紫癜性肾炎患儿血清IgA1水平的测定与分析
2014-09-17崔雅璠丁樱
崔雅璠++丁樱
[摘要] 目的 通过测定并比较紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)患儿及健康儿童血清IgA1水平,探讨IgA1对HSPN发病的影响。 方法 收集2013年5~12月河南中医学院第一附属医院儿科住院的HSPN患儿40例(HSPN组)及20名健康儿童(对照组)献血者血清,采用免疫比浊法测定HSPN患儿及健康儿童血清IgA的浓度;通过Jacalin亲和层析法分离、纯化血清,得到Jacalin结合蛋白,测定两组血清总IgA1浓度;Jacalin结合蛋白通过分子筛层析法分离,测定两组单聚体IgA1(mIgA1)及多聚体IgA1(pIgA1)的浓度。 结果 HSPN组及对照组血清IgA水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);HSPN组血清总IgA1、mIgA1及pIgA1水平均高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。 结论 HSPN患儿血清IgA水平升高不明显,血清中mIgA1及pIgA1水平明显升高,提示IgA1在HSPN的发病中起一定作用。
[关键词] 紫癜性肾炎;IgA1;亲和层析;分子筛层析
[中图分类号] R725.9[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)06(b)-0013-04
Measurement and analysis of serum IgA1 level in children with henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis
CUI Yafan1 DING Ying2
1.Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; 2.Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of He'nan University of TCM, He'nan Province, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Objective To measure and compare the differences of IgA1 serum level in children with henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and healthy children (control group), and discuss the impact on the disease. Methods Serums of children with HSPN (HSPN group) and healthy children from May to December 2013 in the First Affiliated Hospital of He'nan University of TCM were collected. Concentration of serum IgA in two groups were measured by immunoturbidimetry; Jacalin bound protein was separated and purified by Jacalin affinity chromatography, and concentration of total serum IgA1 in two groups were measured; monomeric IgA1 and polymeric IgA1 were separated by molecular sieve chromatography and the concentration of mIgA1 and pIgA1 of two groups were measured. Results There was no statistically significant difference of two groups in the concentration of serum IgA (P > 0.05); the concentration of total serum IgA1, mIgA1 and pIgA1 in children with HSPN was significantly higher than those of the control group, the difference was high statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The increase of the level of serum IgA in children with HSPN is not obvious, both mIgA1 and pIgA1 are elevated significantly and they may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HSPN.
[Key words] Henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis; IgA1; Affinity chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography
