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吻合器痔上粘膜环切术相关问题的临床研究进展

2015-01-22卫江鹏,刘刚

中华结直肠疾病电子杂志 2015年1期
关键词:荷包内痔吻合器

·综述·

吻合器痔上粘膜环切术相关问题的临床研究进展

卫江鹏刘刚

作者单位:300052 天津医科大学总医院普通外科

痔是一种常见的疾病,可分为内痔、外痔、混合痔。目前认为内痔主要是由肛垫的支持结构,血管丛和动静脉吻合支发生病理性改变及移位造成[1]。外科治疗常用于顽固性或常规治疗无效的痔疾病[2]。吻合器痔上粘膜环切术(Procedure for prolapse and hemorrhaoihs,PPH)通过切除粘膜提拉肛垫治疗痔疾病取得了良好的治疗效果,自1998年Longo[3]首次报道以来,经过多年的发展和改进,现已被国际公认为手术治疗痔疾病的一种标准术式。但随着临床应用的增加,该术式也暴露出一些问题,越来越引起人们的重视。

一、PPH远期效果

PPH的手术原理主要是通过特制吻合器环形切除齿状线上方非神经敏感粘膜及粘膜下层组织,切除和吻合同时进行,在保留肛垫的同时提拉脱垂的组织使其恢复原来的生理位置,同时由于切断痔核的血供,使痔核萎缩,最终达到根治目的[4]。PPH相比于传统术式具有符合肛门解剖生理、操作简单、手术时间短、术后疼痛轻、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优点[5-9]。目前有大量的对照试验数据用于评估PPH的临床疗效,并肯定了该术式在短、中期的效果,但对于PPH的远期效果特别是复发与再手术方面的评价仍存在争议[10-12]。

近年来对PPH远期效果的相关研究表明该术式有较高的复发风险和再手术率[10,13-15]。Gerjy等[10]对145名患者术后3年的随访研究认为PPH手术虽然通过恢复肛门生理解剖结构能明显改善痔症状,但约13%的患者存在持续脱垂,近1/3患者长期效果不佳。一项对12个PPH临床试验长期结果的分析表明,与传统切除术相比,PPH有更高的复发再手术率[16]。有观点认为PPH术后持续出血和脱垂复发是再手术率明显较高的一个重要原因[17]。一项对临床试验的荟萃分析表明PPH术后两年脱垂复发比值比明显高于传统术式(OR=5.529,P=0.016)[9]。

相反的,亦有观点认为PPH术后复发率较低。Ommer等[18]对257名患者的长达6年的随访中仅有8人(3.6%)需要再手术切除复发脱垂,最后得出结论认为PPH的复发和再手术率较低。

不同于上述两种结论,Tjandra等[19]对25个临床试验1918例PPH手术的回顾性分析发现,大约10%~25%患者有不同程度的症状复发,其中大约50%需要再次手术,认为复发率与传统手术远期效果相似。同样的,Ganio等[12]一项对包含Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度内痔的100名患者术后平均约87个月的随访研究发现,PPH手术与传统术式在远期复发率的差异无统计学意义,长期效果值得肯定。

造成这种不同结论的原因可能是试验患者选择不当,因而对照效果不佳[5,20]。一项长期随访研究表明,PPH术后整体复发率约为25%,但由于患者特征、手术器械、外科技术、结果评价不同,以及目前尚无规范的PPH手术指南等原因,造成各种临床试验的可比性较差[21]。

基于上述观点,有研究对相同内痔分级的患者行了临床试验。Pramateftakis等[22]对全部为Ⅳ度内痔患者的PPH术后平均19个月的跟踪调查显示58.9%(33/56)的患者出现复发症状,复发率明显升高。类似的,Kim等[20]对130名全部是Ⅲ度内痔患者的试验组术后3年跟踪随访后认为PPH长期结果与常规手术复发率无差异。Laughlan等[23]对29个临床试验的分析表明PPH脱垂复发率较高。结果表明,患者病情的同质性影响PPH远期效果的评价。

总的来看,由于PPH手术Ⅲ、Ⅳ度内痔效果的差异,以及试验的患者组成异质性较大,同时试验时间长短及终点判定不一致,手术操作差异等原因造成目前长期数据之间可比性不强,再加上目前可获得的长期数据仍然相对有限,因而关于PPH远期效果尚无统一的认识,所以未来需要更多同质性的长期数据验证PPH的远期效果[16,24-26]。

