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复杂应力构件多荷载工况下的配筋优化

2014-10-27张鹄志刘霞易伟建刘翔

湖南大学学报·自然科学版 2014年9期

张鹄志 刘霞 易伟建 刘翔

摘要:遗传演化结构优化算法自提出以来,研究主要针对单荷载工况的情形,研究成果对于指导实际工程设计存在缺陷.为了满足工程应用的需求,本文以ANSYS有限元软件的非线性分析为平台,选用solid65单元和link10单元分别模拟混凝土单元和钢筋单元,将分离式模型遗传演化结构优化推广到复杂应力构件多荷载工况下的配筋优化.通过选用开洞深梁和开洞剪力墙作为数值算例以验证,分离式模型遗传演化结构优化可以综合考虑多个荷载工况的影响,减少人为因素的干扰,直观地计算出钢筋配置方案,很好地完成复杂应力构件在多荷载工况下的配筋优化设计,所得的结果符合受力机理,且不会使钢筋过度集中,还因为提高了钢筋的利用效率,所以相比弹性应力设计方法节省了用钢量.

关键词:配筋优化;分离式模型;遗传演化结构优化;多荷载工况;复杂应力构件

中图分类号:TU311.41 文献标识码:A

Abstract:The genetic evolutionary structural optimization (GESO) is used for single loading case study, but it still needs to be improved in practical engineering. In this paper, Separated elements model GESO was used to design reinforcement layout of the reinforced concrete (RC) members under complex elements stress states and multiple loading cases in order to fulfill the needs of engineering application. Separated elements model GESO involves the nonlinear analysis of ANSYS finite element software as a platform, in which solid65 element is chosen as the concrete element, while link10 element is regarded as the reinforcement element herein. Separated elements model GESO is further verified by considering deep beams and shear walls with openings as the numerical examples. The reinforcement layout of RC members under complex stress states can be optimized under multiple loading cases including loading combination. The influence of subjective factors has been dramatically reduced with intuitive reinforcement layout results, which are in accordance with the stress mechanism and will not lead to centralized reinforcement layout. The application of separated elements model GESO can save steel consumption by comparing with elastic stress design method, since the utilization efficiency of reinforcements is also improved.

Key words: reinforcement layout optimization; separated elements model; genetic evolutionary structural optimization; multiple loading cases; members under complex stress state

钢筋混凝土复杂应力构件(例如深梁、剪力墙、框架节点、加载点、支座等)由于不连续或加载等因素导致应力分布较为紊乱,经典的平截面假定不再适用.这类构件的配筋设计,我国的《混凝土结构设计规范》一直推荐经验或半经验的设计方法,可操作性较强,但对复杂应力构件的传力机理描述还不够成熟,近年修订的《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2010)\[1\]建议了基于弹性应力分析的应力设计方法,概念性强,操作较困难.

拉压杆模型是分析复杂应力构件的常用方法,不少学者运用拉压杆模型针对复杂应力构件展开了一系列的研究\[2-3\],但是他们获取拉压杆模型的方法各不相同,很少采用优化方法.通过对拓扑结构优化方法\[4-5\]的研究发现,优化方法可成为构造拉压杆模型的手段,特别是渐进结构优化方法\[6-7\],它能够计算出相对较优的拉压杆模型.为提高算法的寻优能力,易伟建等\[8\]提出遗传演化结构优化(GESO)方法.运用GESO算法,刘霞等\[9\]计算了开洞深梁的拉压杆模型,对相应的优化参数展开了讨论,与其它的优化方法进行了对比\[10-11\],再通过Michell准则从理论上对其优化拓扑进行分析\[12\],采用试验对该方法的准确性进行了验证\[13\].但这些研究在有限元分析时都将钢筋和混凝土视为复合材料,抗拉和抗压均具备一定的能力,这显然与真实情况相悖,而且在文献\[13\]的试验中,复杂应力构件的破坏形态与拉压杆模型的预期有一定差别,并非拉杆、压杆的失效或节点的破坏,这些都说明拉压杆模型方法存在局限性.分离式模型GESO\[14\]的提出一定程度上弥补了这些缺陷,但之前的研究仅针对单个荷载工况,基于此,本文将发挥GESO的优势,采用分离式模型进行开洞深梁和开洞剪力墙在多荷载工况下的配筋拓扑优化.

1多荷载工况下的分离式模型GESO

结构在日常工作中常处于恒荷载和活荷载的组合工况之下,如果考虑气候条件、地震灾害等其他因素的影响,风荷载、雪荷载和地震荷载等也不可忽视,它们一般形成两到三个效应组合,如永久荷载效应控制的基本组合,可变荷载效应控制的基本组合,地震作用下的效应组合等.单荷载工况的模拟是优化算法研究的基础,能够说明GESO的可行性和稳定性,但终究与设计应用还有一段距离,将其推广到多荷载工况才能符合工程实际,所以多荷载工况下的配筋优化是一个值得研究的问题.

分离式模型GESO将混凝土与钢筋单元分离式建模,使优化有目的性地针对钢筋.多荷载工况下的分离式模型GESO的流程图见图1.

5结论和建议

本文以分离式模型GESO为思路,以复杂应力构件的多荷载工况为背景,对钢筋混凝土复杂应力构件进行了配筋优化研究,得出了以下结论:

1)分离式模型GESO可以进行复杂应力构件在多荷载工况下的配筋优化,能综合考虑各个荷载工况的影响,直观地计算出钢筋配置方案,减少人为因素的干扰,具有良好的操作性;

2)与拉压杆模型相比,分离式模型GESO不会使钢筋过度集中,与经验方法相比,钢筋的配置又更符合力学概念;

3)配置斜钢筋更符合复杂应力构件的受力机理,提高了钢筋的利用效率;

4)较之弹性应力方法,多工况分离式模型GESO方法更节省用钢量.

由前面的研究可知,钢筋配筋方案中存在部分斜向钢筋,不利于构件的施工,说明算法还需进一步改进以增加计算结果的工程实用性.另外,随着工况的增加和构件的加大,计算效率将成为另一个问题,这些都需要在后续研究中深入探讨.

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\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.

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\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.