早孕期联合筛查标记物的临床价值
2015-01-21李玮璟
李玮璟
(暨南大学第一附属医院胎儿医学科,广州 510630)
早孕期联合筛查标记物的临床价值
李玮璟
(暨南大学第一附属医院胎儿医学科,广州 510630)
随着医学和超声技术的进步,早孕期筛查已被国际公认为合理有效的染色体异常和早期胎儿结构异常的有效筛查方法。随着早孕期筛查技术的逐步完善,越来越多的早孕期筛查标记物被发现和广泛应用。“倒金字塔”[1]的概念被逐渐应用于临床并取得较好的临床效果。
l 早孕期联合筛查标记物与染色体异常
20世纪90年代初研究发现,唐氏儿早孕期颈后皮肤透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)较正常胎儿增厚,NT作为筛查唐氏有效标记(筛查率71%)被引起重视[2]。进一步研究发现21、18、13三体妊娠NT厚度分别为3 mm、4 mm、5 mm和>6 mm时,筛出率分别是以母亲年龄为指征的3倍、18倍、28倍和36倍。45,XO和三倍体筛出率分别是9倍和8倍[3]。同时研究发现唐氏综合征妊娠母亲血清HCG升高、 PA P P-A降低[4-6]。1995年一项RADIUS研究[7]发现没有经过NT测量培训的人员和没有系统严格审核会导致错误结论进而导致健康胎儿被无辜引产。因此,慈善机构英国胎儿医学基金会(Fetal Medicine Foundation,FMF)经过长时间努力,逐步建立了完善可行的早孕期联合筛查(母亲血清学+母亲年龄+NT)培训体系以对这种有效的筛查方法提供支持和审核。FMF提供免费早孕期联合筛查培训课程,并对通过理论和实践操作考试人员颁发证书并开发早孕期联合筛查风险计算软件提供给筛查人员用于计算早孕期21、18、13三体风险值。筛查风险计算软件的提供使得计算染色体异常风险时可以把不同的影响因素综合加以分析并得以量化,最大的益处在于高风险人群如母亲高龄或NT增大等单因素经过风险筛查软件的计算仍有可能回归低风险人群进而显著降低侵入性检查率或经过进一步检查而诊断为正常胎儿被保留下来,避免由于这些单因素如NT增大而被主观判定高风险终止妊娠案例的发生。经过培训的人员NT+母亲年龄筛查染色体异常筛出率为85%,假阳性5%。因此早孕期11~13+6周联合筛查即母亲年龄+胎儿NT+母亲血清学(HCG+ PA P P-A),以其相对准确的筛出率(89%,假阳性率5%)[8,9]而被全世界接受并作为唐氏综合征筛查标准加以使用,而20世纪80年代广泛使用的中孕期母亲血清学筛查方法逐步转变为孕妇错失早孕期联合筛查后的补充。随后,鼻骨缺如、三尖瓣反流、脐静脉导管血流阻力等超声标记物因其对染色体异常筛查特异性也被用于早孕期联合筛查以提高三体的筛出率,其对唐氏筛查特异性分别为57.1%、65.1%和66.4%[10-12]。这些标记物与联合筛查结合把唐氏综合征筛出率提高到93.8%,假阳性率4.84%[13]。最近更有研究表明[14,15],NT是筛查21、18、13三体和45,XO最敏感的标记物,而NB和TR是三体筛查最特异性的标记物但敏感性不高。如果不考虑母亲血清学因素影响,NT+TR是最敏感的三体双连超声标记物(78.57%)。丹麦全国范围一项研究[16]表明,应用FMF指定的早孕期风险筛查软件Astraia对357 675次妊娠进行8~13+6周早孕期联合筛查并计算风险,发现NT+ PA P P-A可以筛出更多比较少见的染色体三体异常和染色体嵌合体异常,如9、8三体。这项研究证明早孕期联合筛查方法可以提前至妊娠8周,进而可以检出更多即将流产的染色体三体异常胎儿。这对于那些不明原因流产病例病因的检查无疑是一大进步[16,17]。
2 早孕期联合筛查标记物与多胎妊娠
