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基于经济利益的区域能耗责任研究

2014-09-21张友国

中国人口·资源与环境 2014年9期

摘要 我国区域间存在广泛而密切的经济关系。任何一个区域的能源消耗既满足了本地区的生产和生活需要,同时又支撑了其他地区的经济活动。科学、公平地核算区域能耗责任不仅有助于识别各区域对全国能耗的贡献,也有利于制定有效的跨区域能源政策。由于各类经济主体使用能源的动机是为了获得各种经济利益,因此利益原则被普遍认为是能耗责任核算的基本原则。不过,利益原则的具体含义并不是单一的。根据经济利益的类型,利益原则可区分为生产原则、收入原则、消费原则等三种基本原则及由它们衍生出来的收入加权原则、消费加权原则、综合利益原则及加权综合利益原则等四种共担责任原则。鉴于多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型是刻画各区域之间深刻的经济关联和各种经济利益的有力工具,本文基于MRIO模型建立了各种利益原则下的区域能耗责任核算框架,并将之用于分析中国的省际能源效率和能耗责任。结果表明:不同省份同一产业的能源效率差异显著。各省在不同原则下的能源效率和能耗责任也都具有显著差异。不过,不管采用哪种原则,传统能源密集型产业比重较大的省份(如宁夏、贵州、青海、山西和内蒙古)总是具有较低的能源效率,而一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、广东、上海、江苏等)的能源效率总是较高。同时,经济规模较大的省份(如广东、江苏、山东)总是具有较大的能耗责任,而经济规模较小的省份(如海南、宁夏、青海)总是具有较小的能耗责任。这些发现具有丰富的政策含义:①宁夏、贵州、青海、山西、内蒙古、新疆、甘肃和云南等能源密集型产业比重较大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、广西等生产责任大于其他责任的省份,其节能的重点在于优化生产方式。②北京、天津、吉林、上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、广东、重庆、四川等消费责任或消费加权责任相对于其他责任较大的省份,其节能政策重点在于优化消费模式并尽可能从能源效率更高的地区调入同类产品。③黑龙江、海南、山东、陕西、辽宁、河南等收入责任或收入加权责任相对其他责任较大的地区,应在积极优化生产方式的同时更多的向能源效率更高的地区调出产品。当然,无论那个区域的节能战略都应包含生产、流通、消费等多个领域的措施,只不过它们的侧重点不同而已。同时,我国还需要努力打破地方贸易壁垒,形成统一的国内市场,使各地区能通过公平竞争充分发挥自己的比较优势,促进跨区域的产业结构优化。

关键词 区域能耗责任;区域能源效率;利益原则;多区域投入产出模型

中图分类号 F206 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)09-0075-09

区域能耗责任核算是公平、合理地制定各种跨区域能源政策(如节能政策)的重要基础,也是协调区域发展并改善全国能源效率的重要手段。所谓能耗责任是指相互之间具有紧密联系的各经济主体应为其所构成的经济系统的能耗承担的相应责任。我国各个地区就是相互具有广泛而紧密经济关联性的经济主体。区域间的经济关联性不仅对各区域的经济发展产生了深远的影响,同时也会对各区域的资源消耗、污染排放产生巨大影响。显然,区域能耗责任核算应当考虑这种由区域间经济关联性所带来的跨区域能耗影响。

同时,区域间能耗责任核算还需要采用公平、合理的分配原则。许多学者和政策制定者认为,恰当的资源消耗或污染排放责任分配原则应是各经济主体根据其所获得的经济利益及相关的资源、环境影响承担相应的责任,我们不妨称之为“利益原则”。从现有文献来看,基本的利益原则有三种:生产责任原则、收入责任原则和消费责任原则。生产责任原则又称领土原则[1],是指经济主体应根据其生产过程中直接消耗的资源或排放的污染承担责任。收入责任原则强调经济主体要根据其在生产活动中获得的收益及由此“激活”的下游资源、环境影响承担责任[2- 3]。消费责任原则意味着经济主体应根据其消费(或提供的最终消费品)及由此产生的上游资源、环境影响承担责任[4]。我们不妨将上述利益原则对应的资源消耗或污染排放责任分别称为生产责任、收入责任和消费责任。

