番荔枝科生物碱类成分及其生物活性研究进展
2014-10-25李宝才
张 敉,李宝才
昆明理工大学生命科学与技术学院,昆明 650500
番荔枝科(Annonaceae)属双子叶植物纲木兰亚纲,是木兰目(Magnoliales)中最大的一个科。全球约120余属,2100种植物,广泛分布于世界热带、亚热带地区,以东半球为多。我国产24属,103个种,6个变种,主要分布于西南部至台湾地区,大部份产于华南,少数分布于华东[1]。
对于番荔枝科的化学成分和活性研究始于上个世纪六十年代。国内外学者先后从该科植物中发现了多种类型的化学成分,如生物碱类[2]、萜类[3]、黄酮类[4]、聚酯类[5]等[6]。其中,生物碱类成分广泛分布于番荔枝科各属植物中,是迄今为止该科中研究最多的一大类成分。其结构多样,生物活性广泛,特别是抗肿瘤、抗寄生虫方面显示出了良好的活性,颇具研究价值。本文现对番荔枝科植物中生物碱类成分的结构类型和生物活性的研究进展进行综述,以期为该科植物中该类成分的开发利用提供参考。
1 生物碱类成分
目前,从番荔枝科已有研究报道的各属植物中,按照生物碱结构类型分类,得到最多的是阿朴啡类,其次为异喹啉类,另外还有原小檗碱类、马兜铃内酰胺类、吲哚类、氮杂芴酮类、氮杂啡类、嘌呤类等。
1.1 阿朴啡类生物碱(Aporphine)
该类生物碱主要分布于番荔枝属、瓜馥木属和鹰爪花属,结构类型有一般阿朴啡类(Aporphin),如1、2、3 等,氧化阿朴啡类(Oxoaporphin),如 8、10、23,双阿朴啡类 (Bisaporphin),如29、30、31 等。
1.2 马兜铃内酰胺类生物碱(Aristolactam)
该类生物碱主要分布于瓜馥木属。迄今为止,主要从番荔枝科4个属中分离得到16个该类生物碱。
1.3 原小檗碱类生物碱(Protoberberinium)
该类生物碱主要分布于番荔枝属和瓜馥木属。迄今为止,主要从番荔枝科7个属中分离得到16个该类生物碱。
1.4 异喹啉类生物碱(Isoquinoline)
目前,研究报道该类生物碱主要分布于番荔枝属和木瓣树属,共分离得到15个该类生物碱,分别为番荔枝属(Annona)的(+)-O-methylarmepavine(polysignine, 109)[9,67,47]、 N-methylcorydaldine(110)[9]、(+)-anomuricine(111)[9]、N-methyl-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolone(112)[9,67]、6,7-dimethoxy-2-methylisoquinolinium (113 )[9]、 Thalifoline(114)[12]、Promucosine(115)[13]、Annocherine A
(116)[14]、Annocherine B(117)[14]和 Cherianoine(118)[14];暗罗属(Polyalthia)的 Methoxypolysignine(119)[47];以及木瓣树属(Xylopia)的 Parvinine(120)[25]、Xylopinidine(121)[46]、N,N-dimethylanomurine(122)[46]和 N-methylphoebine(123)[46]。
表1 阿朴啡类生物碱及其来源植物Table 1 Aporphine alkaloids and their biological sources
39 (-)-N-methylguattescidine Fissistigma latifolium 20 40 (-)-asimilobine Fissistigma latifolium 20 41 (-)-anonaine Fissistigma latifolium 20 42 Lysicamine Fissistigma latifolium 20 43 Fissilandione Fissistigma balansae 21 44 Norfissilandione Fissistigma balansae 21 45 Oxodiscoguattine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 46 Oxocalycinine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 47 Calycinine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 48 Xylopine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 49 Crebanine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 50 Isolaureline Fissistigma oldhamii 22 51 Asimilobine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 52 Duguevanine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 53 Corytuberine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 54 4,5-dioxodehydro asimilobine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 55 Isoboldine Fissistigma oldhamii 22 56 Norcepharadione B Fissistigma oldhamii 22 57 Fissistigamide A Fissistigma oldhamii 23 58 Fissistigamide B Fissistigma oldhamii 23 59 Fissistigmine Fissistigma oldhamii 23 60 Pseuduvarine A Pseuduvaria