浅析英语中的直接引语如何转化成间接引语

任丽霞

我们知道，英语语法中讲到的许多语言点，与我们接触的母语，有着很多相似之处。虽有相似点，但在教学中还是发现有部分同学不能很好地理解和运用直接引语和间接引语的转化。所以，现就这一语法，与大家一起分享我的教法。

首先我们要知道，什么是直接引语和间接引语。直接引述别人的原话，就是直接引语，一般情况下，直接引语前后都要加引号。用自己的话来转述别人的话，就是间接引语，间接引语不需要加引号，在多数情况下，转化后的间接引语就是一个宾语从句。那么，什么样的句子可以作直接引语呢？我们根据说话人的语气，可分为陈述句，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句和祈使句这四类句子作直接引语。下面我们就分别看看每一类句子如何变成间接引语。

一、含陈述句的直接引语变间接引语

我们先看几个例子：

例1：Mr.Black said，“I am very busy now.”

Mr.Black said that he was very busy then.

例2：He said，“I will finish the work tomorrow.”

He said that he would finish the work the next day.

例3：Our teacher said， “Light travels faster than sound.”

Our teacher said that light travels faster than sound.

从上面的例子我们可以看出，转化后的间接引语与原句有着明显的区别，从标点符号、时态、人称等方面看，我们可总结为：去掉引号加that；人称变化要灵活（一主 二宾 三不变），宾语若是不存在，活用代词I， my， me（we， our ，us）；时态向后退一步，状语变化背表格。在直接引语中的某些状语变为间接引语时，课本上专门有一个变化表格。初学此语法时，需要查看表格，以后需要背下来。如果直接引语中所讲的是客观真理，变成间接引语后不需要改变时态，仍然用一般现在时，如上例3。

二、含一般疑问句的直接引语变间接引语

例1： He asked me， “Did you see the film yesterday？”

He asked me if/whether I had seen the film the day before.

例2： She said to me， “Will you go to the park with me tomorrow？”

She asked me if/whether I would go to the park with her the next day.

例3： He asked me， “Do you like this old man？”

He asked me if/whether I liked that old man.

例4： He asked ， “ Have you been to Hong Kong？”

He asked me if/whether I had been to Hong Kong.

例5：He asked us， “Are you having a meeting now？”

He asked us if/whether we were having a meeting then.

例6：He asked ， “Can they finish the work soon？”

He asked if/whether they could finish the work soon.

从以上的例子中不难看出，疑问句的语序要变成陈述语序，句末用句号。如果直接引语里用了said（said to）要变成asked。间接引语要用whether或if引导。我们可把变化规律总结为：去掉引号加if（whether）；陈述语序要牢记；时态人称和状语，小心变化别马虎。

三、含特殊疑问句的直接引语变间接引语

把一个特殊疑问句变成间接引语时，原句中的疑问词用作宾语从句的连接词。变化规则如下：直接去引号，陈述莫忘掉；小心助动词，丢它最重要。

例1： He asked me ， “when are you going to the Summer Palace？”

He asked me when I was going to the Summer Palace.

例2：My mother asked me， “what are you doing now？”

My mother asked me what I was doing then.

例3： The teacher asked me， “what does your mother do？”

The teacher asked me what my mother did.

四、含祈使句的直接引语变间接引语

如果直接引语的主句是said或said to，变成间接引语时要用asked，told，ordered。祈使句中如有please，变成间接引语时要去掉。祈使句是肯定句时，前面要加to再加动词原形，即动词不定式。祈使句若是否定句时，在不定式的前面加上not。需要注意的是，前面的三种句式变成间接引语后就是宾语从句，而含祈使句的直接引语变成间接引语后，是个简单句。变化规则可总结为：去掉引号要加to（肯定形式）；ask，order要记住；直引若是否定式，not加在to前面。

例1：The teacher said to him， “ please give me the book.”

The teacher asked him to give her that book.

例2： The teacher said to us， “please look at the blackboard.”

The teacher asked us to look at that blackboard.

例3： She told me ， “please speak a little louder.”

She told me to speak a litle louder.

例4： He said to me， “please have a rest.”

He told me to have a rest.

例5： His mother said to him， “Dont play in the street.”

His mother asked him not to play in the street.

具体用ask还是 order，可根据说话者的语气而定，用的结构就是ask/order/tell sb.（not） to do sth.让/命令/告诉某人（不要）做某事。

以上四点就是直接引语如何转化成间接引语，也可根据说话者的语气，在转述别人的话时稍做改动，但只要不影响交流，也是允许的。学会了直接引语与间接引语的转化，可加深学生对于宾语从句的理解。那么反之，如果给出间接引语，要求转化成直接引语，也可参照以上几点来变。

（责编 金 东）