紫癜性肾炎(henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis,HSPN)是过敏性紫癜(anaphylactoid purpura,HSP)主要表现之一,是决定HSP预后的最重要因素。在我国HSPN居小儿继发性肾病的首位,且近年来其发病率有上升趋势,严重危害着儿童健康。目前HSPN的发病机制尚不十分清楚,多数学者认为IgA在肾脏的沉积与该病的发病密切相关,而研究表明,在IgA的亚型中IgA1为参与HSP及HSPN发病的主要抗体[1]。本研究通过测定HSPN患儿与健康儿童血清IgA水平,并通过特殊方法分离并测定单聚体IgA1(mIgA1)及多聚体IgA1(pIgA1)水平,探讨与HSPN发病相关的IgA类型。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2013年5~12月河南中医学院第一附属医院儿科住院的40例HSPN患儿及同期20名健康儿童作为研究对象。HSPN患儿纳入HSPN组,符合临床HSPN诊断标准,男23例,女17例,年龄4~18岁,平均(9.15±2.94)岁。所有患儿尿沉渣检查红细胞5个/HP~+++,尿蛋白+~+++,肝肾功能正常。除外系统性红斑狼疮、乙型病毒性肝炎等其他疾病。肾穿刺活检符合HSPN病理改变,其中Ⅱa型2例、Ⅱb型17例、Ⅲa型15例、Ⅲb型6例。健康儿童献血者纳入对照组,男8例,女12例,年龄3~14岁,平均(8.12±2.35)岁。近1个月无呼吸道、胃肠道等粘膜感染史,肝肾功能正常,无镜下血尿和蛋白尿。
1.2 方法
1.2.1试剂与材料Agarose-Jacalin亲和填料购自Invitrogen公司,密二糖购自Aladdin公司,小鼠抗人IgAl-UNLB(CLONE:b3506B4)抗体购自Southern Biotechnology公司,HRP标记-山羊抗小鼠IgG(H+L)抗体购自中杉金桥公司,50 kD/2 mL超滤离心管购自Pall公司。
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1.2.2 血清IgA浓度的测定抽取患儿及健康儿童静脉血5 mL,室温下静置30 min,3000 r/min 离心15 min,取血清利用免疫比浊法测定患儿及健康儿童血清IgA浓度,血清于-70℃冻存备用。
1.2.3 Jacalin亲和层析血清样品用10 mmol/L PBS pH7.4缓冲液等体积稀释,加至Jacalin亲和柱(上海同田生物技术有限公司,型号规格:TBP1002T),流速0.5 mL/min,循环上样6次;用175 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH7.5缓冲液洗脱,直至洗脱液在280 nm的OD值小于1 mAU;收集亲和柱解离样品用超微量分光光度计测定其浓度;将解离样品用50 kD超滤膜,4℃,4000 r/min,浓缩至0.5 mL。
1.2.4 Superdex-200分子筛层析经浓缩的Jacalin亲和柱解离样品于Superdex-200分子筛(P1201高效液相色谱仪,大连依利特分析仪器有限公司)上样,用10 mmol/L PBS pH 7.4缓冲液进行洗脱,速度0.4 mL/min;通过280 nm的OD吸收值,收集洗脱峰,共4个峰;经SDS-PAGE电泳及鼠抗人IgA1及HRP标记的羊抗鼠抗体做Western Blot鉴定,证实第2峰及第3峰为IgA1;收集第2、3峰洗脱液,用超微量分光光度计测定其浓度。见图1。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
HSPN组血清总IgA浓度为0.79~5.87 mg/mL,平均(1.79±1.50) mg/mL;对照组血清总IgA浓度为0.69~2.79 mg/mL,平均(1.50±0.72)mg/mL;两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。通过Jacalin亲和层析后,HSPN组总IgA1浓度为0.322~0.630 mg/mL,平均(0.573±0.107) mg/mL;对照组总IgA1浓度为0.237~0.472 mg/mL,平均(0.385±0.076)mg/mL;HSPN组总IgA1浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)。通过Superdex-200分子筛层析后,HSPN组pIgA1浓度为0.065~0.170 mg/mL,平均(0.124±0.034)mg/mL;对照组pIgA1浓度为0.058~0.095 mg/mL,平均(0.073±0.013)mg/mL。HSPN组pIgA1浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)。HSPN组mIgA1浓度为0.101~0.498 mg/mL,平均(0.346±0.092)mg/mL;对照组mIgA1浓度为0.131~0.234 mg/mL,平均(0.173±0.031)mg/mL;HSPN组mIgA1浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)。见表1。
表1 两组血清总IgA及各种IgA1浓度比较(x±s)
注:HSPN:紫癜性肾炎
3 讨论
