松辽盆地古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层单砂层沉积微相研究及有利砂体预测
2014-09-22佟斯琴王鸿军
佟斯琴,李 斌,罗 群,王鸿军
(1.北京交通大学 中国产业安全研究中心博士后科研工作站,北京 100044; 2.中国石油 大庆油田勘探开发研究院,黑龙江 大庆 163712; 3.神华地质勘查有限责任公司,北京 100022; 4.中国石油大学,北京 102249; 5.中国石油 大庆油田公司第九采油厂,黑龙江 大庆 163853)
松辽盆地古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层单砂层沉积微相研究及有利砂体预测
佟斯琴1,2,李 斌3,罗 群4,王鸿军5
(1.北京交通大学 中国产业安全研究中心博士后科研工作站,北京 100044; 2.中国石油 大庆油田勘探开发研究院,黑龙江 大庆 163712; 3.神华地质勘查有限责任公司,北京 100022; 4.中国石油大学,北京 102249; 5.中国石油 大庆油田公司第九采油厂,黑龙江 大庆 163853)
根据研究区单井沉积微相、单砂层的厚度、砂地比等空间分布特征,研究其沉积微相空间展布规律。古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层发育水下分流河道、分流河道间、河口坝、前缘席状砂、前三角洲泥和浅湖泥沉积微相,物源主要来自于北部和西部。研究区河口坝发育较少,前缘席状砂分布宽阔,为典型的浅水三角洲沉积。从下向上,湖平面下降,各砂层砂岩的厚度、粒度均有增加的趋势,形成了进积式地层序列。且从下向上三角洲前缘席状砂分布范围扩大,席状砂体形状由下部的东西向条带状向上转化为大面积席状,判定其物源早期以北部物源为主,晚期以西部物源为主。凹陷中心早期条带状砂层及晚期片状大型透镜体砂层为有利砂体。
葡萄花油层;沉积微相; 有利砂体;古龙南凹陷;松辽盆地
古龙南凹陷地处黑龙江省肇源县和杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县境内,位于松辽盆地北部的中央坳陷区,隶属于中央坳陷区的一个二级构造单元齐家-古龙凹陷的南部[1-2],凹陷四周发育多个油田。研究区构造上总体为一个向斜,北边是葡西鼻状构造、南部为大安鼻状构造,西部为月亮泡鼻状构造、东部为新肇鼻状构造[1,3-4]。
近年来松辽盆地上白垩统的油气勘探结果表明,古龙南凹陷不但发育多套成熟的烃源岩,也发育良好的储集层,是盆地有利的生油凹陷,而且在扶余、高台子、葡萄花等多套油层获得工业油流,是油气勘探的有利地区[3,5-9]。
但是,该区葡萄花油层储层砂体规模较小,连通性较差,横向变化较快,储层物性较差,非均质性较强,含油性差异巨大,严重影响了下一步的勘探部署[5,10-16]。该区的油藏类型主要以错叠型砂体大面积分布的岩性油藏为主,油水分布复杂,寻找新的勘探有利区带必须进行沉积微相的精细研究。
前人曾对研究区葡萄花油层储层开展了沉积微相及油藏类型研究,指出其沉积类型以三角洲前缘为主,并进行了沉积微相划分,总结了物源的方向来自于北部和西部[16-25],但主要以砂层组为单位,研究精度有待进一步提高。
本文以65口井详实的录井、测井资料为基础,结合粒度分析、砂层厚度和砂地比空间分析及相关区域地质资料,以单砂层为单位,进行沉积微相研究,认识沉积微相空间演化规律,并揭示其物源的变化特征,总结其储层微观特征,以期对研究区油气勘探提供理论依据。
1 地质概况
松辽盆地基底为前古生界、古生界变质岩、火成岩,上部覆盖着11 000 m沉积盖层。松辽盆地自晚侏罗世以来经历了早期断陷期、中期坳陷期和晚期萎缩期。中期坳陷期是盆地的全盛时期,发育了青山口组—嫩江组以砂泥岩互层为主地层,地层厚度平面上具有由西向东、由北向南呈增厚的趋势[11]。
古龙南凹陷是一个继承性发育的凹陷盆地,嫩二段沉积之前,凹陷呈西高东低的构造格局,并一直保持到古近纪之前。嫩江组末期,随着全盆地大规模的构造运动,凹陷东部的葡西、新肇及南部的新站构造相继隆起,英台等鼻状构造定型,形成了三鼻(英台鼻状构造、新站鼻状构造和新肇鼻状构造)夹一凹(古龙南凹陷)的地形特征,古龙南凹陷沉积中心由东向西逐渐迁移[3,12,15,26]。该区鼻状构造为长期继承性的构造,凹陷中的中、浅层断裂的展布具有一致性的特点(主要以近南北向和北北西向为主),有利于油气的长期运移,极易形成构造—岩性复合型油气藏,具有较高的石油产量[27-30]。
葡萄花油层储层形成于白垩系姚家组一期,该时期经历了一次重大的湖平面下降[31-35],当时古地形相对平坦、气候干旱、物源供给充分,湖泊面积较小,沉积砂体向盆地退积较远,形成了大面积的浅水三角洲[36-38]。
2 沉积微相
2.1 单井沉积微相
古龙南地区葡萄花油层储层岩性主要为岩屑质长石砂岩,粒度较细,以细砂岩、粗粉砂岩为主,石英含量为25%~30%,长石含量为30%~38%,岩屑含量为25%~32%,成分成熟度较低,碎屑颗粒分选中等,结构成熟度较高。填隙物主要以泥质杂基、硅质和碳酸盐胶结物为主,粒度概率累积曲线呈现两段型,以跳跃搬运为主,悬浮搬运次之,缺乏滚动组分,可见河流牵引的水动力相对稳定。
经65口单井录井、测井、岩心等沉积学综合研究(图1),葡萄花油层储层主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流河道间、前缘席状砂等沉积微相。
2.1.1 水下分流河道
