极早期肝癌的治疗现状*
2015-01-23综述钱国军审校
许 贇 综述 沈 强 钱国军** 审校
(苏州大学研究生院,苏州 215123)
·文献综述·
极早期肝癌的治疗现状*
许 贇 综述 沈 强①钱国军**①审校
(苏州大学研究生院,苏州 215123)
极早期肝癌的治疗方法多样,各有所长。肝移植、手术切除、经皮消融是极早期肝癌最有效的治疗方法。由于供肝资源缺乏,肝移植难以广泛开展,手术切除和经皮消融在临床上最为常用,且效果理想。经皮消融作为新型治疗方式,在微小肝癌和老年患者的治疗中较手术切除有明显优势,但术后复发率较手术切除高。当以上3种治疗方法不可行时,肝动脉插管栓塞化疗可作为补救性治疗。局部联合治疗优于单独局部治疗,适用于无法手术切除的患者。“观察疗法”仍需更多的临床研究证实其安全性和有效性。
肝细胞癌; 肝移植; 经皮消融; 经皮肝动脉插管栓塞化疗
肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是世界上发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。据报道,每年全球范围内的肝癌新发患者数量多达约75万,中国占其中的55%[1]。我国肝癌患者的死亡率很高,在肿瘤相关死亡中仅次于肺癌,居第2位[2]。中华医学会肝脏外科学组在2001年制定的标准:将单发直径≤2 cm的肝癌定为微小肝癌[3]。该标准与欧洲肝病研究学会(European Association for the Study of The Liver, EASL)和美国肝病研究学会 (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, AASLD)采用的Barcelona分期系统基本相同,将单发肿瘤直径≤2 cm的微小肝癌定为极早期肝癌,能够被外科切除、肝移植或经皮消融治愈[4]。近年来,随着人们对健康体检的重视,尤其是对肝癌高危人群的定期监测,以及影像诊断技术的快速发展,越来越多的极早期肝癌得以确诊[5,6]。组织学研究证明,在直径≤2 cm的肿瘤中,分化较高的区域较多,并且其卫星病灶通常在肿瘤周围5 mm以内,门静脉侵犯较少见,预后较好[7]。因此,极早期肝癌的临床治疗逐渐成为了肝脏外科的工作重点。现有的治疗方式有:手术切除(surgical resection, SR)、肝移植(liver transplantation, LT)、经皮消融(percutaneous ablation, PA)、经皮肝动脉插管栓塞化疗(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)、局部联合治疗以及近年来提出的“观察疗法”。各种方法均有各自的优势,本文对极早期肝癌的治疗现状进行综述。
1 LT
LT不仅可治愈肿瘤,同时移除原本发生硬化或纤维化的肝脏,被认为是治疗肝硬化合并早期肝癌最有效的方法之一[8]。1996年Mazzaferro等[9]提出的米兰标准(单发肿瘤直径≤5 cm,或肿瘤个数≤3,最大直径≤3 cm,无血管、淋巴结侵犯及肝外转移)被认为是LT的金标准。符合该标准的患者LT术后4年无瘤生存率(disease free survival, DFS)及总体生存率(overall survival, OS)分别为75%和83%[9]。2002年,美国器官资源共享联合网络(United Network for Organ Sharing, UNOS)将极早期肝癌患者列为LT等待的优先群,3个月以内,86%的患者被诊断为极早期肝癌接受了LT[10]。然而,对手术切除的肝脏进行活检,31%的患者并没有肿瘤[11]。这一结果引发了关于极早期肝癌是否适合LT的争论。极早期肝癌往往没有形成大血管癌栓,肝内转局限,肝外转移少见,移植后复发率较低,因此,LT依旧是治疗极早期肝癌最有效的方法[12],但供肝资源的稀缺限制LT的实施。同时,活体肝移植手术对肝脏供体也有巨大的风险[13]。在中国,由于LT手术本身的高风险及对技术水平的要求,该手术只能在大型医院开展。目前,只有少数医院的LT手术总例数超过100例[14]。因此,在我国SR和PA是治疗极早期肝癌最常用的方法。
2 SR
SR一直是肝癌最有价值的治疗方式。极早期肝癌的肝内和肝外转移率较低,是SR理想的适应证[15]。AASLD也将SR作为极早期肝癌的推荐方法[4]。
极早期肝癌理想的手术切除方法有2种:解剖性肝切除和局部肝切除。解剖性肝切除可同时切除肿瘤及肿瘤附近散播的微转移和浸润的血管,降低术后复发率,还可以减少因术中操作挤压肿瘤造成的癌细胞脱落,符合“无瘤术”原则[16]。局部切除术根据肿瘤的不同位置选择不同的手术方式,由于血管侵犯的不确定性,手术切缘在距肿瘤边缘2 cm较为理想,术后复发率较低[17]。理论上说,在肝功能尚好的情况下,解剖性肝切除较为合理。但近年的部分研究表明,2种切除方式对患者OS并无明显差异[18,19]。手术切除肝癌采用的术式有2种:开腹和腹腔镜下肝癌切除术。开腹肝癌切除术能够确保切除足够的肝组织,是最常用的术式。腹腔镜下行肝癌切除较为安全并可重复进行,创伤较小,避免术中大量出血,减少术后并发症的发生[20,21]。有研究[20,21]表明2种术式的长期预后相似。因此,在左肝叶及右叶下段表面微小肿瘤的治疗中,腹腔镜下切除具有一定的优势[14,22]。
