虚拟语气巧学巧记
2014-10-21王维芳
王维芳
语气是动词的一形式,表示说话人对发生的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法。英语中有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。
简单来说我對虚拟语气的总结是:一个表格、两组词和七个句型。
一、一个表格
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例:If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in it.
注意:(1)条件句中有were, had, should时,若省略if,则需要把were, had, should放在主语前,构成倒装结构。如果省略的条件句的谓语动词是否定形式,不能用动词的省略形式。
Were he here this evening, we would play cards.
(2)错综时间的虚拟。虚拟条件句和主句动作若发生的时间不一致,主句和从句的谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式,这种句子叫做错综时间条件句。
If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. (现在→过去)
二、两组词
1.表示建议、坚持、命令、请求的动词,名词或形容词后所跟的宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或主语从句中,从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。如suggest, advice, propose, recommend, insist, order, desire等及它们所对应的名词和形容词。例:My suggestion is that you (should) visit China.
2.在含蓄虚拟条件句中虚拟条件不用从句,而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来。常用的介词有without, otherwise 和 but for 等。例:But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded.
三、七个句型
1. “If only +陈述句”表示现在的愿望用过去时,表示过去的愿望用过去完成时,表示将来的愿望用过去时或过去将来时。例:If only we had listened to their advice.
2.“Its (high) time (that)...”句型中定语从句的谓语动词用过去时或“should+ 动词原形”(其中should不可省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”,用来表示建议。
例:It is (high) time that you went/should go to school.
3.“wish+宾语从句”的虚拟语气。与现在愿望相反用过去时,与过去的愿望相反用过去完成时,与将来愿望相反用 could/would/might+动词原形。例:I wish I could fly to the moon some day.
4.“would rather+宾语从句”的虚拟语气。从句中的谓语用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事,用过去完成时表示过去的事。例:Id rather you hadnt done that.
5.“It is necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/apity + that” 从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。例:Its strange that he (should ) have acted towards his parents like that.
6.as if/ though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中,与现在的事实相反,用一般过去时;与过去的事实相反,用过去完成时;与将来的事实相反,用“could/ might/ would +动词原形”。例:He speaks English as if he were from Britain.
注意:as if/ though 引导的从句,有时用虚拟,有时不用虚拟,这得看所陈述内容是否是事实。例:It looks as if its going to rain. (陈述语气)
7.even if/ though 引导的让步状语从句中,与现在的事实相反,用一般过去时;与过去的事实相反,用过去完成时;与将来的事实相反,用“could/ might/ would +动词原形”。例:Even if he were here, he couldnt solve the problem.
巧学巧记巧总结,虚拟语气不怕难。记住以上几点并能熟练掌握其用法,相信学生一定能够攻克这一难关!
参考文献:
叶澜.让课堂焕发出生命活力[J].教育研究,1997(09).
编辑 王梦玉