水下分流河道主要发育于研究区的北部和西部。水下分流河道是由陆上分流河道进入湖平面以下,随可容纳空间的增加,流速不断减慢,河道发生多次分叉形成的。水下分流河道砂体在垂向上通常表现出典型的下粗上细的正韵律特征,沉积序列一般为:底部为冲刷面,其上伴生破碎的泥砾,向上依次为细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩,颜色为灰绿色、浅灰色。研究区由于水下分流河道的多期叠置和侧向迁移等导致沉积序列发育不完整,只发育部分沉积序列。水下分流河道砂体单层厚度较三角洲前缘亚相的其它砂体厚度较大,一般为1~5 m,叠合砂体厚度可达4~10 m。沉积构造有平行层理、小型板状交错层理、槽状交错层理等,砂体底部可见底冲刷或泥砾沉积。水下分流河道砂体在纵向上呈条带状,延伸较远,在横剖面上呈透镜状。测井曲线响应为:自然电位曲线表现为中高幅度的齿化箱形、钟形、指状或者箱形-钟形组合,双侧向曲线呈钟形、锯齿状、掌状高阻。
2.1.2 河口坝
河口坝发育在水下分流河道微相的前端,是沉积物在河口处因可容纳空间的突然增加,河道水流流速降低快速堆积而成,由于研究区地形平坦,河口坝发育较少,且主要出现在早期,之后大部分河口坝由于地形减缓,且同时受河流和湖泊双重水动力的作用,河口坝已发展为前缘席状砂。河口坝砂体的岩性以中、细砂岩为主,砂岩分选中等-较好,磨圆次棱角状。平面上呈新月状、朵状或条状,剖面上呈透镜状,单层砂体厚度较大,约为1~4 m;在垂向上,呈下细上粗的反韵律,岩性自下而上完整的沉积序列为:泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩。研究区早期因多期河口坝叠置,多呈复合韵律。发育平行层理、波状层理、小型槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、楔状交错层理、滑塌变形层理及搅混构造。测井曲线响应为典型的中高幅度齿化漏斗形、指状-箱形组合,双侧向曲线呈漏斗状、锯齿状、尖锋状高阻。
图1 古龙南凹陷英82井沉积微相综合柱状图Fig.1 Sedimentary microfacies column of Well Ying 82 in south Gulong Sag
2.1.3 水下分流河道间
水下分流河道间与水下分流河道或前缘席状砂相邻,位于水下分流河道之间的相对低洼地区,一般水体较浅,岩性主要为灰色、灰绿色的泥岩,或泥岩与泥质粉砂岩互层,由于河道的频繁改道,常见砂泥岩不等比的互层结构,通常为“泥包砂”的二元结构。发育水平层理,块状层理、透镜状层理。测井曲线特征为:在自然电位上通常表现为整体平直背景见少量不明显尖锋状高值,双侧向曲线也为平直型,有轻微波动。
2.1.4 前缘席状砂
前缘席状砂位于河口末梢河口坝周围及前方,是受湖浪改造形成的大面积薄层带状砂体。岩性主要为大套灰黑色、深灰色泥岩夹薄层灰色粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩等,砂岩厚度较薄,一般为1~2 m,砂质较纯,砂层面常富集炭屑。主要层理类型为波状层理,还可见部分同生变形构造及生物扰动构造。砂岩成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较高,粒度累积概率曲线一般为两段式,分选性相对较好。其测井曲线特征表现为:自然电位曲线为中低幅度的指状、波状负异常,双测向曲线呈刺刀状、尖峰状中-高阻。
2.2 单砂层沉积微相空间展布特征
古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层根据岩性及电性组合可以划分出3个砂层组[1,35,39-40],8个单砂层(图2)。储层总体厚度为48~64 m,平均52.3 m,总体具有“北厚南薄”分布特征。以单砂层为单位分别统计了65口井8个砂层(从下向上分别为砂层8—砂层1)的厚度及砂地比,绘制了单砂层厚度等值线图及砂地比等值线图。结合研究区单井沉积微相分析结果,绘制沉积微相平面图(图3—图10)。各砂层沉积微相空间展布如下所述。
图2 古龙南凹陷英88井葡萄花油层储层砂层划分Fig 2 Sand layers of the Putaohua reservoir in Well Ying 88 of south Gulong sag
古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层砂层8厚度为5~12 m, 西部、北部较厚,东部、南部较薄,砂地比为30%~90%,北部、西部高,南部低。该时期,湖平面整体下降,砂体向湖盆内推进,形成了进积型地层序列。平面上可以划分出:水下分流河道、分流河道间、河口坝、前缘席状砂、前三角洲泥、滨浅湖泥沉积微相(图3)。席状砂呈东西向条带状分布,推测主要物源来自于北部,席状砂受南部湖水波浪改造,而受东西方向的改造较少。
图3 古龙南凹陷砂层8沉积微相平面图Fig.3 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 8 in south Gulong sag
图4 古龙南凹陷砂层7沉积微相平面图Fig.4 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 7 in south Gulong sag
图5 古龙南凹陷砂层6沉积微相平面图Fig.5 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 6 in south Gulong sag
