红激光与等离子经尿道前列腺剜除术治疗大体积良性前列腺增生的疗效及安全性比较
2015-01-05黄盛松吴登龙卞崔冬桂亚平王天如罗华荣张琪敏李军亮刘昭辉哲同济大学附属同济医院泌尿外科上海200065
吴 刚,黄盛松,吴登龙,卞崔冬,袁 涛,桂亚平,李 超,王天如,罗华荣,刘 博,张琪敏,李军亮,刘昭辉,洪 哲同济大学附属同济医院泌尿外科,上海 200065
·论 著·
红激光与等离子经尿道前列腺剜除术治疗大体积良性前列腺增生的疗效及安全性比较
吴 刚,黄盛松,吴登龙,卞崔冬,袁 涛,桂亚平,李 超,王天如,罗华荣,刘 博,张琪敏,李军亮,刘昭辉,洪 哲
同济大学附属同济医院泌尿外科,上海 200065
目的比较经尿道前列腺红激光剜除术(diode laser enucleation of the prostate,DiLEP)和经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术(bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate,PKEP)治疗大体积良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年6月到2014年1月收治的70例大体积BPH患者,分别采用等离子或红激光行经尿道前列腺剜除术。比较两组手术时间、血红蛋白值下降值、手术前后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、残尿量(PVR)、最大尿流率(Qmax)。结果两组手术均获成功;术后随访12个月,两组IPSS、Qmax、生活质量评分(QoL)无差异。DiLEP组术后血红蛋白下降值、膀胱灌注时间、留置尿管时间及住院时间均显著低于PKEP组。两组手术时间[(123.5±27.2)min vs.(102.7±20.4)min]、切除组织重量[(64.7±16.8)g vs.(61.2±20.5)g]、术后血红蛋白下降值[(0.92±0.43)g/dl vs.(1.24±0.55)g/dl]、膀胱灌注时间[(28.9±14)h vs.(38.5±16.6)h]、导尿管留置时间[(2.6±1.8)d vs.(3.8±2.3)d]和住院时间[(4.84±1.8)d vs.(6.2±2.3)d]比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);刺激症状、逆行射精亦有差异(P<0.05);但尿潴留、输血、压力性尿失禁发生率无差别;且术后均未发生经尿道电切综合征。PKEP组1例因术后出血给予输血治疗。结论与PKEP相比,DiLEP治疗大体积BPH出血风险更小,膀胱灌注、留置尿管及住院时间更短,具有良好的疗效及安全性。
前列腺增生;经尿道手术;红激光剜除;等离子剜除
前列腺增生(BPH)是老年男性常见疾病,约40%的50岁以上男性会出现临床症状。目前全球有超过1 500万BPH患者[1]。BPH的治疗包括等待观察、药物治疗、微创治疗及开放手术等。患者常在手术治疗前会尝试药物治疗。因此,越来越多的患者发展为大体积前列腺增生[2]。Bhansali等[3]的研究显示,近30%的BPH患者的前列腺超过60 g。根据美国及欧洲泌尿外科协会指南,经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)仍是治疗BPH的金标准。但TURP容易出现易出血、包膜穿孔、尿失禁等并发症,其并发症发生率约为15%。随着技术的进步,目前等离子在治疗大体积BPH方面应用越来越广,被认为可能是新一代治疗大体积BPH的金标准[4-6]。而自2007年红激光被美国FDA批准以来,其因切割及止血效果好等优势在微创治疗BPH方面也广泛应用。为研究红激光在治疗大体积BPH的效果,本研究回顾性地分析比较经尿道前列腺红激光剜除术(DiELP)和经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术(PKEP)治疗大体积BPH(>80 g)患者共70例,并进行了术后一年的随访,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
本组患者70例,其中实施DiLEP术35例,实施PKEP术35例。所有患者均有明显的下尿路梗阻症状,经直肠超声示前列腺体积>80 ml,服用α受体阻滞剂及5 α还原酶抑制剂>6个月治疗无效,并结合患者病史、影像学及尿动力学检查结果等,均有明确的手术指征。两组患者术前的各项资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
1.2 手术方法
手术均采用全麻,患者取截石位。冲洗液为生理盐水。术前2日静脉滴注抗生素预防感染。DiLEP组使用德国进口红激光。使用连续切割模式,功率设置为120 W用于电切,60 W用于凝血。首先确认膀胱颈、精阜及输尿管开口位置。如果术中见前列腺中叶增生明显,那么先从中叶开始,再大弧形切除两侧叶,最后将切碎的组织推入膀胱。如果增生主要位于两侧叶,那么先从膀胱颈的1点及11点两个位置开始各切一个槽;侧叶通过前列腺尖朝着膀胱颈,弧形切除。PKEP的步骤与之前文献描述类似[2-3]。剜除手术结束后,留置22 Fr或24 Fr三腔导尿管,连接生理盐水灌注。术后尿色偏红者给予膀胱冲洗至尿色清亮。
1.3 观察指标
评价的指标包括术前指标、术中及术后指标两部分。术前指标包括:年龄、前列腺体积、残余尿、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)评分以及急性尿潴留发生率。血红蛋白分别在术前一天及术后立即进行。术中及术后指标包括:手术时间、带管时间、住院时间、切除腺体体积、出血量;其中,IPSS、Qmax、PVR以及患者生活质量(QoL)等在术前及术后3、6及12个月均进行监测。另外两组的并发症如出血、输血、穿孔、刺激症状、逆行射精、压力性尿失禁及尿道狭窄等记录并比较。
1.4 统计学分析
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料采用Fisher确切概率法。P<0.05有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 基线指标比较
PKEP和DiLEP两组的年龄、前列腺体积、术前IPSS、QoL、PSA、残尿量、Qmax、尿滁留(Acute urinary Retention,AUR)等基线指标无统计学差异。