rugosa 24 61 Pseuduvarine B Pseuduvaria rugosa 24 62 10,11-dihydroxy-1,2-dimethoxynoraporphine Xylopia parviflora 25 63 (+)-isocorydine a-N-oxide Miliusa velutina 26 64 10-hydroxyliriodenine Miliusa cf.banarea 27 65 1,9-dihydroxy-2,11-dimethoxy-4,5-dihydro-7-oxoaporphine Miliusa cuneata 28 66 Artabotrine Artabotrys zeylanicus 29 67 Artabotrysine Artabotrys spinosus 30 68 Artabonatine C Artabotrys uncinatus 31 69 Artabonatine D Artabotrys uncinatus 31 70 Artabonatine E Artabotrys uncinatus 31 71 Artabonatine F Artabotrys uncinatus 31 72 Lastourvilline Artabotrys lastourvillensis 32 73 Artabonatine Artabotrys uncinatus 33 74 Artabonatine B Artabotrys uncinatus 33 75 3,9,11-trimethoxy-1,2-methylenedioxyl oxoaporphine Desmos chinensis 34 76 Desmorostratine Desmos rostrata 35
表2 马兜铃内酰胺类生物碱及其来源植物Table 2 Aristolactam alkaloids and their biological sources
表3 原小檗碱类生物碱及其来源植物Table 3 Protoberberinium alkaloids and their biological sources
1.5 吲哚类生物碱(ndole)
该类生物碱主要分布于暗罗属和紫玉盘属,迄今共发现11个,分别为吲哚类生物碱(3S)-2-Oxo-5,12-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-3-methylbenz[f]indoline(124)[48];异吲哚类生物碱 (5-methoxy-2-methylisoindolin-1-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methanol(125)[49];倍半萜吲哚类生物碱Polysin(126)、Greenwayodendrin-3-one(127)、3-O-acetyl greenwayodendrin(128)、N-acetyl polyveoline(129)和 Polyveoline(130)[50];以及苯聚吲哚类生物碱Uvarindoles A-D(131~134)[51]。
1.6 氮杂芴酮类生物碱(Azafluorene)
目前,主要从番荔枝科5种植物中发现8个该类生物碱,分别为:来源于 Polyalthia longiflia的Polyfothine(135)和 Isooncodine(136)[52];来源于Polyalthia debilis的1-methyl-4-azafluoren-9-one(137)和7-methoxy-1-methyl-4-azafluoren-9-one(138)[53];来源于 Oncohtigma mnosperma 的 Oncodine(139)[54];来源于Alphonsea monogyma的6,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-onychine noxide(140)[55];以及来源于 Mitrephora diversifolia的5,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxyonychine(141)和 5-hydroxy-6-methoxyonychine(142)[56]。
1.7 氮杂蒽醌类生物碱(Azaanthraquinone)
迄今为止,从番荔枝科3个属中共发现5个该类成分,分别是来源于哥纳香属植物的Goniothalamus laoticus的 Laoticuzanone A(143)、Griffithazanone A(144)、3-methyl-1H-1-azaanthracene-2,9,10-trione(145)[57]和 Goniothalamus griffithii的 Griffithazanone A(146)[16],以及在 Polyalthia suberosa 和 Annona atemoya 都发现的 Kalasinamide(147)[58,68]。
1.8 氮杂菲类生物碱(Azaphenanthrene)
目前,只从 Anaxagorea dolichocarpa[59]中分离得到3个该类生物碱 Eupolauramine(148),Sampangine(149)和 Imbiline(150)。
1.9 嘌呤类生物碱(Purine)
目前,嘌呤类生物碱从 Anaxagorea javanica[60]中得到2 个,分别是4,11-dimethoxy-eupolauridine(151)和 2-methoxy-3-hydroxyeupolauridine(152);从Canaga odorata[61]中分离得到 1 个,名为:Eupolauridine(153)。
1.10 嘧啶类生物碱(Pyrimidine)
目前,从植物 Annona foetida[61]中分离得到2个该类生物碱,分别为:N-hydroxyannomontine(154)和Annomontine(155)。
1.11 吡啶骈香豆素类生物碱(Pyridocoumarin)
