miR-331-3p在肝细胞癌中表达的研究
2014-09-12贺军文武陈国栋
贺军++++++文武++++++陈国栋++++++丁成明++++++黄秋林++++++贺更生
[摘要] 目的 运用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测miR-331-3p在肝癌细胞株和肝癌组织中的表达,探讨其在肝癌中表达的临床意义及潜在临床价值。 方法 采用基于2-ΔΔCt的qRT-PCR检测miR-331-3p在正常肝细胞株(HL-7702)、不同侵袭转移能力的肝癌细胞株(HepG2、MHCC97-H、HCCLM3)的表达,同时收集5例正常肝组织、30例肝癌组织及癌旁组织,进行定量分析,并分析miR-331-3p与肝癌患者临床病理特征的关系。 结果 与正常肝细胞株相比,miR-331-3p在肝癌细胞株中表达下调,且随着肝癌细胞株侵袭转移程度增加,其表达下调越明显(P<0.05);与正常肝组织相比,肝癌组织中miR-331-3p有不同程度的表达下调(P<0.05),且与肝癌患者肿瘤多发结节(P=0.036)、低分化程度(P=0.035)以及伴有静脉浸润(P=0.016)等临床病理特征相关。 结论 miR-331-3p在肝癌的发生、发展过程可能发挥重要作用,miR-331-3p有望成为肝癌新的生物标志物或预后因子。
[关键词] miRNA;miR-331-3p;肝细胞癌;临床病理特征
[中图分类号] R735.7[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)06(b)-0004-04
Study on the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma
HE Jun WEN Wu* CHEN Guo-dong DING Cheng-ming HUANG Qiu-lin HE Geng-sheng▲
Department of General Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China
[Abstract] Objective To detect the expression of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by quantificational real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and investigate the significance and potential clinical value of miR-331-3p in HCC. Methods 2-ΔΔCt method was used for qRT-PCR of the expression pattern of miR-331-3p in normal human liver cell line HL-7702 and different invasion and metastasis of HCC cell lines (HepG2,MHCC97-H,HCCLM3),meanwhile,5 normal liver tissues,30 HCC and adjacent tissues were selected,and the relationship between the expression of miR-331-3p and the clinicopathological characteristics of HCC was analyzed. Results Compared with normal liver cell line,hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines showed miR-331-3p down-regulation,and with the increase of the degree of invasion and metastasis,the more obvious its down-regulation (P<0.05).Compared with normal liver tissues,the HCC tissues showed significant miR-331-3p down-regulation (P<0.05),and it was related to multiple tumor nodules (P=0.036),low differentiation (P=0.035),and venous invasion (P=0.016). Conclusion In the process of the occurrence and development of HCC,miR-331-3p may play an important role,it is expected to become the new biomarker or prognostic factor of HCC.