二、PPH并发症

近年来,随着PPH的广泛应用,一些发生率较低但可能对患者影响较大的并发症引起了人们的重视,但尚未形成统一的认识。

1.迟发型出血:文献报道出血发生率是6%到67%[27]。可分为早期术中出血和术后迟发型出血。术中出血常难以避免,与荷包缝合不当及手术操作粗暴关系密切。术后迟发型出血虽然不常见,但却不容忽视。因为迟发型出血常发生在患者出院后,出血不易自止,出血量大,甚至可导致失血性休克。Rodrigues等[28]报道了3例因PPH荷包缝合过深导致直肠粘膜全层切除引起远端直肠动脉缺血导致的出血。此外,Arroyo等[21]认为吻合部位组织肉芽肿形成和痔块残留是患者术后出血的主要原因。吻合口周围组织水肿消退、吻合器钉松动脱落,干硬粪块摩擦创面,吻合器钉撕脱,吻合口开裂也易造成搏动性出血。因而术中击发并取出吻合器后,吻合创缘应仔细止血,并根据情况对痔动脉分布区用可吸收缝线行8字缝合预止血[8]。

2.肛门狭窄:文献报道发生率为0.8%~6%[29],一般在术后120至130天出现[30]。可能的原因是术中荷包缝合过深,不仅损伤直肠壁肌层,同时由于切除过多粘膜导致粘膜间连接明显减少,导致瘢痕修复造成慢性狭窄[29,31]。吻合口水肿及慢性炎症亦会导致愈合过程中疤痕组织过度增生造成吻合口狭窄[31]。

3.直肠阴道瘘:是PPH术后最严重的并发症之一,临床罕见,但常需包括局部修复、肌肉移位修补和开腹手术等外科处理[32]。荷包缝合过深导致直肠全层被切除以及闭和吻合器前,部分阴道后壁被牵拉到吻合器内使阴道壁损伤是该并发症的重要原因[33]。女性患者牵拉应避开直肠前壁,同时在关闭吻合器前应行阴道内诊,防止阴道壁全层进入钉仓。

4.慢性疼痛:这种情况很少有报道,发生率在1.6%到31%之间,Khubchandani等[34]的调查显示近半数的PPH研究认为存在PPH术后综合症,而其中最主要的是持续存在的疼痛,病因尚未明确,但可能与环形缝合过深损伤平滑肌有关[35-36],也有可能与疾病复发,括约肌痉挛,直肠痉挛,肛门静息压过高,缝线开裂,肛门直肠感染等有关[35,37-38]。手术时缝线应尽量远离齿状线以避免术后疼痛的发生[27]。

5.残留皮赘:一种原因是PPH本身技术原因,PPH吻合器切除组织容量有限,导致未切除部分在后期脱垂[39],由于PPH手术未切除伴随的肛门皮赘,会给患者造成一种再脱垂的假象[40]。有观点认为虽然切除后会在肛周皮肤造成损伤,但并不会明显增加患者术后的疼痛不适,因而建议予以切除[35,41-42]。

6.大便急迫感和里急后重:该并发症报道较多,但具体机理尚未明确,有研究认为PPH术后导致的直肠对膨胀性和容量阈值敏感度增高[31]。Cheetham等[43]人认为可能是由于术中损伤了直肠括约肌造成的。亦有观点认为PPH术后大便急迫感,肛门异物感和排便未尽感,肛门不适,与损伤内括约肌等无关,可能是钛合金的刺激和粘膜切除本身相关[35,44]。但也有报道称PPH未对精细排便产生消极影响反而有改善作用[45]。通过前瞻性的研究,Hong等[46]认为切除粘膜肌层的量会直接影响肛门直肠压力,因此外科医师在手术过程中应尽量减小对内括约肌的损伤,从而减少术后大便失禁等并发症。

7.严重感染:近年来相继报道了一些PPH术后包括感染在内的严重并发症,但是由于许多高水平的期刊并不愿意发表关于PPH术后严重感染方面的案例报道,并且许多荟萃分析经常将病例数少和非英文的文献排除在外,导致这方面的临床研究偏倚性较大,预防及治疗措施研究进展缓慢[47]。Faucheron等[47]认为将严重感染的原因分为4类,分别为直肠全层切除,吻合线延时裂开,吻合口出血和荷包缝合位置不当造成的直肠闭塞,并主张使用抗生素来预防。Andrew[48]则认为不能因为为数不多的感染案例报道就给众多的患者使用抗生素。