目前,只在 Goniothalamus australis[62]中发现 2个该类成分,分别为:Goniothaline A(156)和Goniothaline B(157)。
1.12 苯杂氮喹唑啉类生物碱(Benzoquinazoline)
目前,只在 Annona squamosa[63]中发现1 个该类成分,名为:Samoquasine A(158)。
1.13 其它类生物碱
除了以上12类主要类型生物碱外,番荔枝科植物中还分离得到一些骨架较为新颖的生物碱,如159、161 和162。
表4 其它类生物碱及其来源植物Table 4 Other alkaloids and their biological sources
图1 番荔枝科生物碱结构Fig.1 Structures of alkaloids from Annonaceae family
2 生物碱类化合物的生物活性
2.1 抗肿瘤活性
研究发现:阿朴啡类生物碱(-)-nordicentrine[17]、Pseuduvarine A[24]、Pseuduvarine B[24]、OMethylmoschatoline[30]和 Desmorostratine[35]对 KB、NCI-H187、MCF-7、HepG2和HL-60等肿瘤细胞系表现出良好的细胞毒活性。从澄光花属植物O.enterocarpa中得到的马兜铃内酰胺类生物碱Enterocarpam-III和 stigmalactam[26]对 HCT15 具有显著的细胞毒活性;而从皂帽花属植物D.blumei中得到的该类生物碱 3,5-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyaristolactam[44]对P-388、KB和ASK三种肿瘤细胞系具有较好细胞毒活性。另外,氮杂蒽醌类生物碱Laoticuzanone A[57]对KB和HeLa肿瘤细胞系也具有明显的细胞毒活性。此外,顾正兵等人[64]从云南西双版纳产的景洪哥纳香中分离得到一个新型生物碱Cheliensisine,其结构中含一被取代的尿素基团,在植物中极为少见,经体外测试,显示有一定的抗肿瘤活性;从鹰爪花中分离得到的α,β-丁烯酸内酯类生物碱 Uncinine[31]对 Hep G2 和 Hep 2,2,15 显示了显著的细胞毒活性。蒙蒿子属植物A.dolichocarpa中的氮杂菲类生物碱Eupolauramine和Sampangine[32]对K562细胞具有良好的细胞毒活性,并呈现剂量依赖性,IC50分别为18.97 和 10.95 μg/mL。
2.2 抗寄生虫活性
据报道:从番荔枝属植物A.foetida[11]中分离分离到的嘧啶类生物碱 Annomontine、N-hydroxyannomontine和阿朴啡类生物碱O-methylmoschatoline、Liriodenine具有抗利什曼虫活性。从假鹰爪属植物D.rostrata[35]分离到的小檗碱类生物碱 Discretine N-oxide、Discretine、Dehydrodiscretine、从银钩花属植物M.diversifolia[56]中分离得到的氮杂芴酮类生物碱5-hydroxy-6-methoxyonychine、从暗罗属植物 P.debilis[15]中发现的双阿朴啡类生物碱 Bis-7,7'-dehydro-8,8'-dimethoxyanonaine 和 Bis-7,7'-dehydro-10,10'-dimethoxyanonaine具有显著抗疟原虫活性。此外,从暗罗属另一植物 P.suaveolens[50]中分离得到的吲哚类生物碱Polysin对布什锥虫的磷酸果糖酶具有竞争性可逆抑制作用,其他同类物Greenwayodendrin-3-one、3-O-acetyl greenwayodendrin 、N-acetyl polyveoline和polyveoline则显示出选择性抑制布什锥虫某些糖解酶的活性。
2.3 抗炎活性
胡立宏等人[22]研究发现:瓜馥木属植物F.oldhamii中的阿朴啡类生物碱Oxodiscoguattine、Oxocalycinine、Calycinine和马兜铃内酰胺类生物碱Aristolactam F II具有良好的抑制刀豆球蛋白诱导的T淋巴细胞和脂多糖诱导的B淋巴细胞的增殖活性。而从该植物中分离得到的另外两个马兜铃内酰胺类生物碱 Aristololactam GI 和 Aristololactam GII[23]则具有显著抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放IL-6和TNF-α的活性。
2.4 抗血小板聚集活性
研究发现,阿朴啡类生物碱7-hydroxy-dehydrothalicsimidine[7]、 Thalicsimidine[7]、 Norpurpureine[7]、Lirinidine[7]、N-methylasimilobine[7]、Oxopurpureine[10]、 Oxonuciferine[10]、 Oxoglaucine[10]、(+)-predicentrine[10]、Thalbaicalidine[10]、 Thalicpureine[10]、Dehydrolirinidine[10]和 7-hydroxy-dehydroglaucine[10]可显著抑制由胶原蛋白和花生四烯酸引起的血小板聚集;其中,7-hydroxy-dehydrothalicsimi-dine[7]、Thalicsimidine[7]、Norpurpureine[7]、Lirinidine[7]N-methylasimilobine[7]、Thalicpureine[10]和 Dehydrolirinidine[10]还可抑制由血小板活化因子和凝血酶引起的血小板聚集。
2.5 其他活性
