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头痛宁胶囊对偏头痛大鼠中脑降钙素基因相关肽表达的影响

2014-09-15姚刚赵继福黄倩于挺敏

中国医药导报 2014年24期
关键词:偏头痛

姚刚+赵继福+黄倩+于挺敏

[摘要] 目的 探讨头痛宁胶囊干预偏头痛大鼠,对模型大鼠中脑降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)基因表达的影响,及头痛宁胶囊对内源性痛觉调制系统功能的干预作用。 方法 将24只健康成年Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(A组),偏头痛组(B组),头痛宁胶囊对照组(C组),头痛宁胶囊治疗组(D组),每组6只。C、D组给予头痛宁胶囊0.375 g/(kg·d)灌胃7 d,之后B、D组大鼠制备硝酸甘油型偏头痛大鼠模型,造模2 h处死大鼠,取中脑组织。采用实时定量PCR检测各组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数。 结果 A、B、C、D组大鼠中脑每250 ng总RNA中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数分别为:(1.13±0.68)×104、(1.61±0.51)×104、(0.80±0.45)×104、(0.75±0.27)×104。A组与B组、C组与D组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);C、D组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 头痛宁胶囊可以降低偏头痛发作时中脑CGRP基因的表达,发挥治疗偏头痛的作用。

[关键词] 降钙素基因相关肽;偏头痛;头痛宁胶囊

[中图分类号] R747.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)08(c)-0012-04

Effects of Toutongning Capsule on CGRP expression in the midbrain of rats with migraine headache model

YAO Gang1 ZHAO Jifu2 HUANG Qian1 YU Tingmin1▲

1.Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130041, China; 2. Department of Medical, Changchun Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Province, Changchun 130022, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of Toutongning Capsule on Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the midbrain of rats with migraine headache, and the intervention effect of Toutongning Capsule on the function of endogenous pain modulation system. Methods A total of 24 adult Wistar rats were divided into control group (group A), model group (group B), Toutongning Capsule control group (group C) and Toutongning Capsule treatment group (group D), with 6 rats in each group. Group C and group D were given the Toutongning Capsule 0.375 g/(kg·d) for 7 days. 2 hours following nitroglycerin injection, the midbrains of rats were isolated and the expression of CGR was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Results CGRP mRNA levels (CGRP mRNA copies per 250 ng total RNA) in the rat midbrain of group A, B, C, D were (1.13±0.68)×104, (1.61±0.51)×104, (0.80±0.45)×104, (0.75±0.27)×104 respectively. CGRP mRNA levels were similar between group A and group B, group C and group D, there were no significant differences in the CGRP mRNA copy number in the rat midbrain (P > 0.05). The CGRP mRNA levels were significantly lower in the group C and group D compared with the groups B, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The therapeutically beneficial effects of Toutongning Capsule to migraine headaches is ralated to downregulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA expressions in the midbrain.

[Key words] Calcitonin gene-related peptide; Migraine; Toutongning Capsule

降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是内源性痛觉调制系统中重要的中介物质,拮抗和减弱内源性阿片肽在中脑的镇痛效应,参与调节内源性痛觉调制系统的功能[1-2]。头痛宁胶囊对多种慢性头痛(如偏头痛、紧张型头痛等)均有较为满意的疗效[3-4]。该药对内源性痛觉调制系统的关键结构——中脑CGRP的表达是否产生影响目前尚无相关研究。本实验通过观察头痛宁胶囊对偏头痛模型大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA表达的影响,探讨该药对偏头痛的治疗机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试剂与仪器