目前IgA与HSP及HSPN的发病密切相关已被学者公认,有研究发现在HSP患者急性期血清中IgA及IgA1水平均明显升高[2],且有肾脏损害的患者血清IgA1水平较无肾脏损害的患者更高[3],认为HSPN患者血清IgA尤其是IgA1水平升高。但IgA在HSP及HSPN的作用机制尚不十分清楚,有人认为IgA水平的升高可以引起血管内皮细胞的凋亡,导致血管功能脆弱从而诱发血管炎性疾病[4-5]。人类免疫球蛋白A存在于血清和分泌液中,血清中IgA包括IgAl和IgA2两种亚型,IgA1分子量为56 kD,IgA2为52 kD,两者均以单体、二聚体、多聚体的混合形式存在。IgA1比IgA2在重链CH1和CH2之间多了一个可转动的铰链区,而此铰链区多个氨基酸残基可与O-糖基连接的位点,HSPN的发生与IgA1的铰链区与O-糖基链上的GalNAc连接位点减少有关,呈低糖基化,因此认为IgA1的异常糖基化导致了HSPN的发病[6-7],在HSPN患者中低糖基化IgA1水平明显升高[8]。这种异常糖基化的IgA1可与某些特异性抗体结合形成免疫复合物(IgA1-IC)。这些IgA1-IC主要通过四种形式作用于肾小球造成损伤:①异常糖基化的IgA1以自身聚集的形式形成pIgA1,或可与血清IgG特异性结合形成IgA1-IgG-IC[9-10],这类大分子免疫复合物更不易与肝细胞接触,从而顺利通过肾小球系膜细胞沉积于系膜区[11];②异常糖基化的IgA1与系膜细胞上的IgA1特异性受体结合能力增强,更容易黏附于系膜细胞上,造成IgA1在系膜细胞上的沉积;③IgA1-IC在系膜区的沉积触发了系膜细胞的活化、增殖、细胞因子的释放及系膜基质的增生[12-13];④系膜区的IgA1可通过识别半乳糖基与pIgA1发生反应,从而激活补体旁路途径或甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)途径,进而造成肾小球损伤[14]。且IgA1的糖基化程度和循环免疫复合物的分子量大小影响可激活补体的能力[15]。系膜细胞上存在IgA1受体,其受体-配体结合具有特异性、饱和性及激活信号转导分子的作用。异常糖基化的IgA1与受体结合力增强,并可影响IgA1受体的表达增加[16]。
对于血清中IgA的测定方法有很多种,如免疫比浊法、ELISA法等,但这些方法特异性偏低,不能很好地分辨IgA的亚型及单体和多聚体形式。Jacalin是菠萝蜜种子中的主要蛋白,是一个含有两个链的四聚物的凝集素,具有高度特异性的α-O-糖基可与D-Galβ1-3GalNAc结合,这个特性可以使其与各种O-糖蛋白特异性结合,尤其是人类IgA1[17]。Jacalin与人类IgA1的结合具有高度特异性,即其不与IgG、IgM、IgE结合,也不与IgA2结合,故目前广泛用于从人血或初乳中分离、纯化IgA1。蜜二糖具有很强的结合能力,能将与Jacalin结合的蛋白有效地洗脱出来,并且含有蜜二糖的洗脱液pH值为中性,不影响目的蛋白的性质[18]。另外Superdex-200分子筛可有效地将分子量为10~600 kD的蛋白分离出来,IgA1的分子量在此范围之内。
本研究采用Jacalin亲和层析从血清中分离纯化获得IgA1,通过光密度测定其浓度,结果显示HSPN患儿总IgA1水平明显升高,提示IgA1水平升高参与HSPN的发病。人血清中的IgA1与Jacalin结合后形成Jacalin结合蛋白,其主要包括以下4种成分:IgA的免疫复合物、pIgA1、mIgA1及非IgA1类蛋白[19]。采用分子筛层析的方法将总IgA1中的成分按分子量大小分离出来,经鉴定证实第2峰为pIgA1,第3峰为mIgA1。测定其浓度结果显示,HSPN患儿不论是pIgA1还是mIgA1的浓度都显著高于健康儿童,即在HSPN患儿血清中单体和多聚体两种形式IgA1水平均有所增加。在采用免疫比浊法测定血清总IgA浓度的结果中,HSPN组虽较对照组数值偏高,但两组对比无统计学差异,说明HSPN患儿血清总IgA水平升高不明显,这与本研究组在临床回顾性研究的统计结果相一致[20],结合IgA1水平变化结果,本研究认为在HSPN患儿中,总IgA水平变化可能不明显,但IgA1选择性地升高。也有研究认为,在HSPN发病机制中,结构的异常使IgA1黏附作用增强,更易于形成异常糖基化IgA1的大分子免疫复合物,这种大分子复合物不易与肝细胞接触,失去与唾液酸糖蛋白受体特异性结合的能力,使得肝脏不能清除血清中的IgA1,导致其水平增高[10,21-22]。因此认为可能导致HSP患儿IgA免疫复合物沉积的因素并非单纯由于其分泌水平增高,很大程度是因IgA1的结构异常,从而使IgA1分子自身缺陷或降解途径异常,导致血清中IgA1水平的过度增高。另一方面,现通常认为在HSPN患者肾脏沉积的为pIgA1,但本研究结果显示,mIgA1水平也升高,这提示可能mIgA1在发病中起一定的作用,究竟IgA1以何种形式在HSPN发病中起何作用,尚待进一步的研究。
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[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2014-04-24本文编辑:任念)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号81173300)。
[作者简介] 崔雅璠(1985.11-),女,北京人,北京中医药大学2011级中医儿科学专业在读博士研究生;研究方向:中医药防治小儿肾脏疾病。
[通讯作者] 丁樱(1951.2 -),女,江苏南京人,河南中医学院第一附属医院儿科主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师;研究方向:中医药防治儿科疾病。
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[参考文献]
[1]Egan CA,Taylor TB,Meyer LJ,et al. IgA1 is the major IgA subclass in cutaneous blood vessels in Henoch-Schnolein purpura [J]. Br J Dermatol,1999,14(5):859-862.