2.2 围手术期情况比较
DiLEP组与PKEP组相比手术时间长,血红蛋白下降少、膀胱灌注时间、留置尿管时间及住院时间等少(P<0.05);但切除前列腺组织体积则无差异,见表1。
表1 DiLEP组和PKEP组围手术期情况比较()Tab.1 Comparison of the perioperation period data between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
表1 DiLEP组和PKEP组围手术期情况比较()Tab.1 Comparison of the perioperation period data between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
注:DiLEP为经尿道前列腺红激光剜除术;PKEP为经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术
项目手术时间(min)粉碎器时间(min)血红蛋白下降(g/dl)切除前列腺重量(g)膀胱灌注时间(h)膀胱置管时间(d)住院时间(d) PKEP 102.7±20.4 / 1.2±0.6 61.2±20.5 38.5±16.6 3.8±2.3 6.2±2.3 DiLEP 123.5±27.2 32.3±7.6 0.9±0.4 64.7±16.8 28.9±14 2.6±1.8 4.84±1.8 Pvalue<0.001 0.008 0.440 0.010 0.020 0.006
2.3 手术疗效比较
DiLEP组、PKEP组患者手术前后症状改善不明显,但各组内术前、术后各项临床指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
表2 DiLEP组和PKEP组手术疗效比较()Tab.2 Comparison of the operation effects between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
表2 DiLEP组和PKEP组手术疗效比较()Tab.2 Comparison of the operation effects between DiLEP group and PKEP group()
注:DiLEP为经尿道前列腺红激光剜除术;PKEP为经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术;PSA为前列腺特异性抗原;IPSS为国际前列腺症状评分;QoL为生活质量评分;Qmax为最大尿流率
IPSS PKEP DiLEP P值Qmax(ml/s) PKEP DiLEP P值残余尿(ml) PKEP DiLEP P值QoL PKEP DiLEP P值前列腺体积(ml) PKEP DiLEP P值术前23.5±6.5 21.7±4.8 0.19 6.3±4.5 5.2±3.7 0.26 127.5±57.6 112.3±52.8 0.25 4.9±1.1 4.8±0.9 0.67 108.6±22.7 112.4±26.3 0.52术后3个月7.2±4.3 7.0±3.8 0.82 17.4±7.3 18.6±6.6 0.47 22.5±19.2 21.6±17.4 0.84 1.6±1.0 1.8±1.2 0.45---术后6个月5.4±3.6 4.8±3.3 0.47 18.5±8.2 19.8±9.3 0.54 23.7±18.7 22.4±15.6 0.75 1.4±0.8 1.6±1.1 0.39---术后12个月4.2±3.2 3.5±2.6 0.32 17.0±6.7 18.2±6.3 0.45 24.2±20.9 23.4±16.3 0.86 1.2±0.9 1.3±1.1 0.68 48.5±33.7 44.6±31.2 0.62
2.4 术后并发症比较
刺激症状、逆行射精发生率在DiLEP组少于PKEP组;尿失禁、尿道狭窄发生率两组无差异。两组均无发生电切综合征(TURS)。PKEP组有2例出现二次出血,1例需输血。DiLEP组无需输血,见表3。
表3 DiLEP组和PKEP组并发症比较Tab.3 Comparison of complications between DiLEP group and PKEP group
3 讨论
对于大体积的BPH,开放手术被认为是金标准[7]。但开放手术有许多并发症,包括出血多、手术时间长等,且术后恢复较慢。随着技术的进步,等离子及钬激光被越来越多地用于治疗大体积BPH,且目前效果较好。而钬激光由于学习曲线长等原因,故一些研究者认为等离子更可能成为新一代的治疗大体积BPH的金标准[3,8,9]。
等离子是治疗BPH在电切环上增加了一个中位电极,使高频电流经介质(生理盐水)与工作电极产生回路,在工作电极电切环上产生等离子体,这种高能量等离子体可打断前列腺组织内有机分子键,从而使前列腺组织破碎、气化,深层组织产生2~3 mm蛋白凝固层以止血,达到治疗作用。因在手术时用生理盐水冲洗,大大降低前列腺电切综合征(TURS)发生,提高了手术安全性,允许延长手术时间从而达到最佳治疗效果[10]。Xu等[11]在比较了DiLEP、PKEP治疗BPH效果后发现,DiLEP出血更少,膀胱灌注及置管时间更短。Chen等[12]报道红激光与TURP结合治疗大体积BPH效果优于单用TURP术。红激光可被组织中的水及血红蛋白同时吸收,具有最佳的组织切割及止血效果;可在组织高效汽化切割的同时将血管凝闭,因此出血很少,保障了手术视野的清晰;因无液体吸收问题,其穿透深度浅,无碳化,术后组织水肿少[11-13]。
本研究结果两组并发症发生率相近,部分患者术后发生的短暂性压力性尿失禁均可在术后6个月通过提肛训练恢复正常排尿。我们认为,压力性尿失禁的发生主要与前列腺尖部组织切除的彻底性和手术操作相关。在刺激症状及逆行射精方面,DiLEP组优于PKEP组,与Leonardi及Xu报道类似[11,14]。这可能与红激光组织穿透浅,可在射精管、前列腺尖部准确操作有关。
DiLEP和PKEP治疗大体积BPH均疗效显著,但DiLEP出血风险更小、膀胱冲洗、留置尿管和住院时间更短。本研究认为,DiLEP是一种安全有效的治疗大体积BPH方法。但因样本量小,随访时间短,且是回顾性,故仍需作大样本、前瞻性比较研究来证实其疗效。
