腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤28例临床分析
2014-08-07吴海峰杨慧云朱筱娟
吴海峰 杨慧云 陈 芳 朱筱娟 左 欣
(江苏省宜兴市人民医院妇产科,宜兴 214200)
·临床论著·
腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤28例临床分析
吴海峰 杨慧云*陈 芳 朱筱娟 左 欣
(江苏省宜兴市人民医院妇产科,宜兴 214200)
目的探讨腹腔镜广泛子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤的临床价值。方法气管插管静脉复合麻醉,膀胱截石位。放置举宫器,建立气腹,脐孔及左右两侧腹壁穿刺置入trocar。先行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫,自上而下清扫髂总、髂外、腹股沟深3组淋巴结,进而清扫闭孔及髂内2组淋巴结。子宫动脉自髂内动脉起始处游离凝断,游离输尿管,分离双侧膀胱侧窝、直肠侧窝,游离主韧带、骶韧带3.0 cm以上切除,下推膀胱、直肠,游离阴道壁3.0 cm以上,并于3.0 cm处切除子宫标本,标本经阴道取出。结果28例全部手术成功,无中转开腹。18例宫颈癌手术时间(213.3±38.6) min,术中出血量(223.3±89.6) ml,膀胱功能恢复时间(16.5±4.3)d,切除淋巴结(14.3±6.8)枚,术后并发症发生率16.7%(3/18),术后发热时间(4.3±2.6)d,术后肛门排气时间(20.4±3.8)h;术后3例(16.7%,3/18)补充放疗、化疗。10例子宫内膜癌手术时间(221.3±37.7) min,术中出血量(231.9±71.4)ml,膀胱功能恢复时间(14.2±9.1)d,切除淋巴结(15.9±7.3)枚,术后1例发生并发症,术后发热时间(4.6±3.4)d,术后肛门排气时间(19.2±8.9)h;术后2例补充放疗、化疗。所有病例断端及阴道切缘均阴性。28例术后随访3~23个月,平均20个月,无复发,无一例发生穿刺部位肿瘤种植。结论腹腔镜广泛子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌,手术视野清晰,手术安全,效果理想。
腹腔镜; 子宫恶性肿瘤; 广泛子宫切除术; 淋巴清扫术
腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除联合淋巴结清扫术(laparoscopic radical hysterectomy,LRH)比较复杂,对术者要求高,需要较长的学习过程。腹腔镜手术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤,能否达到与开腹手术(radical abdominal hysterectomy, RAH)同样的疗效,并减少术后并发症的发生率,目前尚有争议。我院2011年6月~2013年3月完成LRH 28例,报道如下,旨在探讨LRH治疗子宫恶性肿瘤的临床价值。
1 临床资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本组28例,18例宫颈癌,10例子宫内膜癌。18例宫颈癌年龄37~65岁,(51.1±5.7)岁,其中<45岁9例。均经病理学证实为鳞状上皮癌(鳞癌),肿瘤平均2.5 cm(1~6 cm)。10例子宫内膜癌年龄38~80岁,(51.7±17.5)岁,其中<45岁3例。术前均经分段诊刮或宫腔镜检查内膜活检病理证实。
宫颈癌病例选择标准:ⅠA~ⅡA期。子宫内膜癌病例选择标准:ⅠB期G2、G3;癌灶侵犯子宫颈(Ⅱ期);PET-CT检查腹膜后淋巴结阳性(ⅢC期);不良组织学类型(腺鳞癌、透明细胞癌、浆液性乳头状腺癌)。
1.2 方法
辅助治疗:对于3例直径>4.0 cm的宫颈癌给予新辅助化疗[1]。
手术方法:气管插管静脉复合麻醉。膀胱截石头低臀高位,放置举宫器。建立气腹,维持腹腔内压力12~15 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。脐孔及左右两侧腹壁穿刺置入trocar,进镜探查确定无手术禁忌证后开始手术操作。先行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫,自上而下清扫髂总、髂外、腹股沟深3组淋巴结,暴露闭孔窝,进而清扫闭孔及髂内2组淋巴结,逐侧进行。标本经转换器取出或放入标本袋内待子宫切除后经阴道取出。子宫动脉自髂内动脉起始处游离凝断,游离输尿管,分离双侧膀胱侧窝、直肠侧窝,游离主韧带、骶韧带3.0 cm以上切除,下推膀胱、直肠,游离阴道壁3.0 cm以上,并于3.0 cm处切除子宫标本,标本经阴道取出。对于年龄<45岁有保留卵巢功能意愿的宫颈鳞癌患者原位或移位保留单侧或双侧卵巢,并对术后有放疗可能性的患者进行卵巢移位。
1.3 观察指标
手术时间、术中出血量、切除淋巴结数目、肛门排气时间、住院时间、尿潴留和血管损伤发生率。术后第12~14天拔导尿管后观察排尿情况,B超残余尿>100 ml需要重置导尿管。
2 结果