[2]王士杰,鹿玲.过敏性紫癜患儿血IL-21、TGF-β、TNF-α和免疫球蛋白变化及意义[J].临床儿科杂志,2011,29(2):159-161.
[3]李智超.过敏性紫癜儿童的血IL-26、TNF-α、PDGF及免疫球蛋白变化及意义[J].中国妇幼保健,2013,28:3787-3788.
[4]吴繁.血清IgA水平与过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿血管内皮细胞凋亡的关系[J].中国医药指南,2013,11(12):532-533.
[5]袁丽萍,张琴,鹿玲.过敏性紫癜患儿血管内皮细胞凋亡与血清IgA水平关系探讨[J].中国免疫学杂志,2012,28(1):81-84.
[6]Allen AC,Willis FR,Beattie TJ,et al. Abnormal IgA glyco-sylation in henoch-schonlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis [J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,1998,13(4):930-934.
[7]陶红,吴祥,肖红,等.异常糖基化IgA1在过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害中的作用[J].海南医学院学报,2014,20(1):114-119.
[8]邹敏书,余健,聂国明,等.IgA肾病及过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿血清半乳糖缺乏IgA1测定的临床意义[J].华南国防医学杂志,2012,26(6):542-544,556.
[9]Novak J,Moldoveanu Z,Renfrow MB,et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis:aberrant glycosylation of IgA1,formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes,and activation of mesangial cells [J]. Contrib Nep hrol,2007,157:134-138.
[10]刘云,徐汉云.过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿IgA1异常糖基化的研究[J].实用临床医学2013,14(1):81-82.
[11]Lau KK,Wyatt RJ,Moldoveanu Z,et al. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura [J]. Pediatr Nephrol,2007,22(12):2067-2072.
[12]Oortwijn BD,Eijgenraam JW,Rastaldi MP,et al. The role of secretary IgA and complement in IgA nephropathy [J]. Semin Nephrol,2008,28(1):58-65.
[13]Endo M,Ohi H,Ohsawa I,et al. Complement activation through the lectinpathway in patients with Henoch-Schonleinpurpura nephritis [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2000,35(3):401-407.
[14]Moura IC,Arcos-Fajardo M,Sadaka C,et al. Glycosylation and size of IgA1 are essential for interaction with mesangial transferrin receptor in IgA nephropathy [J]. Am Soc Nep hrol,2004,15(3):622-634.
[15]Lohse S,Peipp M,Beyer T,et al. Impact of human IgA antibodies on complement-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by combinations of EGF-R-directed antibodies [J]. Arch Immunol Ther Exp(Warsz),2010,58(4):303-312.
[16]Haddad E,Moura IC,Arcos-Fajardo M,et al. Enhanced expression of the CD71 mesangial IgA1 receptor in Berger disease and Henoch-Schonlein nephritis:association between CD71 expression and IgA deposits [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(2):327-337.
[17]Kabir S. Jacalin:a jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed -derived lectin of versatile applications in immunobiological research [J]. J Immunol Methods,1998,212(2):193-211.
[18]郭红,于仲元,梁志锦.IgA肾病患者血清IgAl的测定和分析[J].医师进修杂志,2002,25(8):19-25.
[19]Leung jc,Poon PY,Lai KN,et al.Increased sialylation of polymeric immunoglobulin A1:mechanism of selective glo merular deposition in immunoglobulin A nephropathy? [J]. J Lab Clin Med,1999,133(2):152-160.
[20]张霞,丁樱,于文静,等.儿童过敏性紫癜肾脏损伤发生的相关因素分析[J].中医学报,2013,28(184):1361-1362.
[21]Novak J,Moldoveanu Z,Renfrow M B,et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis:aberrant glycosylation of IgA1,formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes,and activation of mesangial cells [J]. Contrib Nephrol,2007,157:134-138.
[22]李勇.小剂量肝素预防过敏性紫癜的肾脏损害76例临床观察[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(34):28.
(收稿日期:2014-04-24本文编辑:任念)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号81173300)。
[作者简介] 崔雅璠(1985.11-),女,北京人,北京中医药大学2011级中医儿科学专业在读博士研究生;研究方向:中医药防治小儿肾脏疾病。
[通讯作者] 丁樱(1951.2 -),女,江苏南京人,河南中医学院第一附属医院儿科主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师;研究方向:中医药防治儿科疾病。
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[参考文献]
[1]Egan CA,Taylor TB,Meyer LJ,et al. IgA1 is the major IgA subclass in cutaneous blood vessels in Henoch-Schnolein purpura [J]. Br J Dermatol,1999,14(5):859-862.