除了基本的利益原则外,近年来还有一类利益原则引起了人们的广泛关注,那就是共担责任(shared responsibility)原则。这类原则可以看成上述三种基本原则的组合和拓展。目前已经被正式提出的共担责任原则有四种:收入加权责任原则、消费加权责任原则、综合利益责任原则及加权综合利益责任原则[5]。类似地,我们不妨将这四种原则对应的环境责任分别称为收入加权责任、消费加权责任、综合责任和加权综合责任。收入加权原则要求经济主体(收入获得者)及其产品或服务的购买者共同承担其下游资源、环境责任;消费加权责任原则主张经济主体(消费者或最终消费品提供者)及其上游供货方共同承担其上游资源、环境责任[6-8]。将经济主体收入责任和消费责任的平均值作为其环境责任,这就是综合利益原则[9]。类似地,如果经济主体承担的环境责任是其收入加权责任和消费加权责任的平均值,则我们称此分配原则为加权综合利益原则。

有不少学者[3-4,7]主张将收入责任原则和消费责任原则引入资源消耗或污染排放责任核算框架,以弥补基于生产责任原则的传统核算体系的不足。特别是消费责任原则已被广泛应用于分析贸易引起的区域间隐含能或隐含碳转移问题[10]。在一些学者[6-7,9,11-12]的努力下,共担责任原则也被成功的引入资源消耗或污染排放责任核算框架。张友国[13]还从产业层面对各种责任分配原则及核算框架进行了比较。不过,目前还没有文献将共担责任原则引入区域间资源消耗或污染排放责任核算框架。

1 区域能耗责任核算框架

区域能耗责任核算框架的核心就是要准确刻画跨区域的能耗影响,这可以通过两种方法来实现:一是基于单区域投入产出模型的双边贸易含污量(emissions embodied in bilateral trade,EEBT)方法,另一种是多区域投入产出模型。由于只有多区域投入产出模型能够刻画区域间的资源和环境溢出反馈效应(spillover and feedback effects),因此我们将基于这种模型来讨论跨区域的能耗责任核算问题。

为了诉述的方便,我们不妨假定一个封闭的经济体系可划分为k个区域,每个区域的经济系统都是由n个行业构成的。从供给的角度即横向看,一个地区的总产出可分为中间使用和最终使用两大部分:其中,中间使用可分为本地区使用和国内其他地区使用两部分;最终使用可分为两大部分,即本地区使用和其他地区使用。从消费的角度即纵向来看,一个地区的总投入包括三个部分:来自本地区的中间投入、来自其他地区的中间投入以及增加值(初始投入)。同时我们把资源消费或污染排放作为一种外生的投入。各地区的最终消费则包括两部分:本地区和国内其他地区生产的产品。

1.3 区域环境责任核算框架的拓展

以上给出了基本的基于利益原则的区域环境责任核算框架,其基本理论框架是MRIO模型,其应用也须采用MRIO表。然而在实际应用中,由于投入产出表的编制需要耗费大量的人力、物力和时间,所以我国每隔5年才能

编制一张基于统计调查的投入产出表,期间编制一张延长表。而且投入产出表公布的时点往往滞后于其所反映的经济运行时点2-3年。MRIO表的编制更是如此。因此,基于本文的区域环境责任核算框架,我们只能比较客观地对编制了MRIO表的年份进行实证分析。为了弥补这一缺陷,我们需要对基本的核算框架进行拓展,使我们能够估计没有MRIO表的年份中各区域的环境责任。为此,本文提出如下方法:

首先,假定各区域的各种经济利益之间的比值在短期内具有稳定性。我们容易找到各区域每年的国内生产总值即收入,从而可以基于这一假定估计出各区域的其他经济利益。

其次,假定各区域的各种能耗乘数之间的比值在短期内具有稳定性。我们容易找到各区域每年的能源消耗总量即生产能耗责任,于是可以根据上述两个假设条件估计出各区域的其他能耗责任。

其三,无论按那种核算方法,各区域的能耗责任合计值都必须与全国总能耗值相等。据此,我们可以按同一比例对各区域除生产能耗责任之外的其他能耗责任进行修正。

上述方法具有简洁性和可操作性,当然其假定条件也比较强。不过,考虑到我国经济结构在短期内不可能发生大的变化,这些假定条件也不失其合理性。当然,我们也可以采用传统的RAS方法来更新MRIO表,从而实现对本文基本方法的拓展,但这也需要大量的数据为支撑,而这些数据往往也不易获取。

2 实证分析

我们用基本的核算框架估计了2007年的区域能耗乘数和能耗责任,并则采用拓展的方法初步估计了2008-2012年各区域的能耗乘数和能耗责任。实证分析所采用的中国2007年30省区市区域间投入产出表是由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所与国家统计局核算司合作编制的,该表包括30个部门。为了与分部门的能源数据相匹配,本文将30个部门合并成27个部门。要说明的是,将各个区域从经济体系外进口的中间投入品都计入其增加值,同时将各区域最终消费中的进口品剔除。同时,我们把各区域向经济体系外出口的产品都作为该区域的经济主体消费的产品,也就是说作为该区域的消费利益处理。我们把表中的“其他”项即误差项作为一种特殊的最终使用处理,从而计算出其隐含能。2007年各区域工业分行业的能耗数据主要来源各区域统计年鉴,农业及第三产业的能源消费数据来自各省统计年鉴公布的《综合能源平衡表》。

根据我国的统计惯例,分行业的能源消费总量是指各行业终端消费量与各行业分摊的损失量和加工转换损失量之和,而不是各行业分品种能源消费量之和。我们不妨把前者称为能源消费总量I,后者称为能源消费总量II。为了统一统计口径,本研究采用能源消费总量I展开研究。

2008-2012年各区域的国内生产总值来源于《中国统计年鉴2013》,各区域的能耗值来源于《中国能源统计年鉴2013》。

2.1 省际能源效率

表1显示了不同原则下各区域2007年的能耗乘数,它们是各自区域内产业能耗乘数的加权平均值。2008-2012年各区域的能耗乘数与2007年的水平相比相差不大。由于无论按那种分配原则核算,传统能源密集型产业的能源乘数总是较大,因此那些产业结构中能源密集型产业比重较大的省份在任何分配原则下也都具有较大的能源乘数。那些经济、技术水平相对欠发达的中西部内陆省份,如宁夏、贵州、青海、山西和内蒙古就是能源密集型产业比重较大的省份。无论是这些省份的中间投入还是中间产出中,能源密集型产品的比重也都较大。反过来,那些经济、技术水平较发达的沿海省份,如浙江、北京、广东、上海、江苏等,它们的产业结构中能源密集型产业比重较小,因而它们的各类能耗乘数也较小。

进一步的结果表明,不同区域的同一产业也具有显著不同的能源效率。

这个结果固然有地区生产技术的差异,但也可能是各地同一产业的产品不完全一致所造成的。这是因为本文使用的部门分类比较粗,例如金属冶炼及压延业中的金属至少可分成黑色金属和有色金属两大类,这两大类金属还可进一步区分为不同的品种,如有色金属可分为铜、铝、锌、锡等。因此,不同地区的同一产业所指代的实际产品可能有很大的不同,从而表现出明显不同的能源效率。