微小肝癌行SR的关键在于肿瘤的精确定位。在中国,大多患者都有较为严重的肝硬化。因此,需要进行术前超声检查,CT准确定位,明确肿瘤所在的肝段及距肝表面的距离。当肿瘤位置较深时,很难凭手法触摸发现病灶,需要借助术中超声(intraoperative ultrasonography, IUS)。IUS不仅可以帮助确定微小肿瘤的位置,同时可以明确肿瘤与肝内血管的位置关系[23]。有条件时可使用超声造影技术,该技术可清晰显示肿瘤血管,提供关于微小肿瘤特征的相关信息[24]。
近年来,有关极早期肝癌术后并发症,术后复发率及长期生存时间的回顾性研究很多。肝癌切除术后可威胁生命的并发症主要包括有:出血,感染,术后肝功能衰竭,胆漏,术后腹水及术后相关肺部疾病如:肺炎、肺不张、胸膜腔积液等。根据部分关于微小肝癌行手术切除预后的回顾性研究,术后并发症发生率很低,不足1%~3%[4,25,26]。最近的研究[13,27,28]表明极早期肝癌行SR可获得较长的生存时间和无瘤生存时间。2009年Farinati等[27]报道≤3 cm小肝癌行SR后总体生存时间是52个月。彭振维等[28]报道74例极早期肝癌SR后1、3和5年OS分别为98.5%、87.7%和71.9%。Zhou等[13]的研究结果显示,<2 cm肝癌SR术后1、3、5年OS和DFS分别为93.5、90.3%、81.0%和90.3%、81.0%、76.2%。
3 PA
PA是在近10年内发展起来治疗早期肝癌的新技术,起初用于部分无法行SR的患者。随着PA治疗肝癌的广泛使用,多数研究证明即使对于SR可行的极早期肝癌,PA依旧是有效的治疗方式[29-31]。消融方式主要有:射频消融(radiofrequency ablation, RFA)、经皮穿刺无水乙醇注射(percutaneous ethanol injection, PEI)、微波消融(microwave ablation, MWA)、高强度聚焦超声消融(high-intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU)及冷冻治疗(cryoablation)等,其中以RFA最常用[32]。
3.1 RFA
RFA相对于SR优势很多:可重复进行、术后并发症少、创伤小、患者住院时间短等[7]。但当肿瘤位置特殊,位于胆管及血管周围的肿瘤因“热沉效应”的影响,往往不能获得足够的安全消融范围,复发率较高[33~35]。AASLD推荐RFA为治疗BCLC 0期即极早期肝癌的一线治疗方式[36]。
RFA需要精确的影像学定位,一般选择超声引导,必要时腹腔镜引导下多点位穿刺,以提高定位的准确性,并保证肿瘤边缘有足够的消融范围[37]。SR手术切缘范围要求超过肿瘤边缘2 cm,RFA可以产生约4 cm的消融范围,为微小肝癌的治疗提供足够大的安全范围,确保肿瘤的完全坏死[38]。
近年来,关于微小肝癌行RFA的疗效、术后并发症及预后影响因素的研究得到肝脏外科医生的广泛关注,尤其将RFA与手术切除比较的报道众多,结果不完全一致。Livraghi等[31]报道218例极早期肝癌行RFA 5年OS为65%,与SR疗效相似。彭振维等[28]对极早期肝癌进行SR与RFA的对照研究,结果显示RFA术后患者1、3、5年OS高于SR组,但术后复发率明显高于SR组。Lee等[39]对162例早期肝癌RFA组术后长期观察及预后因素的分析显示,RFA术后生存时间与SR组相似,位于主要血管旁的肿瘤由于“热沉效应”的影响很难得到完全消融,术后局部肿瘤进展较SR组快,但术后并发症的发生率明显低于SR组。Zhou等[13]对极早期肝癌与SR与RFA生存时间的研究结果与前述报道类似。Wang等[40]对104例单个肿瘤<2 cm的患者施行SR和RFA的结果显示,SR组和RFA组的总生存期相似,SR组无瘤生存时间明显更长。Chen等[41]的随机对照研究显示, SR和RFA术后1、2、3、4年OS分为93.3%、82.3%、73.4%、64.0%和95.8%、82.1%、71.4%、67.9%,DFS分别为86.6%、76.8%、69%、51.6%和85.9%、69.3%、64.1%、46.4%。Feng等[42]的随机对照研究显示,SR和RFA术后1、2、3年总体生存率和无瘤生存率分别为96.0%, 87.6%, 74.8% vs. 93.1%, 83.1%, 67.2%和 90.6%, 76.7%, 61.1% vs. 86.2%, 66.6%, 49.6%。2项研究皆表明2种早期肝癌治疗方式的术后生存时间和DFS基本相同。
