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基于博弈分析的区域环境合作及收益分配研究

2014-10-17王奇吴华峰李明全

中国人口·资源与环境 2014年10期
关键词:博弈分析收益分配补偿

王奇+吴华峰+李明全

摘要

污染的区域性特征要求地区之间开展环境合作,不同地区在区域环境合作中的收益存在差异,需要基于公平考量进行区域环境合作收益的地区分配设计。本文以双主体的博弈分析为基础,分析具有不同属性的两个地区在环境合作与非合作情形下的效用变动。研究发现,区域环境合作可以增加区域整体的收益;但是,对于具体区域而言,存在地区间环境合作共赢的临界值。当两个地区的属性差异小于临界值时,区域环境合作才可实现两地区收益的同时提升;而当两个地区的差异超过临界值时,其中一个地区的收益在区域环境合作中反而会降低。针对区域环境合作存在的地区主体收益受损的情形,讨论了在损失补偿基础上进行合作剩余分配的收益分配思路,并进行了不同补偿原则的数值分析;最后,建议加大对参与合作主体受损的补偿力度。

关键词 环境合作;收益分配;博弈分析;补偿

中图分类号 X22 文献标识码 A

文章编号 1002-2104(2014)10-0011-06 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.003

随着我国城市化、工业化进程的不断推进,大量人口及其相应的生产与生活活动向城市集聚,一个城市排放的污染物在污染扩散传输作用下,常常跨越行政边界影响其他城市的环境质量,环境污染逐渐呈现出区域性特征。

环境污染的区域性特征,使行政管理权限仅限于本辖区的地方政府难以通过自身努力实现本地环境质量目标。各地区主体仅考虑自身收益而进行的经济与环境决策,容易导致在污染排放方面陷入“公地悲剧”,影响区域整体环境质量。各个地区经济发展水平、技术水平等方面存在差异,因此进行区域环境合作,利于环境资源在整个区域的优化配置,也有助于实现区域整体的环境经济收益最大化[1]

1 主要观点简述

地区间合作的行为本质上是地区间博弈的结果,Neumann[2]和Nash[3]等提出与发展的合作博弈与非合作博弈的经典理论可以用来解释地区间的合作与不合作行为。要使地区之间能够合作,至少需要满足两个必要条件:一是地区之间必须能够达成强有力的合作协议,这在有上级政府监督的情况下容易满足;二是地区之间的收益可以进行转移支付使各地区能够分享合作的收益。一些不同地区由于在经济发展水平、污染相互传输以及污染控制成本等方面存在差异,可能导致某地区在区域合作中的收益比非合作情形下小[4-8]。可见,区域环境合作中可能需要某些地区牺牲个体收益以换取区域整体收益的增大,这会导致区域环境合作受到一定的阻碍,因此在区域环境合作中进行转移支付也就尤为重要。

考虑到各地区在区域环境合作中存在不同的收益,为促使各个地区均有动力参与合作,需重新分配合作剩余,从而使各合作方均能从合作中受益。目前,已经广泛意识到需要对在区域环境合作中受损的地区进行补偿[9];但如果仅是对受损方的损失进行补偿,而没有使其因为合作获得额外收益,则意味着区域环境合作的利益剩余被一方完全占有,因此如何基于公平考量探讨区域环境合作各地区间的合作剩余分配显得尤为重要。现有研究较少专门针对区域环境合作剩余的分配原则进行细致讨论,较多仅分析合作的重要性和必要性。国际碳减排合作和公平性理论研究中涉及到的收益分配原则通常考虑各地区的人口、经济规模、富裕程度等因素[10-11]。基于此,通过博弈分析,讨论区域性环境污染所涉及的双地区主体在非合作及合作两种决策情形下的收益及其变动情况。在此基础上,深入探讨不同公平分配原则下的收益分配和其对合作的影响。

2 区域环境合作中的地区收益变动

2.1 效用函数设定

环境资源是经济活动的重要生产要素,区域环境合作不仅应关注减少区域污染,还应关注污染控制对经济发展的影响。为简化分析,假设地区为理性经济主体,其目标为追求经济发展与环境质量改善,效用函数包括经济效用和环境效用两方面。

进一步假定经济发展、环境质量改善带来的效用均满足边际效用递减规律。函数表达方面采用对数效用函数。则地区主体效用函数表达式为:

由式(6)可见,两地区均衡排放量均受到彼此的环境偏好系数Pi、污染物存留系数βi以及地区污染承受阈值EiC的影响。其一,考察环境偏好系数对均衡排放量的影响。当其他条件不变时,若地区1对环境的偏好程度增大,则通过博弈,将使得地区1的污染排放量减小,地区2的污染排放量则会增大,反之亦然。这是因为当一地区的环境偏好增大时,其减少污染排放带来的环境效用增量大于经济产出减少损失的经济效用,所以地区主体会减少污染排放,而另一地区主体由于受到来自对方的污染传输减少,可供本地排放的环境容量增大,则会通过增加自身的污染排放量来扩大经济收入从而最大化其效用。其二,考察污染物存留系数对均衡排放量的影响。基本上,污染物存留系数βi与地区主体的环境偏好系数Pi表现出相同的性质,即地区1的留存系数增大时,其污染排放对自身的影响将增大,对地区2的影响则减少,使得地区1的污染排放量减少,而地区2的污染排放量增加,反之亦然。第三,考察地区污染承受阈值对均衡排放量的影响。地区污染承受阈值EiC与上面两个参数表现出相反的性质,当地区1的污染承受阈值增大时,地区1有条件扩大自身污染排放,以获取更大的经济收益,而地区2由于受到更大的来源于地区1的污染影响,将会缩减自身排放量。需要说明的是,在这一设定下,地区生产技术水平αi对两个地区主体的均衡排放量没有影响,但会影响地区的效用水平。