头痛宁胶囊(咸阳步长制药有限公司);硝酸甘油注射剂(山西康宝生物制品股份有限公司);RNAiso Reagent、RNA PCR Kit(AMV)Ver.3.0、E.coli DH5α、pEASY-T1 Vector、限制酶BamH Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅴ、SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM均购自大连TaKaRa公司;AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit及AxyPrep Plasmid Miniprep Kit购自Axygen Biosciences公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。PCR仪(Perkin Elmer GeneAmp PCR system2400);台式冷冻离心机(MIKRO 22R zentrifugen);超低温冰箱(MDF-382E);Sub-Cell GT(Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Systems,BIO-RAD);BIO-RAD Power PAC 200/300稳压稳流电泳仪;凝胶成像系统(Kada);紫外分光光度计(UV-2401PC,Shimadzu),软件:UVPC version 3.9;定量PCR仪(ABI PRISM 7500)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1实验动物、分组、药物干预、造模

健康Wistar大鼠24只,雌雄各半,200~220 g,由吉林大学基础医学院动物中心提供。24只健康成年Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组:对照组(A组),偏头痛组(B组),头痛宁胶囊对照组(C组),头痛宁胶囊治疗组(D组),每组6只。根据成人每日口服剂量换算得到实验大鼠给药剂量,头痛宁胶囊对照组和头痛宁胶囊治疗组给予头痛宁胶囊0.375 g/(kg·d)灌胃,对照组、偏头痛组给予生理盐水2 mL/d灌胃给药,连续给药7 d后,偏头痛组和头痛宁胶囊对照组大鼠制备偏头痛大鼠模型(臀部皮下注射硝酸甘油注射剂10 mg/kg),以造模大鼠出现爬笼次数增多、前肢频繁搔头、往返运动、咬尾等不适的症状为造模成功的指标[6]。对照组和头痛宁胶囊对照组大鼠皮下注射生理盐水2 mL/kg。

1.2.2 标本采集

造模2 h时10%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠(0.3 mL/100 g),取脑,分离中脑,-70℃保存。

1.2.3 实时定量PCR

1.2.3.1 cDNA合成 按RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取各组大鼠中脑总RNA。MgCl2 4 μL, RNase Inhibitor 0.5 μL, AMV Reverse Transcriptase 1 μL,5×RT Buffer 4 μL, dNTP Mixture (各10 mmol/L) 2 μL, Random 9 mers 1 μL, 总RNA 250 ng,以及RNase Free dH2O,总体积为20 μL。逆转录反应条件:30℃ 10 min,42℃ 30 min,99℃ 5 min,5℃ 5 min。

1.2.3.2 标准品制备 CGRP引物上游5'-AAGTTCTCCCCTTTCCTGGT-3',下游5'-GGTGGGCACAAAGTTG TCCT-3'。PCR扩增反应条件:变性(94℃ 30s),退火(53℃ 30 s),延伸(72℃ 30 s),35个循环。试剂盒回收、纯化PCR扩增的目的基因,与pEASY-T1载体连接,之后转化到E.coli DH5α中,氨苄青霉素筛选,试剂盒提取质粒,限制酶BamH Ⅰ、EcoR Ⅴ双酶切鉴定及测序,证实CGRP cDNA全长完全正确。计算所提取质粒的拷贝数(测OD260值),作为标准品(无菌水10倍系列稀释后分装),-20℃保存。

1.2.3.3 SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR SYBR Premix ExTaqTM 10 μL,ROX Reference Dye 0.4 μL,上下游引物各0.4 μL(10 μmol/L),cDNA标本2.0 μL,dH2O 6.8 μL,总反应体系为20 μL。10倍系列稀释的标准品,同时进行PCR扩增。各标本均做3个复孔。反应条件:变性(94℃ 30 s),退火(53℃ 30 s),延伸(72℃ 30 s),共40个循环。同时进行熔解曲线分析,分析模式:95℃ 15 s,60℃ 20 s,95℃ 15 s。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间差别采用单因素方差分析和Tukey比较,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 CGRP质粒标准品

采用普通PCR获得CGRP基因扩增产物,纯化回收,与pEASY-T1载体连接成为重组质粒(标准品),质粒标准品经过双酶切鉴定与预期结果一致,测序结果回报所克隆序列同靶基因序列的同源性达100%。