[Key words] miRNA;miR-331-3p;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Clinical pathological features
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是一种病死率高、生存期短的消化系统恶性肿瘤,在全球HCC每年新增病例国家中,中国排在第1位,占全球总发病率的50%,西方国家发病率虽不高但却在逐年递增[1],对于有机会行手术切除的HCC患者,术后5年复发率仍可高达50%~70%[2]。
miRNA是一类由长度为18~25个核苷酸(nt)组成的单链非编码小RNA分子,其在真核生物中广泛存在,具有高度遗传稳定性。初始的miRNA转录产物在核糖核酸酶Drosha和Dicer1进行剪接,从而发展成为成熟的miRNA[3],后者实现基因调控的作用机制主要通过与靶基因mRNA的3′UTR结合而使mRNA降解或抑制其翻译,由此miRNA可以通过癌基因和抑癌基因的相互作用对肿瘤的发生、凋亡和侵袭转移进行调控,从而影响肿瘤患者的预后。某些miRNA在肿瘤组织表达具有特异性,且在肿瘤的发生、发展中发挥了非常重要的调控作用[4-5]。miR-331-3p作为miRNA家族中一员,目前在肿瘤的相关研究中miR-331-3p的研究相对较少,少量研究结果显示miR-331-3p在胃癌[6]、前列腺癌[7]、白血病[8]等恶性肿瘤发生、发展过程中发挥着重要作用。然而miR-331-3p在HCC中的相关研究较少,因此本研究初步探讨miR-331-3p在HCC中的表达情况,以期为miRNA在HCC中发挥的作用提供新的依据,同时为HCC的生物学诊断和治疗提供新的依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试剂和仪器
DMEM高糖培养基购自Hyclone公司,胎牛血清购自北京康为公司。miR-331-3p及RNA U6引物由广州锐博生物公司合成。Trizol试剂购自Invitrogen公司,逆转录试剂盒购自promega公司,SYBR Green PCR Master Mix试剂盒购自TAKARA公司。氯仿、异丙醇、无水乙醇等试剂均为进口分装或国产分析纯。Nanodrop2000/2000C分光光度计(Thermo公司)和稳压电泳仪(上海天能)。
1.2 细胞培养
HL-7702细胞、MHCC97-H细胞及HCCLM3细胞来源于中科院上海细胞研究所,HepG2细胞由南华大学心血管疾病研究所实验室提供。用含10%的胎牛血清的DMEM培养液,置于含5%CO2、37℃、饱和湿度条件下的培养箱中培养。
1.3 标本来源
选取2011年11月~2013年7月在南华大学附属第一医院普外科、肿瘤外科及湘雅二医院普外科行手术切除术的HCC组织标本共30例,男性24例,女性6例,年龄32~81岁,中位年龄56岁。HCC组织:取自实性癌中未坏死的区域。癌旁组织:距离癌灶边缘2 cm的组织。选取肝血管瘤及肝外伤行肝切除患者的正常肝脏组织5例。所有病例术前均未放化疗,组织性质均经病理学证实。手术切除的组织标本离体后迅速置入液氮冷冻,之后转移至-80℃冰箱中保存备用。收集HCC患者的一般信息及临床病理资料,如性别、年龄、有无肝硬化、术前血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)值、肿瘤直径、肿瘤结节数目、有无包膜、肿瘤分化程度以及有无静脉浸润等,并根据以上临床病理特征进行逐一分组。
1.4 总RNA提取
按照TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen公司)操作说明书的步骤,分别提取出细胞及组织标本的总RNA,紫外分光光度计评估 RNA的浓度和纯度。所有RNA样品置-80℃保存备用。
1.5 逆转录
RNA逆转录获得cDNA(根据Promega公司M-MLV操作说明书进行),RT反应程序为:42℃ 60 min,70℃ 10 min。逆转录反应结束后立即将cDNA产物取出,快速置冰上冷却,置-80℃备用。
1.6 qPCR检测
根据TAKARA公司SYBR Master Mixture操作说明书进行,且每个样本重复3次独立实验。反应条件95℃ 10 min,之后95℃ 30 s,60℃ 30 s,45个循环(引物序列见表1)。扩增反应在实时荧光定量PCR仪TP800(TAKARA公司)上进行。miR-331-3p的相对定量以RNA U6为内对照,计算公式为2-ΔΔCt。
1.7 统计学处理
应用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料为正态分布的,用均数±标准差(x±s)表示。两个独立样本组间表达差异使用Mann-Whitney U检验,采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件绘制直方图。
2 结果
2.1 RNA浓度测定
细胞及组织样品A260/A280在1.8~2.0之间,RNA纯度较高,无DNA、蛋白质等污染。
2.2 miR-331-3p在正常肝细胞株及肝癌细胞株中的表达
miR-331-3p在3株不同侵袭转移能力的人肝癌细胞株HCCLM3、MHCC97-H、HepG2中的表达量分别为0.303±0.029、0.377±0.036、1.001±0.049,显著低于在正常肝细胞株HL-7702中的表达量1.698±0.047,各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且随着肝癌细胞侵袭转移程度的增加,其表达下调越明显(图1)。
图1 各细胞株miR-331-3p的相对表达水平