28例LRH手术成功,无中转开腹。11例保留单侧或双侧附件,其中5例卵巢移位,行阴道延长2例。所有病例切除宫旁组织达到广泛切除要求,病理报告断端及阴道切缘均阴性,病理类型宫颈癌均为鳞癌,子宫内膜癌病理均为子宫内膜腺癌。对肿瘤侵犯深肌层,宫旁浸润,脉管癌栓,淋巴结阳性者术后补充放疗、化疗,见表1。26例术后第12~14天拔导尿管后排尿正常,2例B超残余尿>100 ml需要重置导尿管,其中宫颈癌1例保留导尿59 d,子宫内膜癌1例保留导尿28 d膀胱功能恢复。术中无脏器损伤发生。术后并发症4例,发生率14.3%(4/28),其中阴道残端延迟愈合1例(苏肤凝胶局部上药3周后愈合),淋巴囊肿1例(未处理),术后尿潴留2例(延长保留导尿治愈)。28例随访3~23个月,平均20个月,无复发,无一例发生穿刺部位肿瘤种植。
表1 28例宫颈癌/子宫内膜癌术中、术后情况
3 讨论
3.1 LRH的优越性
广泛性子宫切除联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术是治疗早期宫颈癌及部分子宫内膜癌的标准术式,以往多开腹完成。腹腔镜手术以创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快、并发症少等优势得到越来越多的关注。Lee等[2]选择LRH 24例,并按照1∶2 的比例选择同期同一术者的开腹手术进行对比分析,结果显示LRH组术中出血量明显减少,输血率明显降低,住院时间也显著缩短。由于腹腔镜下用能量器械先凝固血管再切割,出血量很少,淋巴结切除避免开腹徒手剥离组织等操作,减少术后盆、腹腔的粘连。术后切口脂肪液化的几率降低,同时避免了大腹部切口对患者心理的影响,多数患者易于接受。腹腔镜手术通过体位调整充分暴露术野,无须排垫肠管,术后胃肠功能恢复早,进食早,直接减少了术后营养支持费用,同时由于下床活动时间提前,更利于盆腔引流液的引出。本组LRH术中不需要输血,术后恢复快。
3.2 LRH的有效性
不少学者认为与传统开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术治疗早期子宫恶性肿瘤可达到与之相同的手术范围,治疗效果相当[3~5]。淋巴结切除干净和子宫切除范围足够是LRH得到认同的关键。目前认为,评价淋巴结充分切除的金标准是清扫盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结20枚。本组28例切除盆腔淋巴结9~22枚,主要是因为腹腔镜的放大作用,使盆腔和腹腔的组织结构、解剖层次更清晰,因而腹腔镜下淋巴结切除干净程度不比开腹手术差。子宫及宫旁组织切除范围与开腹手术标准一致。本组平均随访20个月,无复发,无死亡病例,无穿刺口种植发生。
3.3 LRH的安全性
手术并发症的防治是腹腔镜手术安全实施的前提。LRH并发症与开腹手术基本持平[6],并发症有术中血管、神经、输尿管、膀胱与肠道损伤以及术后深静脉血栓、继发感染、盆腔淋巴囊肿、尿潴留、肠梗阻、输尿管狭窄及瘘管形成等,还包括腹腔镜特有的穿刺孔或切口肿瘤种植转移及CO2气腹相关并发症。本组术中无脏器损伤发生,说明经腹腔镜手术并不会因为实施手术途径的改变而增加术中术后副损伤与并发症发生的概率,与Yan等[7]的研究一致。术中尽量将细小淋巴管断端电凝封闭,不关闭闭孔窝,阴道置管盆腔充分引流,加强术后抗感染可减少术后淋巴囊肿的发生。本组1例阴道残端切口延迟愈合可能与阴道旁电凝过度致残端血运差影响愈合有关。术后尿潴留发生主要与支配膀胱功能的交感、副交感神经损伤有关,有学者[8,9]提出保留盆腔神经的根治性子宫切除术来降低膀胱及直肠功能障碍,腹腔镜也因其自身放大作用较开腹手术能更清晰、精确辨认及分离盆腔神经,但该术式的近远期疗效仍需多中心、前瞻性研究进一步探讨。
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(修回日期:2013-10-10)
(责任编辑:李贺琼)
LaparoscopicRadicalHysterectomyandPelvicLymphadenectomyforUterineMalignancy:aClinicalAnalysisof28Cases
WuHaifeng,YangHuiyun,ChenFang,etal.
DeparmentofGynecologyandObstetrics,YixingPeople’sHospital,Yixing214200,China
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical value of laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of uterine carcinomas.MethodsUnder endotracheal intubation and intravenous anesthesia, with the patients being placed in lithotomy position, uterus lifting apparatus was employed, then pneumoperitoneum was established. Trocars were placed in the umbilicus, left and right sides