2.2 CGRP标准品实时定量PCR标准曲线

利用10倍系列稀释的CGRP质粒标准品制作PCR标准曲线。基因检测的下限为2.7×103拷贝/μL,检测的上限为2.7×109拷贝/μL,回归方程Ct= -2.69Log(x)+38.875,r=0.993,线性范围达7个数量级(图1)。

图1 降钙素基因相关肽基因标准品实时定量PCR标准曲线

2.3 产物特异性

熔解曲线分析结果显示,10倍系列稀释的CGRP质粒标准品PCR产物熔解曲线峰值均在88℃,峰形锐利,说明产物特异。

2.4 各组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA表达量

根据标准曲线,计算机可直接计算出各标本模板的CGRP mRNA初始含量(图2)。各标本PCR扩增产物熔解曲线峰值也在88℃,说明产物特异。各组大鼠中脑每250 ng总RNA中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数分别为(1.13±0.68)×104、(1.61±0.51)×104、(0.80±0.45)×104、(0.75±0.27)×104。A、B组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);C、D组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);C、D组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA拷贝数比较,明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

★P < 0.05

图2 各组大鼠中脑CGRP mRNA表达情况

3 讨论

头痛宁胶囊由天麻、土茯苓、制何首乌、防风、全蝎、当归六味药材按照GMP标准严格生产的中成药制剂。多数单药组分具有镇痛作用,天麻具有镇静、安神、减轻头痛等作用[7]。动物实验发现,土茯苓能明显提高小鼠的热板痛阈值[8]。当归的抗氧化和抗自由基效应,起到神经保护的作用[9]。全蝎中含有的蝎毒多肽具有很强的镇痛作用。有研究发现:头痛宁胶囊可以上调偏头痛大鼠中脑脑啡肽原mRNA的表达,进而增加与内源性镇痛直接相关的两种脑啡肽(甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和亮氨酸脑啡肽)在中脑的含量,说明头痛宁胶囊对内源性痛觉调制系统的功能发挥调节作用[10]。

内源性痛觉调制系统的核心结构是中脑导水管周围灰质(periaqueductal gray,PAG),凡是由激活更高中枢所产生的镇痛效应,大部分都被证明是通过PAG才得以实现的,这充分体现了PAG在痛觉调制中的重要性[11-12]。PAG与延髓头端腹内侧网状结构相连接,调节脊髓背角的痛觉初级传入活动,这一过程通过下行抑制通路得以实现。CGRP作为内源性痛觉调制系统中重要的中介物质,参与疼痛与镇痛过程。

本研究以头痛宁胶囊为干预因素,观察其对硝酸甘油型偏头痛大鼠中脑CGRP表达的影响,进一步观察头痛宁胶囊对内源性痛觉调制系统的调节作用,探讨其治疗偏头痛的中枢机制。本实验建立的检测大鼠CGRP基因的实时定量PCR方法,具有很高的敏感性和重复性,使得实验结果精确可靠。实验结果发现:以头痛宁胶囊作为干预因素的偏头痛大鼠,其中脑CGRP mRNA表达明显低于偏头痛模型大鼠,说明头痛宁胶囊对偏头痛大鼠中脑CGRP基因表达具有抑制作用。

CGRP与偏头痛关系极为密切,在外周,CGRP是最有效的血管扩张肽[13],CGRP与位于脑血管平滑肌的CGRP受体结合导致脑血管异常扩张[14-15],引发头痛。三叉神经血管末梢释放的CGRP可触发脑膜肥大细胞脱颗粒,进而引发一系列生物学反应,诱发脑膜神经源性炎症[16],导致头痛发生。除此以外,CGRP还是三叉神经脊束核中伤害性感受神经元的神经调质[17],传递痛觉信息。在中脑,CGRP的主要作用是拮抗内源性阿片肽的镇痛效应[18]。本研究发现头痛宁胶囊可以下调偏头痛大鼠中脑CGRP的基因表达,由此认为头痛宁胶囊治疗偏头痛的机制与其抑制中脑CGRP的表达有关。

[参考文献]

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[7] 薛柳华,唐一鹏,孙承琳,等.天麻素对缺血再灌注神经细胞膜的保护作用[J].北京中医药大学学报,1998,21(3):18-21.