与MHCC97-H细胞株比较,*P<0.05;与HepG2细胞株比较,#P<0.05;与HL-7702细胞株比较,△P<0.05
2.3 miR-331-3p在正常肝组织、癌旁组织、肝癌组织中的表达
miR-331-3p在肝癌组织的表达为0.792±0.188,显著低于正常组织及癌旁组织(8.325±0635、1.696±0.532),各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(图2)。
图2各标本miR-331-3p的相对表达水平
与癌旁组织比较,*P<0.05;与正常肝组织比较,#P<0.05
2.4 miR-331-3p与肝癌患者临床病理的相关性
miR-331-3p在肿瘤多发结节、低分化以及伴有静脉浸润的肝癌患者组织样本中的表达明显低于单个结节(P=0.036)、高-中分化(P=0.035)、无静脉浸润(P=0.016)的肝癌组织。miR-331-3p表达与患者的性别、年龄、AFP值、有无肝硬化、肿瘤直径以及有无包膜无明显相关性(P>0.05)(表2)。
3 讨论
肝癌是人类最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其多在肝硬化的基础上形成[9],已知危险因素还包括HBV和HCV感染、黄曲霉毒素B1、慢性酒精性肝病以及营养不良等众多原因[10]。这些危险因素,影响肝癌的发生、发展过程。
miRNA是一类广泛存在于真核生物中的非编码调控小RNA分子,它的主要生物学功能是对基因表达进行转录后调控,进而参与细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡、分化等多种生物学进程[11]。大量的证据表明,miRNA的异常表达与许多肿瘤的发生密切相关,其可能作为一种新型的分子靶标在肿瘤的发生、发展中发挥类似癌基因和抑癌基因的作用[12-15]。
miRNA可作为一种癌基因,下调抑癌基因的活性,进而影响肿瘤的生长。Song等[16]的研究发现,转染miR-21的细胞侵袭细胞数目与对照组相比显著增加,而转染抗miR-21的细胞则显著降低。Segura等[17]发现,高表达的miR-182有促进黑色素瘤细胞在体内外转移的潜能,而下调miR-182则可防止细胞的侵袭和转移,并诱导细胞凋亡。miRNA也可作为一种抑癌基因,下调原癌基因的活性,进而影响肿瘤的生长。有研究表明[18],let-7通过作用于MHY9基因抑制胃癌细胞在试管内侵袭转移。Wiggins等[19]发现miR-34a能抑制缺乏p53功能的肿瘤细胞生长和侵袭转移。
miR-331-3p作为miRNA家族中一员,在多个肿瘤及生理过程中均发挥重要作用。Wang等[20]通过对90个永生化淋巴母细胞系366种miRNAs和14174mRNAs之间关联分析研究发现,miR-331-3p与细胞周期相关。Hosako等[21]在p53缺失的小鼠中发现miR-331-3p的表达有明显的改变,p53的缺失会导致胚胎中的颅脑畸形,这种胚胎形态学的改变可能与miR-331-3p的异常表达有关。De Martino等[22]研究发现miR-331-3p在缺失了HMGA1蛋白的鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中呈现低表达,miR-331-3p受HMGA1调控,预示miR-331-3p参与了HMGA1所调控的生物途径并发挥相应的生物学功能。
本文体外研究结果显示,肝癌细胞株中miR-331-3p的表达显著低于正常肝细胞株,且随着肝癌细胞侵袭转移程度的增加,其表达下调越明显。同时,临床肝癌组织标本的检测发现,miR-331-3p在肝癌组织的表达明显低于正常肝组织及癌旁组织,提示miR-331-3p表达下调参与了肝癌的发生,miR-331-3p在肝癌发生中可能起着负调控的作用。进一步分析肝癌中miR-331-3p表达与临床病理特征的关系,其与肝癌患者肿瘤多发结节、低分化程度以及伴有静脉浸润等临床病理特征相关,提示miR-331-3p低表达可能促进了肝癌细胞侵袭性的生物学行为。而miR-331-3p表达与性别、年龄、AFP值、有无肝硬化、肿瘤直径以及有无包膜均无明显相关性。
在肝癌的发生、发展过程中miR-331-3p如何发挥生物学作用,其具体机制是什么,这些还有待于后续研究。开展对miR-331-3p的功能学研究,有望进一步阐明肝癌的发病机制,同时有望为肝癌的生物学诊断、个体化治疗、预后判断提供重要的理论依据和新的分子靶点。
[参考文献]
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[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,Fedele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:郭静娟)
[参考文献]
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
[2]Verslype C,Van Cutsem E,Dicato M,et al.The management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Current expert opinion and recommendations derived from the 10th World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancer,Barcelona,2008[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(Suppl 7):vii1-vii6.