从白背瓜馥木(F.glaucescens)[43]中分离得到的原小檗碱类生物碱(-)-discretamine具有非竞争性抑制血管的α-肾上腺素受体和5-HT受体作用。而独山瓜馥木(F.cavaleriei)[49]中吲哚类生物碱(5-methoxy-2-methylisoindolin-1-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methanol可显著抑制血管新生,有望开发为抗肿瘤制剂。另外,从Annona squamosa[67]中得到的三个生物碱 Lanuginosine、(+)-O-methylarmepavine和 N-methyl-6,7 dimethoxyisoquinolone显示剂量依赖性免疫刺激活性;其中N-methyl-6,7dimethoxy-isoquinolone在0.3 mg/kg口服剂量下活性最高,可显著促进BALB/c模型鼠脾 T细胞和 B细胞增殖,上调CD4+、CD8+、CD19+细胞因子。
3 小结
生物碱作为天然产物中活性较好的一大类成分,一直以来都是国内外学者研究的热点领域。番荔枝科植物资源丰富,生物量可观,其中存在的生物碱,不仅结构类型多样,而且活性也很广泛。随着分离技术不断提高及药理研究的继续深入,无论从经典化合物的活性再评价,还是新化合物的发现及活性探讨等方面,番荔枝科植物都值得我们进一步的开发和研究。
1 China Flora Editorial Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会).Flora of China(中国植物志).Beijing:Science Press,1979.Vol 30,12.
2 Campos FR,et al.Isoquinoline alkaloids from leaves of Annona sericea(Annonaceae).Biochem Syst Ecol,2008,36:804-806.
3 Wu YC,et al.Identification of ent-16β,17-Dihydroxykauran-19-oic Acid as an anti-HIV principle and isolation of the new diterpenoids annosquamosins A and B from Annona squamosa.J Nat Prod,1996,59:635-637.
4 Rittiwong T,et al.Saiyutones A-D:four new unusual biflavones from Desmos chinensis.Tetrahedron,2011,67:5444-5449.
5 Yang HJ,et al.New nonadjacent bis-THF ring acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa.Fitoterapia,2009,80:177-181.
6 Wélé A,et al.Sequence and solution structure of cherimolacyclopeptides A and B,novel cyclooctapeptides from the seeds of Annona cherimola.Tetrahedron,2004,60:405-414.
7 Chang FR,et al.Two new 7-dehydeoaporphine alkaloids and antiplatelet action aporphines from the leaves of Annona purpurea.Phytochemistry,1998,49:2015-2018.
8 You M,et al.(–)-Roemerine,an aporphine alkaloid from Annona senegalensis that reverses the multidrug-resistance phenotype with cultured cells.J Nat Prod,1995,58:598-604.
9 Yadav DK,et al.Anti-ulcer constituents of Annona squamosa twigs.Fitoterapia,2011,82:666-675.
10 Chang FR,et al.Antiplatelet aggregation constituents from Annona purpurea.J Nat Prod,1998,61:1457-1461.
11 Costa EV,et al.A pyrimidine-β-carboline and other alkaloids from Annona foetida with antileishmanial activity.J Nat Prod,2006,69:292-294.
12 Yang YL,et al.Annosqualine:a Novel Alkaloid from the Stems of Annona squamosa.Helv Chim Acta,2007,87:1392-1399.
13 Chang FR,et al.New alkaloids from Annona purpurea.J Nat Prod,2000,63:746-748.
14 Chen CY,et al.Four alkaloids from Annona cherimola.Phytochemistry,2001,56:753-757.
15 Kanokmedhakul S,et al.New antimalarial bis-dehydroaporphine alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis.J Nat Prod,2003,66:616-619.
16 Connlly JD,et al.Two 7,7’-bisdehydroaporphine alkaloids from Polyalthia bullata.Phytochemistry,1996,43:295-297.
17 Lekphrom R,et al.Bioactive styryllactones and alkaloid from flowers of Goniothalamus laoticus.J Ethnopharmacology,2009,125:47-50.