图6 古龙南凹陷砂层5沉积微相平面图Fig.6 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 5 in south Gulong sag
砂层7厚度为5~12 m,北部厚,南部薄,砂地比为30%~90%,北部、西部较高,东部南部较低。该时期湖平面持续下降,北部、西部物源均向湖盆中心推进,形成环带状席状砂体(图4),席状砂分布面积增加,而前三角洲泥分布面积减小。
砂层6厚度为4~13 m,北部、西部厚,南部薄,砂 地比10%~90%,西部和中部局部地区出现高值。该时期,湖平面持续下降,三角洲前缘席状砂体向湖内推进,前缘席状砂沉积面积增加,且形状发生变化,由过去的环带状转化为片状或席状,前三角洲泥范围明显缩小(图5)。
砂层5厚度为4~13m,北部、西部较厚,南部较薄,砂地比为20%~90%,西部和中部局部地区较高。该时期,湖平面继续下降,三角洲向湖盆内推进较远,由于受湖内的波浪改造作用,呈席砂体分布面积增大,前三角洲泥向南部湖盆中心迁移(图6)。
图7 古龙南凹陷砂层4沉积微相平面图Fig.7 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 4 in south Gulong sag
图8 古龙南凹陷砂层3沉积微相平面图Fig.8 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sand layer 3 in south Gulong sag
图9 古龙南凹陷砂层2沉积微相平面图Fig.9 Plane view of sedimentary microfacies of sandlayer 2 in south Gulong sag
砂层4厚度为4~12m,西部厚,东部薄,砂地比为10%~90%,北部、西部及中部部分地区较高。该时期,湖水持续下降,砂体向湖盆中心推进(图7)。
砂层3厚度为3~12 m,砂层厚度南北变化不大,砂地比20%~90%,北部和西部较高,高值区呈南北条带状分布。该时期,湖平面较为稳定,湖盆内地形起伏较小,水下河道延伸较远,席状砂分布面积较广(图8)。
砂层2厚度为3~10 m,西部、北部略厚,南部略薄,砂地比20%~90%,西部和中部部分地区较高。该时期,湖水基本稳定,湖平面较低,砂体分布范围和砂层3基本相似。但此时增加了西南方向的物源,使前缘席状砂分布更为复杂(图9)。
砂层1厚度为3~9 m,西部、北部厚,南部薄,砂地比35%~90%,北部和西部较大,中部较小。该时期整体湖平面上升,砂体向岸上推进,沉积了退积型地层序列(图10)。
2.3 沉积模式建立
由单砂层沉积微相平面展布研究可知,物源主要来自于北部、西部两个方向,早期以北部物源为主。北部地形平缓,多条水下分流河道向湖盆中心推进,形成了多条条带状河道砂体及条带状前缘席状砂体,中晚期湖平面下降较快,西部物源加速堆积,形成了多物源交互的网状水下河道砂体及大面积分布的片状—席状砂体。由于河流的相互切割,在湖盆中心发育透镜状砂体。综合分析可以推定,北部发育曲流河三角洲,西部发育辫状河三角洲,均为浅水型三角洲(图11)。
3 有利砂体预测
古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层在凹陷斜坡及鼻状构造区孔隙度较高,为中-高孔,孔隙度为15%~30%,凹陷中心主体区主要为低孔-特低孔,孔隙度为2%~10%。渗透率与孔隙度分布趋势类似,凹陷周边斜坡及鼻状构造区渗透率相对较高,10×10-3~85×10-3μm2,为低渗,凹陷中心区0.01×10-3~10×10-3μm2,主要为特低渗-超低渗。
经连井剖面油藏分析,鼻状构造处发育构造油藏,在斜坡位置发育断层-岩性油藏,凹陷中心位置则主要发育岩性油藏。其油水分布关系为:鼻状构造为下水上油或纯油,为重力分异区,斜坡位置为油水同层区,凹陷中心位置为纯油区(图12)。根据致密油理论,可以判断古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层具有致密油的一般特征,在向斜中心可以形成大面积的连续型或断续型油藏[41-44]。
古龙南凹陷鼻状构造位置勘探程度较高,已发现了多个油田,如新站油田、新肇油田等,目前仍在开发[15,22,24,45]。而凹陷中心井位布置较少,油水分布复杂,研究程度较低,缺乏相应的理论指导[45-47]。经沉积微相研究,凹陷中心葡萄花油层储层发育多期次、多物源的三角洲前缘席状砂体,分布面积较广,可以作为勘探有利区带。建议在早期砂层寻找东西条带状砂体,而晚期砂层寻找大型透镜砂体。
图11 古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层储层沉积模式Fig.11 Sedimentary pattern of the Putaohua reservoir in south Gulong sag
图12 古龙南凹陷葡萄花油层油水分布剖面Fig.12 Oil-water contact profile of the Putaohua reservoir in south Gulong sag
4 结论
古龙南葡萄花油层储层可以区分出3个砂层组、8个单砂层,主要发育浅水三角洲-滨浅湖沉积体系,具体沉积微相有:水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、河口坝、前缘席状砂、前三角洲泥;从砂层8时期到砂层1时期整体为湖平面持续下降,沉积了进积型地层序列,三角洲前缘席状砂逐渐向湖盆中心沉积,沉积面积加宽;早期物源以北部曲流河三角洲为主,晚期物源以西部辫状河为主;湖盆中心的多物源形成叠置式的三角洲前缘席状砂体具有致密油发育的地质特征,可以形成大面积的岩性油藏,具有良好的油气资源前景,可以加大勘探力度。