8.完全性直肠梗阻:PPH术后一种严重并发症,文献描述较少,与荷包缝合位置不当密切相关,特别是当患者存在无症状肠套叠时可能因吻合器会完全错误的放置于直肠腔内增加梗阻风险[49]。

其它严重并发症如气性坏疽、纵隔气肿、直肠穿孔、直肠壁内血肿等[50]严重的或者致命性并发症均已有报道。

三、PPH的改进

针对PPH术后一些并发症的发生及治疗Ⅳ度内痔效果不佳等不足,临床上对PPH做了许多改良并取得了较满意的效果。

1.针对肛门手术术野狭小不易操作的特点,一种称为HEEA的吻合器(EEA hemorrhoid and prolapse stapler set with DST series technology,HEEA)受到人们的关注[51],其主要原理是在原有器械结构基础上将吻合器与铁砧分离,使得放置吻合器前可以先放置铁砧,明显扩大视野,使术者在激发吻合器前能详细检查荷包缝合情况及评估缝线与铁砧之间的固定情况,可以直观准确的估计将要切除的粘膜体积,从而更好的避免因缝合过深而导致切除过多组织。Giuratrabocchetta等[52]通过对比HEEA与PPH后认为HEEA可切除较大的脱垂区粘膜从而降低复发风险。荷包缝合与齿状线的距离及缝合深度与PPH手术效果密切相关,因而Bozdag等[53]针对术中缝合时视野不佳的情况,提出采用特殊视频在肛门镜下行环形缝合肠粘膜,从而更好的进行手术操作。

2.针对大部分脱垂痔并非完全是环形的特点,Lin等[54]报道了选择性痔上粘膜切除术(tissue-selecting technique,TST)治疗部分脱垂内痔,其核心是通过旋转特制的带窗孔肛门镜将脱垂区粘膜分别置入对应孔中,窗孔间塑料桥则保护正常区粘膜,最终选择性切除脱垂区粘膜。相比于传统PPH环形切除,改进后的TST避免了切除过多正常区直肠粘膜,极大的减少了肛门狭窄和直肠阴道瘘等并发症[55]。对于体积较大的内痔,Caviglia等[56]报道了单吻合器降落伞吻合技术(single stapler parachute technique,SSPT),这种手术与PPH的主要区别是将以往PPH 6个不同方位的荷包缝合分别对称牵拉至两侧,最后实现对体积较大的痔进行不对称定点切除。针对常规PPH环形荷包缝合后会导致过多正常粘膜组织切除,Chen等[57]介绍了四点牵引法切除脱垂粘膜,从而保留正常粘膜的完整性,特别适用于体积较大的不对称内痔,临床试验取得了较满意的效果。

3.术后钉合处出血是PPH手术一项严重并发症,并可能带来危险后果。尤其是随着一日手术的发展和推广,如何更好的预防该并发症越来越引起临床医师的关注。Mari等[58]提出吻合器击发后,应使用可吸收缝线环形缝合加固钉合切口,降低术后出血风险,增加PPH手术安全性。

PPH作为一项新的技术治疗痔疾病,在国内外都取得了令人鼓舞的成绩,尤其是术中出血少,术后疼痛轻,住院时间短,及早返回工作,并发症少等优点使它现在成为治疗痔的一种安全有效的选择。但因为远期效果的临床试验数据不足和一些严重并发症如骨盆脓肿[59],直肠穿孔,纵膈心包积气,直肠周围脓肿,直肠穿孔和腹膜炎等制约其进一步发展。随着技术的进步和经验的积累,对PPH的不断改进取得了良好的效果,相信以后随着时间的延长,PPH定能日趋完善,造福更多的患者。

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(本文编辑:马天翼)

卫江鹏,刘刚.吻合器痔上粘膜环切术相关问题的临床研究进展[J/CD].中华结直肠疾病电子杂志,2015,4(1):67-70.

(收稿日期:2015-02-03)

通讯作者:刘刚,Email:landmark1503@sina.com

DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2015.01.16

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