以金属冶炼及压延业的直接能源强度为例,其值在浙江、江苏、重庆、广东等省份均低于0.5 tce/万元,在内蒙古、贵州、宁夏则超过了2 tce/万元,在黑龙江和青海更是超过了3 tce/万元。又如非金属矿物制品业的直接能源强度,其值在上海、河南、山东、河北及江苏等地均为超过0.9 tce/万元,在贵州、陕西、新疆、宁夏、云南等省份则达到3-5 tce/万元。

总的来看,各区域基于产业关联的各种能耗乘数几乎都大于各自的直接能耗强度,只有内蒙古和贵州的消费加权能耗乘数效应它们的直接能耗强度。

各区域的收入加权、消费加权和加权综合能耗乘数都分别小于各自的下游、上游和综合能耗乘数。进一步,大多数沿海经济发达省份(包括北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、广东)以及个别非沿海省份(如江西、重庆、吉林、四川)的各种能耗乘数中,上游能耗乘数明显大于其他能耗乘数。

2.2 省际能耗责任

表2显示了各种分配原则下各区域2012年的能耗责任。生产责任较大(超过2.0亿tce)的省份包括山东、河北、广东、江苏、河南、辽宁以及四川等。这主要是因为这几个省份重化工业,特别是金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业以及电力、热力的生产和供应业的生产规模(总产出)较大。海南、青海、宁夏、甘肃、北京以及江西由于生产规模较小,因而其直接生产耗能较少(小于7×107 tce),生产责任也较小。

与各地区收入责任相对应的是各地区的前向(下游)能耗影响。山东、河北、辽宁、河南的增加值和调整后的增加值总量也较大,加之其下游和收入加权能耗乘数也相对较高,故而这几个省份的收入责任和收入加权责任都较大。江苏和广东的下游和收入调整能耗乘数都较小,但它们的增加值和调整后的增加值总量较大,因而其收入责任和收入加权责任也较大。山西和内蒙古的增加值和调整后的增加值总量不算大,但其下游和收入加权能耗乘数较高,因而其收入责任和收入加权责任也较大。而青海、宁夏和甘肃等由于等省(区)的下游和收入加权乘数都较大,但它们的增加值和调整后的增加值总量都较小,因而收入责任和收入加权责任也较小。海南、江西和北京的增加值和调整后的增加值总量以及相应的下游和收入加权能耗乘数都较低,因而其收入责任和收入加权责任也都较小。

广东、江苏、浙江、上海等省(市)的上游和消费加权能耗乘数都相对较低,但它们的消费和调整后的消费总量都位居全国前列,因而这些省(市)的消费责任和消费加权责任位居全国前列。山东、四川、辽宁和河北的消费和调整后的消费总量也较大,同时它们的上游和消费加权能耗乘数都高于平均值,因而它们的消费责任和消费加权责任也较大。同样,尽管青海、宁夏、甘肃、贵州等省(区)的上游和消费加权乘数都较大,但它们的消费和调整后的消费总量都较小,因而它们的消费责任和消费加权责任也都较小。而海南的消费和调整后的消费总量以及相应的上游和消费加权能耗乘数都较低,因而其消费责任和消费加权责任也都较小。

此外,海南、青海、宁夏、甘肃、贵州、江西、广西以及云南的消费(加权)责任和收入(加权)责任都相对较小,因而它们的(加权)综合责任也较小。山东、广东、江苏、浙江、河北、辽宁和河南的消费责任和收入责任都较大,因而它们的综合责任也较大。

2.3 各省(区、市)不同核算原则下的能耗责任差异

不同核算原则下,各省份能耗责任的合计值总是等于

全国的生产总能耗。这意味着各种跨区域的环境责任分配方法同样能避免能耗影响的重复计算。同时各省(区、市)在不同核算方法下的能耗责任存在显著差异。下面,我们将比较各省(区、市)在不同核算原则下的能耗责任。

