快乐学语法 轻松找规律浅析如何应用总结归纳法有效学习虚拟语气
2015-01-21韩玉芳
韩玉芳
[摘 要](Abstract):高中英语新教材倡导转变学生的学习策略,由单纯模仿、被动接受的学习转变为运用观察、发现、推测、理解、记忆、对比、分析、联想、归纳、内化等学习策略。在新课程理念下,英语语法有效学习要求我们必须转变学习方法,学会自我观察,总结归纳,反思整个学习过程,提高学习效率。
[关键词]虚拟语气;语法教学;总结归纳;有效学习
虚拟语气指的是,所描述的动作或状态与客观事实相反,表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。该语法既是高中英语语法学习中的重点,又是一大难点,太多的规则使学生记起来困难,用起来容易出错,很多学生经常对它的用法感到困惑,理解不透。 因为在我们汉语中没有虚拟语气这一概念,所以当高中学生遇到这一语法点时,他们往往因为没有母语作为参照,在理解时存在或多或少的问题。作为一位中学英语教教师,如何帮助学生巧妙地突破这一难点,更有效地学习虚拟语气呢?
笔者认为归纳总结法,可引导学生更好地构建虚拟语气知识体系。学习虚拟语气时,我们可以从两种不同的角度,把它划分为四个类型:常态虚拟语气(if虚拟语气)、含蓄虚拟语气、混合式虚拟语气和各种特例虚拟语气。也可以概括总结为四个方面:即在名词性从句,形容词性从句,状语从句以及简单句中的应用。现在笔者从这两种不同的角度对该语法的应用进行逐一论述:
一、虚拟语气的四种类型
(一)三种常态或基本态虚拟语气:条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
(二)混合式虚拟语气
A. 时间错综句:虚拟条件句中的从句与主句或上下文所表达的时间不一致。在这种情况下,就不可能照搬某种形式,而应该按照句中所表述的时间选择相应的虚拟形式。如:
①If I were you, I would have gone to the theater yesterday.
②If you had studied harder, you would pass the exam.
③If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be all right now.
④If I were you, I would have taken his advice.
⑤If he were here now, he would go there with us.
B. 虚实错综句:即句子一半为虚拟,另一半为陈述语气;but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟)。 换句话说,条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间如果不一致,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整:
① She would have made progress in English last year, but she didnt study hard.
②He is thin and eats little, otherwise he would put on some weight.
(三)含蓄虚拟语气:含蓄虚拟语气是指没有if,但用介词短语或连词引出一个虚拟条件。如:
①But for your help, I couldnt have finished my homework in time.
②Without water, we would die.
Without knowledge, we would be foolish.
③With better equipment, we could have done it better.
With much money, we would help the poor in the world.
④Tom would get good grades, but he doesnt study hard.
⑤ He is kind, otherwise he wouldnt have lent the book that day.
⑥Einstein had little care for money, though he could have been a very rich man.
⑦ You might come to our class to learn English.(含if you liked to)
(四)各种特例虚拟语气
⊙should家族:在英语中表示一份(坚持)insist, 二道(命令)order, command, 三点建议suggest, propose, advise,和四项要求 demand, ask ,require, request 时,名词性从句中一般要用虚拟语气。其谓语动词的变化形式为should+v/v.
A.由上类动词派生的常见名词有:advice、decision、demand、desire、order、 preference、proposal、recommendation、requirement、suggestion等。
B.相关的形容词或过去分词有:advisable、 desired、desirable)、insistent、ordered、preferable、proposed、required、urgent等。 例如:
①I advise that we stay and wait here.(宾语从句)
②It is advised that we stay here.( 主语从句)
③It is advisable that we stay here.(主语从句)
④My advice is that we stay here.(表语从句)
⑤I offered the advice that we stay here.(同位语从句)
二、虚拟语气用在四个方面
(一)在名词性从句中的应用: 在四类名词性从句中,该类谓语动词用should +v/v的虚拟语气形式。
(二)虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
(三)虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
Its (high) time (that) we did our homework.
(四)虚拟语气在简单句中的使用
A. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
B. 在一些习惯表达中。例如: I would rather not tell you.
C.用“may + v”:May you be happy!
三、归纳虚拟标志,巧学虚拟语气
虚拟语气常常是由一些具有虚拟含义的词、短语或句子构成,它们可以变成是虚拟语气的标志,寻找句子中的虚拟标志,可以巧学虚拟语气。现将常见的虚拟标志总结如下:
以非真实if条件状语从句为虚拟语气标志
以even if/even though为虚拟标志
以as if/as though为虚拟标志的表语从句或方式状语从句
以wish引导的宾语从句为虚拟标志
以表示建议、坚持、命令和请求的四种名词性从句为虚拟标志
以or/otherwise, without, with, but for为含蓄虚拟标志
以It is (high) time that…句型为虚拟标志
以It is +adj/p.p/ that主语从句为虚拟标志
以if only…句型为虚拟标志
总之,语法是语言学习的一种总结,需要探究其规律。虚拟语气的学习要在理解的基础上,进行大量的练习,从而引导学生总结归纳,构建语法规则。