过去30年生育年龄提高和辅助生育技术广泛应用直接导致染色体异常、高风险多胎妊娠数量增加。与单胎妊娠相比,多胎妊娠产前诊断相对困难。首先,中孕期母亲血清学筛查方法不适用于多胎妊娠[18];其次,侵入性产前诊断结果有时不确定或者导致流产风险增高;第三,双胎之一生长发育异常导致后续管理和治疗困难增加,比如减胎。众所周知,双胎妊娠16周后减胎风险明显高于16周前[19]。因此,早孕期联合筛查成为最适用的多胎妊娠产前染色体异常甚至是结构异常的主要方法,同时应用FMF提供的风险计算软件可分别计算每个胎儿风险值,如果风险高于1/50,则应进行绒毛穿刺确定核型,否则可以等待至16周后进行羊水穿刺明确核型[20]。随着对复杂双胎妊娠研究[21-23]深入,单绒双胎NT差异>0.6 mm、头臀径长度差别>10 mm以及DV PIV差别成为预测双胎输血综合征和选择性宫内生长受限的敏感有效的超声软指标。
3 早孕期联合筛查标记物与胎儿结构畸形
NT增大与胎儿心脏畸形密切相关理论早在1999年就被研究证实[24]。随着早孕期扫描培训规范化和审核标准严格化和程序化,经过培训的人员对早孕期心脏扫描成功率逐步提高,早孕期心脏畸形筛出率也逐步提高[25],如果以NT、DV和TR为胎儿心脏畸形标记物,当NT超过3.5 mm或DV a波倒置或TR时,心脏畸形检出率分别是42.9%、39.2%和28.6%。约64.3%心脏畸形病例存在三项标记物中任意一项以上,提示3项标记物筛查先天性心脏病有很高的敏感性和特异性[25、26]。除NT、TR、DV等心脏畸形标记物外,早孕期观察胎儿鼻后三角(retronasal triangle,RNT)可以筛查胎儿腭裂[27],RNT筛查胎儿腭裂敏感性为87.5%,特异性99.9%。早孕期胎儿颅内透明层(intracranial translucency,IT)筛查可以提高开放性脊柱裂筛出率[28]。一项包含16 164例胎儿数据研究表明,早孕期以IT为标记物筛查开放性脊柱裂检出率为100%[29]。其他以NT增大等超声标记物对早孕期胎儿结构畸形筛查研究也在不断揭示早孕期联合筛查的重要性。如NT值大于95百分点时,先天性脑积水、肺发育不良、小肠狭窄或闭锁、软骨发育不良以及膈疝发生率增加3倍以上[30]。系列研究表明,以NT为主的早孕期超声标记物筛查不仅是染色体异常筛查重要和主要手段,也是胎儿结构异常筛查重要标记物,同时早孕期诊断胎儿结构异常有助于发现染色体结构异常[31]。一项对过去10年发表的与早孕期胎儿畸形筛查相关的1203篇文章回顾性综合分析研究总结[32]发现78 002次早孕期筛查,957例胎儿畸形早孕期诊断472例,诊断率51%。检出率最高为颈部异常92%,肢体、面部和泌尿生殖道畸形检出率最低(34%),心脏畸形检出率为53%。多发畸形检出率(60%)特异性高于单发畸形检出率(40%),阴道和腹部超声联合检查优于单纯经腹或经阴道检查,高危人群检出率明显高于正常人群。
综上所述,NT等早孕期联合筛查标记物是染色体异常、胎儿结构异常、基因综合征以及流产和胎死宫内高风险的主要标记物。发现这些标记物后,孕妇应被转送至胎儿医学专科并应用风险评估软件进行详细风险评估和咨询,进行进一步关于核型和微阵列aCGH检测,进行详细的针对胎儿心脏和与标记物相关的结构异常的早孕期和中孕期筛查。对于后续检查未发现异常的标记物阳性的胎儿预后是非常乐观的[33]。但是尽管随着早孕期标记物逐渐被认识和超声机器分辨率提高,超过50%的胎儿畸形可以在14周前诊断。但早孕期筛查胎儿结构假阳性率较高(3%~4%)[34],尤其对于心脏畸形胎儿,应在15周后进行复查。同时应告知孕妇胎儿结构异常可能继续加重但也可能随着妊娠而出现改善。因此,无论高危还是低危孕妇,都应进行规范的早孕期联合筛查和详细的胎儿结构扫查,尤其对于肥胖妇女,中孕期或多胎妊娠时难以清楚观察胎儿,而早孕期经腹和经阴道联合检查是观察此类孕妇胎儿结构的最佳时期和方法。
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R714.53
A
2015-04-12)
编辑:孙琦
10.13470/j.cnki.cjpd.2015.02.002