老年人是肝癌的高发人群,发病时的一般情况较差,治疗方法的选择也较困难[43]。近几年也有老年肝癌患者行RFA的研究报道。彭振维等[44]的研究结果显示,早期和极早期肝癌的老年患者(年龄>65岁)行RFA后1、3、5年OS分别是93.2%、71.1%和55.2%,明显好于行SR组88.8%、62.8%和51.9%;RFA术后1、3、5年DFS分别为84.1%、62.7%和35.5%,同样高于SR组的76.7%、39.3%和33.1%,同时RFA术后复发率也较手术切除低。Zhang等[45]对老年(≥70岁)患者行RFA的单中心研究显示,老年患者与非老年患者(<70岁)RFA术后1、2、3、4、5年DFS基本相同,分别为59.80%、36.27%、28.43%、24.51%、23.53%和57.09%、40.83%、31.49%、 27.68%、22.49%,认为RFA是治疗老年肝癌安全有效的方法。
3.2 MWA
MWA的适应证与RFA类似,MWA术中可同时取多根消融天线进行治疗,产生更大的热消融范围,缩短治疗的时间,疗效受“热沉效应”的影响较小,因此,在较大肿瘤和多发肿瘤的治疗上优于RFA[46]。但在早期肝癌的治疗上,Shibata等[47]的随机对照研究显示RFA和WMA使肿瘤完全消融的概率基本相似,分别为96%、89%(P>0.05)。
3.3 PEI
PEI是最早应用的局部消融方式,用于治疗小肝癌,优点在于并发症少、操作简单、费用低廉,不足之处是无水酒精在瘤体内的弥散可能不充分,容易导致肿瘤边缘的残余。虽然AASLD曾声明在极早期肝癌的治疗中,PEI与RFA的疗效相同[36],但是关于PEI与RFA的疗效比较没有确切的定论。Lin等[48]的回顾研究显示早期肝癌行RFA后5年OS为55%,明显高于PEI组42%(P<0.01),并指出无论肿瘤大小,RFA对早期肝癌的治疗效果优于PEI,但是对于邻近胃肠道、膈肌、心包,有巨大血管包绕的特殊部位的肿瘤,RFA的风险太大,PEI可作为其替代疗法[49]。
3.4 冷冻治疗(Cryoablation)和HIFU
经皮冷冻消融同样是小肝癌有效的治疗方式,优点在于患者痛苦较小,手术过程操作中可视的影像学变化显示地较为清晰[50,51]。不足之处:冷冻消融的范围相对较小,术后并发症较多,如消融冰球破裂、冷休克、毗邻器官的冷冻损伤等[52,53]。HIFU是一种无创消融,治疗位置靠近主要血管的肿瘤时,可以在对血管不造成损伤的基础上,达到完全消融的效果[54],治疗后1、3、5年OS为75.8%、49.8%、31.8%,也是理想的治疗方法[54]。
4 TACE
参照Barcelona分期系统制定的治疗指南,TACE是B期肝癌的首选治疗方式[4]。但实际上TACE被广泛应用在各期肝癌患者的治疗中[55]。虽然极早期肝癌推荐的首选治疗方案是RFA或SR,但由于一些肿瘤的位置比较特殊,如靠近肝包膜、膈顶、重要的胆管或胃肠道等,不适合行RFA或SR,TACE被认为是这部分早期或极早期肝癌有效的挽救疗法[36,56~58]。
Bargellini等[56]报道2006~2009年64例符合米兰标准但不适合SR和RFA的早期肝癌行TACE的前瞻性研究。TACE后1、2、3年生存率分别为90.9%、86.1%和80.5%,肿瘤局部复发和肝内转移的中位时间分别为7.9、13.8月。Song等[57]对116例不适合PFA治疗行TACE的早期肝癌患者进行回顾性研究,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为94.7%、68.4%和47.2%,平均生存时间53.1月,1、3、5年肿瘤局部复发率和肝内转移率分别为33%、22%,52%、49%,73%、75%。由此指出,对于RFA不可行的肝癌患者,TACE可作为治疗早期肝癌的一线疗法。Kim等[58]比较直径≤2 cm的肝癌行TACE和RFA的疗效,RFA组和TACE组1、3、5、8年OS分别为97.6%、86.7%、74.5%、60.0%和93.4%、75.4%、63.1%、51.1%,2组基本相同。但TACE组肿瘤进展较RFA组快,在RFA不可行的情况下,TACE可作为直径≤2 cm肿瘤的有效治疗方式。
5 局部联合治疗
近年来,联合2种或2种以上的方法治疗早期或极早期肝癌已普遍应用于临床,最常用的是RFA联合PEI和RFA联合TACE。
单独使用RFA时,由于“热沉效应”的作用,肝癌周围快速流动的血流带走一部分热量,缩小了热消融的范围。联合PEI时,注入肝内的酒精弥散并栓塞肿瘤周围血管,减少热量的流失,同时无水乙醇也可以弥散至RFA遗漏的区域,扩大消融范围。同样,RFA术前行TACE使肿瘤周围的血供减少,扩大了消融范围[59]。Takuma等[60]的研究显示TACE联合RFA治疗极早期肝癌的1、3年OS为99%、83%,与SR组97%、87%基本相同,他们认为TACE联合RFA可用于不能手术的早期和极早期肝癌的治疗。