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(编辑 张亚雄)
Single-sandstone-layer sedimentary microfacies and favorable sandbody prediction of Putaohua reservoir in south Gulong sag,Songliao Basin
Tong Siqin1,2,Li Bin3,Luo Qun4,Wang Hongjun5
(1.PostdoctoralResearchStationofChinaIndustrialEconomicSecurityResearchCenter,BeijingJiaotongUniversity,Beijing100044,China;2.PetroleumExplorationandDevelopmentResearchInstituteofDaqingOilfield,PetroChina,Daqing,Heilongjiang163712,China;
3.ShenhuaGeologicalExplorationCo.,Ltd.,Beijing100022,China;4.ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Beijing102249,China;
5.NinthOilProductionPlantofDaqingOilfieldCompany,PetroChina,Daqing,Heilongjiang163853,China)
Based on characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of single-well sedimentary microfacies,gross-to-net ratio and thickness of single sandstone layer of the Putaohua reservoir in south Gulong sag of Songliao Basin,we studied the spatial distribution pattern of sedimentary microfacies and predicted favorable sand bodies.The Putaohua reservoir consists of various sedimentary microfacies including distributary channels,interdistributary channels,mouth bars,front sheet sand,front delta mud and shallow lake mud,with sediments mainly sourced from the north and the west.It is of a typical shallow-delta deposit characterized by poor-developed mouth bars but wide front sheet sandstones.From bottom to top,the thickness and the grain size of sandstone layers increase with the lake level dropping,indicating a progradational stratigraphic sequence.In addition,the areas of front sheet sandstones also enlarge upwards and their shapes change from EW-trending strips in the lower part into large sheets in the upper part.The provenance is mainly located in the north at the early stage,while is mainly located in the west at the late stage.The early banded sand layers and the later large sheet-shape lenticular sand layers at the center of the sag are favorable sandbodies.
Putaohua reservoir,sedimentary mircofacies,favorable sandbody,south Gulong sag,Songliao Basin
2014-02-10;
2014-06-30。
佟斯琴(1973—),女,博士、高级工程师,油田地质与开发。E-mail:tongsq@petrochina.com.cn。
李斌(1970—),男,博士后、高级工程师,油田地质。E-mail:libin9600@sohu.com。
0253-9985(2014)04-0517-09
10.11743/ogg201411
TE121.3
A