2.3 合作情形下地区主体的污染排放决策

环境合作情形下,各地区采取区域整体效用最大化的污染排放决策。这时,区域整体效用为:

2的5倍左右,这也意味着经济发展水平较低的地区获得较大的合作剩余分配,将显著缩小两地区间的经济发展水平差异;由于经济发展水平与环境偏好正相关,这种合作收益的分配将导致两地区的环境偏好水平也缩小,这有利于促进未来区域环境合作的达成。而基于经济规模原则的分配则不会改变两地区的经济发展水平差异和环境偏好差异,对两地区未来合作的促进作用较小。

4 结 语

进行区域环境合作,可以实现区域整体的环境经济收益最大化;但是,由于地区之间存在经济、环境方面的差异,现实过程中各个地区并非都能直接获益。本文基于双主体博弈分析,针对不同情形下区域环境合作中各地区的损益情况进行了研究,并对区域环境合作中的收益分配进行了不同情形研究,以保障参与合作的主体都能从合作中受益。

研究表明相对于非合作情形,开展区域环境合作可以降低区域整体污染排放,同时增大区域整体收益;但各个地区在合作中的获益情况却因地区属性差异而不同。地区间环境偏好差异小于某一临界值时,地区间才有可能实现合作中的双赢,从而实现自发的合作;而差异超过临界值时,地区中的环境偏好相对较小地区将在合作中受损,进而影响其合作意愿。这可以解释珠三角城市群在区域大气污染联防联控方面已有相对较多的成功做法,而京津冀城市群在区域大气污染联防联控方面却进展缓慢。

针对区域环境合作中存在地区主体收益受损的情形,在比较不同分配原则及分配方案之后,认为应在损失补偿的基础上开展合作剩余的收益分配,这也意味着需要设计一套合理的补偿机制,不仅需要补偿那些经济较不发达地区参与环境合作的损失,还要加大其占有的由于区域合作而增加的整体收益的份额,进而促进区域环境减排行为合作的达成。

(编辑:徐天祥)

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[11]吕力. 论环境公平的经济学内涵及其与环境效率的关系[J]. 生产力研究, 2004, (11): 17-19. [Lv Li. Research on Economic Connotation of Environmental Fairness and Its Relationship with Environmental Efficiency[J]. Productivity Research, 2004, (11): 17-19.]

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[13]戴玉才. 公众环境意识的中日比较[J]. 林业经济, 2007, (2):77-80. [Dai Yucai. The Comparison of Public Environmental Consciousness between China and Japan [J]. Forestry Economics, 2007, (2):77-80.]

[14]部金凤. 中外生态价值发展阶段系数的理论探讨及对比研究[D]. 北京:北京工商大学, 2006. [Bu Jinfeng. Study on Domestic and Abroad Development Stage Coefficient of the Ecological Value [D]. Beijing: Beijing Technology and Business University, 2006.]

Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental

Cooperation Based on Game Theory

WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan

(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)

Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.

Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation

[12]徐玉高,何建坤. 气候变化问题上的平等权利准则[J]. 世界环境, 2000, (2): 17-21. [Xu Yugao, He Jiankun. Equity in the Context of Global Climate Change: A Critical Review [J]. World Environment, 2000, (2): 17-21.]

[13]戴玉才. 公众环境意识的中日比较[J]. 林业经济, 2007, (2):77-80. [Dai Yucai. The Comparison of Public Environmental Consciousness between China and Japan [J]. Forestry Economics, 2007, (2):77-80.]

[14]部金凤. 中外生态价值发展阶段系数的理论探讨及对比研究[D]. 北京:北京工商大学, 2006. [Bu Jinfeng. Study on Domestic and Abroad Development Stage Coefficient of the Ecological Value [D]. Beijing: Beijing Technology and Business University, 2006.]

Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental

Cooperation Based on Game Theory

WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan

(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)

Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.

Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation

[12]徐玉高,何建坤. 气候变化问题上的平等权利准则[J]. 世界环境, 2000, (2): 17-21. [Xu Yugao, He Jiankun. Equity in the Context of Global Climate Change: A Critical Review [J]. World Environment, 2000, (2): 17-21.]

[13]戴玉才. 公众环境意识的中日比较[J]. 林业经济, 2007, (2):77-80. [Dai Yucai. The Comparison of Public Environmental Consciousness between China and Japan [J]. Forestry Economics, 2007, (2):77-80.]

[14]部金凤. 中外生态价值发展阶段系数的理论探讨及对比研究[D]. 北京:北京工商大学, 2006. [Bu Jinfeng. Study on Domestic and Abroad Development Stage Coefficient of the Ecological Value [D]. Beijing: Beijing Technology and Business University, 2006.]

Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental

Cooperation Based on Game Theory

WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan

(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)

Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.

Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation

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