of the abdominal wall. We performed lymph node dissection of 3 groups which were from common iliac, external iliac and groin, then the two groups of lymph nodes of obturator and internal iliac. After separating and cutting off the uterine artery by electrocoagulation at the beginning of internal iliac artery, we separated the ureter and isolated perirectal and perivesical fossae of bilateral sides. Afterwards, we resected cardinal ligament and sacral ligament following separating them for more than 3.0 cm. After pushing down bladder and rectum, we resected the uterine at vaginal wall where it had been freed for more than 3 cm. The uterus were taken out through the vagina.ResultsAll the laparoscopic operations were successfully performed without convertion to open surgery. In 18 cases of cervical cancer, the mean operation time was (213.3±38.6)min, intraoperative blood loss was(223.3±89.6)ml, bladder function recovery time was(16.5±4.3)d, the number of the excised lymph node was 14.3±6.8, and the incidence of postoperative complication was 16.7%(3/18). Postoperative fever lasted for (4.3±2.6)d, and postoperative anal exhaust time was (20.4±3.8)h. Three cases(16.7%)
supplementary postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In 10 cases of endometrial carcinoma, the mean operation time was (221.3±37.7)min,intraoperative blood loss was(231.9±71.4)ml, bladder function recovery time was(14.2±9.1)d,and the number of the excised lymph node was 15.9±7.3. Postoperative complication occurred in 1 case. Postoperative fever lasted for(4.6±3.4)d,and postoperative anal exhaust time was(19.2±8.9)h. Two cases received supplementary postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. All cases of vaginal stump and cutting edge were negative. A mean follow-up of 20 months (range,3-23 months) showed no recurrence or implantation metastasis at the site of puncture.ConclusionLaparoscopic radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of cervical and endometrial cancer is safe and feasible,with clear surgical field and satisfactory efficacy.
Laparoscope; Uterine malignancy; Radical hysterectomy; Lymphadenectomy
R737.33
:A
:1009-6604(2014)02-0143-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2014.02.016
2013-06-04)
*通讯作者,E-mail:staff027@yxph.com