asage，cultural level，marriage，and family size and future expectation of migrantworkers，as well as external factors，such as community organizationmanagement，government policy，enterprise training，training quality，and training site.Therefore，from the long-term development objective，it is required to explore interactive relationship and build harmonious and benign relationship.We come up with following recommendations.

5.1 Strengthening organization andmanagement of community educationEducation and training process involves various links.In the organization and management，it is recommended to actively guidemigrantworkers to perceive the participation ofeducation and training and improve their enthusiasm of participation.Relevant governmentdepartments should promptly transfer relevant information of training，and enhance evaluation of training quality.Besides，it is required tomonitor teacherquality and service of training，and solve complaints of migrant workers，and improve their loyalty to education and training.

5.2 Building and improving the comment system of community m igrant workers'continuing educationEducation and training satisfaction is a direct comment ofmigrantworkers.After completing education and training，it is required to establish amigrantworker education and training follow-upmechanism，and understand real feeling ofmigrantworkers'participation of training，so as to constantly improve training organization activities and improve education and training quality and effect.In addition，government should implement certification of vocational skills formigrantworkers and strengthen examination of training performance.

5.3 Building urban and rural integrated m igrant workers'continuing education and training systemThe purpose ofmigrantworkers participating in continuing education is to raise human capital and promote self transformation and rebuilding.However，migrantworkersare restricted bymany factors，such aseducation and training system，funds，individual difference，and learning content in the process of receiving continuing education.Therefore，local government should implementurban and rural integrated education as soon as possible，combine rural education and community education，establish multi-channel financing mechanism，constantly improve school running conditions of continuing education，and combine vocational education and adulteducation，to realize real continuing education，so as to improve quality and ability ofmigrantworkers，and further promote development ofurbanization and realize the objective ofmigrantworkers becoming citizens.

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