[3]Lujambio A,Lowe SW.The microcosmos of cancer[J].Nature,2012,482(7385):347-355.
[4]Winter J,Jung S,Keller S,et al.Many roads to maturity:microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation[J].Nat Cell Biol,2009,11(3):228-234.
[5]Petri A,Lindow M,Kauppinen S.MicroRNA silencing in primates:towards development of novel therapeutics[J].Cancer Res,2009,69(2):393-395.
[6]Guo X,Guo L,Ji J,et al.miRNA-331-3p directly targets E2F1 and induces growth arrest in human gastric cancer[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,398(1):1-6.
[7]Epis MR,Giles KM,Barker A,et al.miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[J].J Biol Chem,2009,284(37):24696-24704.
[8]Zanette DL,Rivadavia F,Molfetta GA,et al.miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2007,40(11):1435-1440.
[9]Schuppan D,Afdhal NH.Liver cirrhosis[J].Lancet,2008, 371(9615):838-851.
[10]Gomaa AI,Khan SA,Toledano MB,et al.Hepatocellular carcinoma:epidemiology,risk factors and pathogenesis[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(27):4300-4308.
[11]Bartel DP.MicroRNAs:genomics,biogenesis,mechanism and function[J].Cell,2004,116(2):281-297.
[12]Shenouda SK,Alahari SK.MicroRNA function in cancer:oncogene or a tumor suppressor?[J].Cancer Metastasis Rev,2009,28(3-4):369-378.
[13]Ueda R,Kohanbash G,Sasaki K,et al.Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(26):10746-10751.
[14]Ma L,Teruya-Feldstein J,Weinberg RA.Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer[J].Nature,2007,449(7163):682-688.
[15]Gebeshuber CA,Zatloukal K,Martinez J.miR-29a suppresses tristetraprolin,which is a regulator of epithelial polarity and metastasis[J].EMBO Rep,2009,10(4):400-405.
[16]Song B,Wang C,Liu J,et al.MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2010,29(1):29.
[17]Segura MF,Hanniford D,Menendez S,et al.Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associatedtranscription factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106(6):1814-1819.
[18]Liang S,He L,Zhao X,et al.MicroRNA let-7f inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting MYH9 in human gastric cancer[J].PLoS One,2011,6(4):e18409.
[19]Wiggins JF,Ruffino L,Kelnar K,et al.Development of a lung cancer therapeutic based on the tumor suppressor microRNA-34[J].Cancer Res,2010,70(14):5923-5930.
[20]Wang L,Oberg AL,Asmann YW,et al.Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals microRNA-correlated genes and biological processes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines[J].PLoS One,2009,4(6):e5878.
[21]Hosako H,Martin GS,Barrier M,et al.Gene and microRNA expression in p53-deficient day 8.5 mouse embryos[J].Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,2009,85(6):546-555.
[22]De Martino I,Visone R,Fedele M,et al.Regulation of microRNA expression by HMGA1 proteins[J].Oncogene,2009, 28(11):1432-1442.
(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:郭静娟)
[参考文献]
[1]Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):69-90.
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(收稿日期:2014-03-12本文编辑:郭静娟)