18 Tran DT,et al.Alkaloids and styryllactones from the leaves of Goniothalamus tamirensis.Phytochemistry Lett,2013,6:79-83.
19 Zhang YJ,et al.Alkaloids from the roots of Goniothalamus griffithii.J Nat Prod,1999,62:1050-1052.
20 Alias A,et al.Alkaloids from Fissistigma latifolium(Dunal)Merr.Molecules,2010,15:4583-4588.
21 Chia YC,et al.Two p-Quinonoid aporphine alkaloids from Fissistigma balansae.J Nat Prod,1998,61:1430-1432.
22 Zhang YN,et al.Discovery and synthesis of new immunosuppressive alkaloids from the stem of Fissistigma oldhamii(Hemsl.)Merr.Bioorg Med Chem,2007,15:988-996.
23 Ge YW,et al.Aristololactams and aporphines from the stems of Fissistigma oldhamii(Annonaceae).Phytochemistry,2013,86:201-207.
24 Tana H,et al.Pseuduvarines A and B,two new cytotoxic dioxoaporphine alkaloids from Pseuduvaria rugosa.Bull Chem Pharm,2011,59:896-897.
25 Nishiyama Y,et al.Secondary and tertiary isoquinoline alkaloids from Xylopia parviflora.Phytochemistry,2006,67:2671-2675.
26 Hasan CM,et al.(+)-Isocorydine α-N-Oxide:a new aporphine alkaloid from Miliusa velutina.Nat Prod Lett,2000,14:393-397.
27 Harrigan GG,et al.Isolation of bioactive and other oxoaporphine alkaloids from two Annonaceous plants,Xylopla aethiopica and Miliusa cf.banacea.J Nat Prod,1994,57:68-73.
28 Chen B,et al.Two new alkaloids from Miliusa cuneata.Nat Prod Res,2003,17:397-402.
29 Wijeratne EMK,et al.Artabotrine:a novel bioactive alkaloid from Artabotrys zeylanicus.Tetrahedron,1995,51:7877-7882.
30 Sichaem J,et al.A new dimeric aporphine from the roots of Artabotrys spinosus.Fitoterapia,2011,82:422-425.
31 Hsieh TJ,et al.The alkaloids of Artabotrys uncinatus.J Nat Prod,2001,64:1157-1161.
32 Eloumi-Ropivia J.Isolation of a new alkaloid from Artabotrys lastourvillensis.J Nat Prod,1985,48:460-462.
33 Hsieh TJ,et al.Two new Alkaloids from Artabotrys uncinatus.J Nat Prod,1999,62:1192-1193.
34 Liu XT(刘雪婷),et al.A New Oxoaporphine from Desmos chinensis Lour.Chin J Nat Med(中国天然药物),2004,2:205-208.
35 Nguyen NT,et al.Antiplasmodial alkaloids from Desmos rostrata.J Nat Prod,2008,71:2057-2059.
36 Nayyatip S,et al.Aristolactam-type alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and their cytotoxicities.Int J Mol Sci,2012,13:5010-5018.
37 Cao SG,et al.Styryl-Lactone derivatives and alkaloids from Goniothalumus borneensis(Annonaceae).Tetrahedron,1998,54:2143-2148.
38 Chanakul W,et al.Cytotoxic alkaloids from stems,leaves and twigs of Dasymaschalon blumei.Fitoterapia,2011,82:964-968.
39 Zhou XL(周晓磊),et al.A new aristolactam alkaloid from the stems of Dasymaschalon trichophorum.Chin J Nat Med(中国天然药物),2013,11:81-83.
40 Martínez-Vázquez M,et al.Bio-guided isolation of the cytotoxic corytenchine and isocoreximine from roots of Annona cherimolia.Fitoterapia,2005,76:733-736.
41 Queiroz EF,et al.Pessoine and spinosine,two catecholic berbines from Annona spinescens.J Nat Prod,1996,59:438-440.
42 González MC,et al.Cerasodine and cerasonine:new oxoprotoberberine alkaloids from Polyalthia cerasoides.J Nat Prod,1997,60:108-110.
43 Ko FN,et al.Pharmacological activity of(–)-discretamine,a novel vascular α-adrenoceptor and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist,isolated from Fissistigma glaucescens.Br J Pharmacol,1993,110:882-888.