6 观察疗法
2013年AASLD报道一种新的治疗方案,对114例T1期(肿瘤直径≤2 cm)肝癌不采取任何干预手段,仅进行定期随访,其中9%的患者从T1期进展到T2期(肿瘤直径>2 cm),这部分患者随后行LT,3年OS达到75%[61]。UNOS的数据表明,等待时间较长的肝癌患者行LT后生存预后优于直接行LT的患者[62]。这可能是因为在等待移植期间,恶性程度较低的肿瘤增长速度较慢,转移较少,从而没有从移植名单中被剔除。因此,术前进行一段时间的观察也许能够明确患者是否适合LT,进而寻求一个更适合的治疗方法。
综上所述,LT、PA、SR仍旧是治疗极早期肝癌最有效的方式。由于供肝资源的匮乏,PA和SR最用常于临床。PA在老年肝癌患者的治疗中有明显的优势,但术后复发率较SR高。当患者无法行以上3种治疗方式时,TACE可作为有效的补救治疗措施。局部联合治疗优于单独的局部治疗,可用于不能行SR的患者。新报道的观察疗法还需要更多的临床研究证明其有效性和安全性。
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(修回日期:2015-03-30)
(责任编辑:李贺琼)
On State-of-art of Treatment of Very-early Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma
XuYun*,ShenQiang,QianGuojun.
*GraduateSchoolofSuzhouUniversity,Suzhou215123,China
Correspondingauthor:QianGuojun,E-mail:qgjs@sina.com
【Summary】 In the treatment of very-early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several therapies have their own strengths. Liver transplantation, surgical resection, and percutaneous ablation are the most effective procedures for very-early stage HCC. Liver transplantation is difficult to carry out due to lack of donors. Surgical resection and percutaneous ablation are the most commonly used methods with ideal effects. Compared with surgical resection, percutaneous ablation has its obvious advantages in patients with small HCC and senile patients, but the recurrence rate is relatively high. When the above mentioned three methods are not feasible, transarterial chemoembolization is a remedial treatment. Combined use of local therapy is superior to topical therapy alone and suitable for patients with unresectable lesions. The "observing therapy" still needs more clinical studies to confirm its safety and effectiveness.
Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver transplantation; Percutaneous ablation; Transarterial chemoembolization
国家“十二五”医学重大专项(项目编号:2012IX10002016003)
R735.7
A
1009-6604(2015)08-0739-05
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.08.021
2014-12-10)
**通讯作者,E-mail:qgjs@sina.com
①(第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院微创一科,上海 200438)