一个地区的各种能耗责任中,唯一不考虑跨区域间接能耗影响的是其生产责任,即对其直接能耗的核算。该地区的其他责任相当于是在对全国各地区的生产责任进行再分配的基础上形成的。虽然各地区考虑了产业关联的能耗乘数一般都要大于其直接能耗强度,但考虑了产业关联的经济利益一般都会小于其总产出,因而一个地区的生产责任可能大于、等于也可能小于该地区的其他责任。其中,河北、湖北、湖南、广西、贵州、云南、甘肃、青海以及宁夏等九个地区的生产责任大于所有其他责任,而北京、天津、上海、黑龙江以及广东等五个地区的生产责任要明显小于所有其他责任。

大部分省份的收入责任与生产责任差异显著,其相对差距介于±15%之间;收入加权责任与生产责任差异也显著,其相对差距介于±13%之间。消费责任与生产责任之间的相对差距进一步扩大。例如,天津、广东、北京、上海及浙江等几个沿海经济发达省(市)的消费责任比各自的生产责任高47%-89%;山西、贵州、河北和内蒙古等重化工较发达省份的消费责任比各自的生产责任低33%-52%。消费加权责任与生产责任之间的相对差距也十分明显。例如,浙江、北京、上海、安徽及天津等省(市)的消费加权比各自的生产责任高44%-131%;河南、河北和内蒙古的消费加权责任比各自的生产责任低30%-70%。

大部分省份的收入责任与收入加权责任之间的相对差距则较小:后者与前者的差距介于±5%之间;消费责任与消费加权责任之间的相对差距则较大:例如新疆、天津和安徽的消费加权责任比各自的消费责任高35%-69%。综合责任是收入责任和消费责任的平均值,而加权综合责任是收入加权责任和消费加权责任的平均值,因此综合责任与加权综合责任的相对差距总体上大于收入责任与收入加权责任之间的相对差距,但小于消费责任与消费加权责任之间的相对差距:除天津(32%)和安徽(33%)外,其余省份的综合责任与加权综合责任的相对差距介于±15%之间。

各省(区、市)的收入责任与消费责任之间的相对差距十分明显:河北、山西以及内蒙古的消费责任比各自的收入责任低33%-55%;河南、山西、贵州、新疆、黑龙江及辽宁的消费责任比各自的收入责任低20%-30%;浙江和上海的消费责任分别比各自的收入责任高98%和55%;江苏、天津、福建、江西、北京、广东和重庆的消费责任比各自的收入责任高20%-48%;余下省份的消费责任与收入责任的相对差距介于-15%-14%之间。

各省(区、市)的收入加权责任与消费加权责任之间的相对差距也十分明显:山西、河南、河北以及内蒙古的消费加权责任比各自的收入加权责任低23%-70%;天津和安徽的消费加权责任分别比各自的收入加权责任高105%和61%;福建、吉林、北京、上海、江西、重庆和浙江的消费责任比各自的收入责任高20%-47%;余下省份的消费责任与收入责任的相对差距介于-13%-17%之间。

3 结论与建议

地区的能源效率在很大程度上取决于该地区的产业结构。不管采用哪种能耗责任核算原则,那些传统能源密集型产业比重较大的一些中西部省份(如宁夏、贵州、青海、山西和内蒙古)总是具有较低的能源效率,而能源密集型产业比较小的一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、广东、上海、江苏等)总是具有较高的能源效率。同时,同一产业在不同省份的能源效率具有较大的差异性。

地区的能耗责任主要决定于该地区的经济规模,例如无论按那种方法进行核算,山东、江苏、广东等经济规模较大的省份都是能耗责任较大的省份,而宁夏、青海、海南等经济规模较小的省份则总是能耗责任较小的省份。当然,地区能源效率也对地区能耗责任产生了一定的影响。例如,在不少核算原则下,河北、河南的经济规模不如上海,但这两个省的能源效率低于上海,因而它们的能耗责任都大于上海。