44 Chia YC,et al.Protoberberine alkaloids from Fissistigm balansae.Phytochemistry,1998,48:367-369.
45 Cavé A,et al.Artavenustine,a catecholic berbine from Artabotrys venustus.J Nat Prod,1986,49:602-607.
46 Nishiyama Y,et al.Quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids from Xylopia parviflora.Phytochemistry,2004,65:939-944.
47 Lee KH,et al.Seco-benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines from Polyalthia insignis(Annonaceae).Tetrahedron Lett,38:1253-1256.
48 Jiang MM,et al.Alkaloids from the root barks of Goniothalamus cheliensis.Chin Chem Lett,2008,19:302-304.
49 Yang ZC,et al.Bioassay-guided isolation of an alkaloid with antiangiogenic and antitumor activities from the extract of Fissistigma cavaleriei root.Phytomedicine,2012,19:301-305.
50 Ngantchou I,et al.Antitrypanosomal alkaloids from Polyalthia suaveolens(Annonaceae):their effects on three selected glycolytic enzymes of Trypanosoma brucei.Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2010,20:3495-3498.
51 Watarman PG,Mohammad L.Chemistry of the annonaceae structures of uvarindoles A-D four new benzylated indole alkaloids from Uvaria angolensis.J Chem Soc Chem Commun,1984,952:1280-1281.
52 Wu YC,Duh CY.Two new natural azafluorene alkaloids and a cytotovic aporphine alkaloid from polyalthia longifolia.J Nat Prod,1990,53:1327-1331.
53 Prachayasittikul S,et al.Bioactive azafluorenone alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis(Pierre)Finet& Gagnep.Molecules,2009,14:4414-4424.
54 Bou-Abdallah é,et al.Alcaloídes des annonacées,91.L’oncodine,nouvel alcaloíde à aquelettw azafluorenone isolé de Oncodostigma monosperma.J Nat Prod,1989,52:273-278.
55 Yang NY,et al.A new azafluorenone alkaloid from Alphonsea monogyma.Chin Chem Lett,2000,11:401-410.
56 Mueller D,et al.Antimalarial activity of azafluorenone alkaloids from the Australian tree Mitrephora diversifolia.J Nat Prod,2009,72:1538-1540.
57 Tip-pyang S,et al.A new cytotoxic 1-azaanthraquinone from the stems of Goniothalamus laoticus.Fitoterapia,2000,81:894-896.
58 Tuchinda P,et al.An azaanthracene alkaloid from Polyalthia suberosa.Phytochemistry,2000,53:1079-1082.
59 Lücio ASSC,et al.Azaphenanthrene alkaloids with antitumoral activity from Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague&Sandwith(Annonaceae).Molecules,2011,16:7125-7131.
60 Husain K,et al.Novel sesquiterpene and copyrine alkaloids from Anaxagorea javanica Blume.Phytochemistry Lett,2012,5:788-792.
61 Chen CY,et al.Cherimoline,a novel alkaloid from the Stems of Annona cherimofa.Tetrahedron Lett,1997,38:6247-6248.
62 Levrier C,et al.Pyridocoumarin,aristolactam and aporphine alkaloids from the Australian rainforest plant Goniothalamus australis.Phytochemistry,2013,86:121-126.
63 Morita H,et al.Samoquasine A,a benzoquinazoline alkaloid from the seeds of Annona squamosa.J Nat Prod,2000,63:1707-1708.
64 Gu ZB(顾正兵),et al.A new type of alkaloid from Goniothalamus cheliensis.Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),2000,22:499-502.
65 Yu R,et al.A novel alkaloid from Mitrephora maingayi.Nat Prod Res,2005,19:359-362.
66 Rao JUM,et al.Sampangine,a new alkaloid from Canaga odorata.J Nat Prod,1986,49:346-347.
67 Soni VK,et al.N-methyl-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolone in Annona squamosa twigs is the major immune modifier to elicit polarized Th1 immune response in BALB/c mice.Fitoterapia,2012,83:110-116.
68 Wu YC,et al.Tryptamine-derived amides and alkaloids from the seeds of Annona atemoya.J Nat Prod,2005,68:406-408.
69 Wang ML,et al.Alkaloids from the roots of Saccopetalum prolificum.Chin Chem Lett,2000,11:129-130.
猜你喜欢
——凹脉马兜铃