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Comparative study of the safety and efficacy between diode laser enucleation and bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation for large volume prostates
WU Gang,HUANG Shengsong,WU Denglong,BIAN Cuidong,YUAN Tao,GUI Yaping,LI Chao,WANG Tianru,LUO Huarong,LIU Bo,ZHANG Qimin,LI Junliang,LIU Zhaohui,HONG Zhe
Department of Urology,Tongji Hospital,Tongji University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200065,China
ObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficiency of diode laser enucleation with that of bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation for the treatment of large volume prostate(>80 ml).MethodsFrom June 2012 to January 2014,Atotal of 70 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with large volume prostate were included in our study.Of them,35 patientswere treated with diode laserenucleation ofthe prostate(DiLEP).No significantdifferenceswere observed in the pre-operative data.All patients were preoperatively assessed and evaluated at months 3,6,and 12.Perioperative data and postoperative outcomes were compared.Immediate and late complications were also assessed.ResultsBoth groups displayed significant improvements in international prostate symptom score,the quality of life,and the maximum flowrate 12 month after surgery.However,we identified there was no significant differences between the two groups in the follow-up data(P>0.05).Patients treated with diode laser showed a lower risk of blood loss[(0.92± 0.43)g/dl vs.(1.24±0.55)g/dl],as well as shorterbladder irrigation[(28.9±14)h vs.(38.5±16.6)h]and catheterization times[(2.6±1.8)d vs.(3.8±2.3)d].A larger amount of prostate tissue was retrieved in the DiLEP group,but the operation time of the diode laser group was longer than that of the bipolar plasmakinetic enucleation group[(123.5±27.2)min vs.(102.7±20.4)min].There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative urinary retention,blood transfusion,reoperation and incidence of stress urinary incontinence(P>0.05).However,the diode laser group was significantly superior to bipolar plasmakinetic group in terms of the irritative symptoms and ejaculatory function in the postoperative period.ConclusionsDiLEP provides more widely application range,less risk of haemorrhage,reduced bladder irrigation and catheter indwelling duration as well as reduced hospital stay.Diode laser enucleation of the prostate is a safe and effective method for the transurethral management of prostates larger than 80 ml.
Benignprostatichyperplasia;Transurethralsurgery;Plasmakineticenucleation;Diodelaserenucleation
R699.8
A
2095-378X(2015)02-0071-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-378X.2015.02.001
国家自然科学基金(81172426);上海市教委创新重点项目(12ZZ034)
吴刚(1985—),男,江西人,博士研究生,研究前列腺疾病及下尿路神经调控
吴登龙,电子信箱:wudenglong2013@126.com