[2]王士杰,鹿玲.过敏性紫癜患儿血IL-21、TGF-β、TNF-α和免疫球蛋白变化及意义[J].临床儿科杂志,2011,29(2):159-161.
[3]李智超.过敏性紫癜儿童的血IL-26、TNF-α、PDGF及免疫球蛋白变化及意义[J].中国妇幼保健,2013,28:3787-3788.
[4]吴繁.血清IgA水平与过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿血管内皮细胞凋亡的关系[J].中国医药指南,2013,11(12):532-533.
[5]袁丽萍,张琴,鹿玲.过敏性紫癜患儿血管内皮细胞凋亡与血清IgA水平关系探讨[J].中国免疫学杂志,2012,28(1):81-84.
[6]Allen AC,Willis FR,Beattie TJ,et al. Abnormal IgA glyco-sylation in henoch-schonlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis [J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,1998,13(4):930-934.
[7]陶红,吴祥,肖红,等.异常糖基化IgA1在过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害中的作用[J].海南医学院学报,2014,20(1):114-119.
[8]邹敏书,余健,聂国明,等.IgA肾病及过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿血清半乳糖缺乏IgA1测定的临床意义[J].华南国防医学杂志,2012,26(6):542-544,556.
[9]Novak J,Moldoveanu Z,Renfrow MB,et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis:aberrant glycosylation of IgA1,formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes,and activation of mesangial cells [J]. Contrib Nep hrol,2007,157:134-138.
[10]刘云,徐汉云.过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿IgA1异常糖基化的研究[J].实用临床医学2013,14(1):81-82.
[11]Lau KK,Wyatt RJ,Moldoveanu Z,et al. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura [J]. Pediatr Nephrol,2007,22(12):2067-2072.
[12]Oortwijn BD,Eijgenraam JW,Rastaldi MP,et al. The role of secretary IgA and complement in IgA nephropathy [J]. Semin Nephrol,2008,28(1):58-65.
[13]Endo M,Ohi H,Ohsawa I,et al. Complement activation through the lectinpathway in patients with Henoch-Schonleinpurpura nephritis [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2000,35(3):401-407.
[14]Moura IC,Arcos-Fajardo M,Sadaka C,et al. Glycosylation and size of IgA1 are essential for interaction with mesangial transferrin receptor in IgA nephropathy [J]. Am Soc Nep hrol,2004,15(3):622-634.
[15]Lohse S,Peipp M,Beyer T,et al. Impact of human IgA antibodies on complement-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by combinations of EGF-R-directed antibodies [J]. Arch Immunol Ther Exp(Warsz),2010,58(4):303-312.
[16]Haddad E,Moura IC,Arcos-Fajardo M,et al. Enhanced expression of the CD71 mesangial IgA1 receptor in Berger disease and Henoch-Schonlein nephritis:association between CD71 expression and IgA deposits [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(2):327-337.
[17]Kabir S. Jacalin:a jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed -derived lectin of versatile applications in immunobiological research [J]. J Immunol Methods,1998,212(2):193-211.
[18]郭红,于仲元,梁志锦.IgA肾病患者血清IgAl的测定和分析[J].医师进修杂志,2002,25(8):19-25.
[19]Leung jc,Poon PY,Lai KN,et al.Increased sialylation of polymeric immunoglobulin A1:mechanism of selective glo merular deposition in immunoglobulin A nephropathy? [J]. J Lab Clin Med,1999,133(2):152-160.
[20]张霞,丁樱,于文静,等.儿童过敏性紫癜肾脏损伤发生的相关因素分析[J].中医学报,2013,28(184):1361-1362.
[21]Novak J,Moldoveanu Z,Renfrow M B,et al. IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis:aberrant glycosylation of IgA1,formation of IgA1-containing immune complexes,and activation of mesangial cells [J]. Contrib Nephrol,2007,157:134-138.
[22]李勇.小剂量肝素预防过敏性紫癜的肾脏损害76例临床观察[J].中外医学研究,2012,10(34):28.
(收稿日期:2014-04-24本文编辑:任念)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号81173300)。
[作者简介] 崔雅璠(1985.11-),女,北京人,北京中医药大学2011级中医儿科学专业在读博士研究生;研究方向:中医药防治小儿肾脏疾病。
[通讯作者] 丁樱(1951.2 -),女,江苏南京人,河南中医学院第一附属医院儿科主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师;研究方向:中医药防治儿科疾病。
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