各地区在不同核算原则下的能源效率和能耗责任存在显著差异,这意味着核算原则对各地区的能耗责任有显著影响。更重要的是,不同的核算原则实际上有着不同的政策含义。结合不同核算原则的政策含义和实证分析的结果,本文特提出如下政策建议:

首先,宁夏、贵州、青海、山西、内蒙古、新疆、甘肃和云南等能源密集型产业比重较大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、广西等生产责任大于其他责任的省份,其节能的重点在于优化生产方式,特别是加快金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业以及电力、热力的生产和供应业等重化工行业的技术进步、设备更新和这些行业落后产能的淘汰工作,从而有效提高这些地区各部门及整个地区的能源效率,并降低生产环节的能源消耗。由于这些地区多为中西部经济发展较为落后地区,且为我国经济发展提供了大量必不可少的资源型产品,中央政府应适当对其节能技术改造予以补贴,对其产业结构调整予以扶持。

其次,对于北京、天津、吉林、上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、广东、重庆、四川等消费责任及消费加权责任相对于其他责任较大的省份而言,这些地区一方面应通过税收、补贴及信贷等经济手段约束当地对能源密集型产品的需求并鼓励清洁型产品需求,从而优化其需求模式并避免浪费。另一方面,这些地区从其他地区调入产品时,应尽可能从能源效率更高的地区调入同类产品,从而激励产品调出地区的企业改善能源效率。同时,消费责任及消费加权责任较大的省份多为沿海发达地区,具有较好的经济和技术基础,这些地区应通过技术转移、资金补偿、人才培养等对口援助方式,帮助能源效率较低的中西部地区加快技术进步,从而间接减小自身的消费能耗责任。

其三,对于黑龙江、海南、山东、陕西、辽宁、河南等收入责任和收入加权责任相对其他责任较大的地区,一方面也应积极优化生产方式,从而提高其生产环节的能源效率并减少相应的能耗。另一方面,这些地区向其他地区调出产品时,应考虑采取价格优惠等政策以更多的向能源效率更高的地区调出产品,从而提高其下游能源效率,降低其收入责任和收入加权责任。同时,这也有利于调动其产品调入地区改善能源效率的积极性。

当然,上述粗略分类只是为了明确不同地区的重点节能政策,但这并不意味着各地区只采取哪些对本地区来说相对重要政策而不采取其他政策。换句话说,无论哪个地区都要重视从生产、流通、消费等多个途径实施节能战略,只不过侧重点不同而已。特别是山东、江苏、广东等几个省份更是要采取多管齐下的节能战略和政策,因为无论按那种原则核算,这几个省份的能耗责任都是最大的。

同时,考虑到同类产业的区域能源效率差异,我国需要努力打破地方保护壁垒,形成公平竞争的国内统一市场,使各地区能充分发挥自己的比较优势,从而起到跨区域的产业优化作用。同时,也可采用信贷、投资、行政审批等手段鼓励在某些产业上具有能效比较优势的地区进一步发挥其优势。

最后要提及的是,理论上来看加权综合责任指标考虑的因素最全面、最能调动各类经济主体的节能积极性,但在具体实施过程中也存在不易核算的困难。其他责任指标的核算相对容易且可操作性更强,但它们往往只针对部分经济主体,因而难免有失偏颇。因此,中央政府相关部门在制定相应的节能政策(如分配节能指标)时应慎重选取能耗责任核算原则,并保证地区节能任务与其能耗责任相匹配。当然,这些问题的解决还有待学术界和政策制定者的进一步探讨以及全社会的共同努力。

(编辑:王爱萍)

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[13]张友国.基于经济利益的产业间环境责任分配[J].中国工业经济,2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]

Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.

Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model

[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.

[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.

[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.

[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.

[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.

[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.

[13]张友国.基于经济利益的产业间环境责任分配[J].中国工业经济,2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]

Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.

Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model

[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.

[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.

[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.

[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.

[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.

[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.

[13]张友国.基于经济利益的产业间环境责任分配[J].中国工业经济,2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]

Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.

Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model