[8] 吴丽明,张敏.土茯苓中落新妇甙的利尿和镇痛作用[J].中药材,1995,18(12):627-630.

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[10] Yao G,Man YH,Qi JJ,et al. Effects of Toutongning capsule on enkephalin in a rat migraine headache model [J]. Neural Regeneration Research,2011,6(9):661-665.

[11] Tuveson B,Leffler AS,Hansson P. Influence of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on spontaneous pain and dynamic mechanical allodynia in central post-stroke pain patients [J]. Pain,2009,143(1-2):84-91.

[12] Potvin S,Grignon S,Marchand S. Human evidence of a supra-spinal modulating role of dopamine on pain perception [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):390-402.

[13] Brain SD,Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin [J]. Physiol Rev,2004, 84(3):903-934.

[14] Edvinsson L,Alm R,Shaw D,et al. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral,coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2002,434(1-2):49-53.

[15] Moreno MJ,Abounader R,Hebert E,et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries:potential implications in acute migraine treatment [J]. Neuropharmacology,2002,42(4):568-576.

[16] Theoharides TC,Donelan J,Kandere-Grzybowska K,et al. The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology [J]. Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2005,49(1):65-76.

[17] Messlinger K. Migraine:where and how does the pain originate [J]. Exp Brain Res,2009,196(1):179-193.

[18] 谢启文.神经肽[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:7.

(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文编辑:任 念)

[10] Yao G,Man YH,Qi JJ,et al. Effects of Toutongning capsule on enkephalin in a rat migraine headache model [J]. Neural Regeneration Research,2011,6(9):661-665.

[11] Tuveson B,Leffler AS,Hansson P. Influence of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on spontaneous pain and dynamic mechanical allodynia in central post-stroke pain patients [J]. Pain,2009,143(1-2):84-91.

[12] Potvin S,Grignon S,Marchand S. Human evidence of a supra-spinal modulating role of dopamine on pain perception [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):390-402.

[13] Brain SD,Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin [J]. Physiol Rev,2004, 84(3):903-934.

[14] Edvinsson L,Alm R,Shaw D,et al. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral,coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2002,434(1-2):49-53.

[15] Moreno MJ,Abounader R,Hebert E,et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries:potential implications in acute migraine treatment [J]. Neuropharmacology,2002,42(4):568-576.

[16] Theoharides TC,Donelan J,Kandere-Grzybowska K,et al. The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology [J]. Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2005,49(1):65-76.

[17] Messlinger K. Migraine:where and how does the pain originate [J]. Exp Brain Res,2009,196(1):179-193.

[18] 谢启文.神经肽[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:7.

(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文编辑:任 念)

[10] Yao G,Man YH,Qi JJ,et al. Effects of Toutongning capsule on enkephalin in a rat migraine headache model [J]. Neural Regeneration Research,2011,6(9):661-665.

[11] Tuveson B,Leffler AS,Hansson P. Influence of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on spontaneous pain and dynamic mechanical allodynia in central post-stroke pain patients [J]. Pain,2009,143(1-2):84-91.

[12] Potvin S,Grignon S,Marchand S. Human evidence of a supra-spinal modulating role of dopamine on pain perception [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):390-402.

[13] Brain SD,Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin [J]. Physiol Rev,2004, 84(3):903-934.

[14] Edvinsson L,Alm R,Shaw D,et al. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral,coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2002,434(1-2):49-53.

[15] Moreno MJ,Abounader R,Hebert E,et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries:potential implications in acute migraine treatment [J]. Neuropharmacology,2002,42(4):568-576.

[16] Theoharides TC,Donelan J,Kandere-Grzybowska K,et al. The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology [J]. Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2005,49(1):65-76.

[17] Messlinger K. Migraine:where and how does the pain originate [J]. Exp Brain Res,2009,196(1):179-193.

[18] 谢启文.神经肽[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:7.

(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文编辑:任 念)

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