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亚硒酸钠对延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞过氧化氢所致氧化损伤的保护作用

2014-07-18孙婧陶刘佳丽张宝修茹李波李钟淑方南洙

江苏农业科学 2014年2期
关键词:凋亡

孙婧陶+刘佳丽+张宝修+茹李波+李钟淑+方南洙

摘要:研究了亚硒酸钠对过氧化氢导致的延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。将延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞分为3组:正常组(对照组1)、过氧化氢损伤组(对照组2)、亚硒酸钠保护组。MTT方法检测细胞活力,Hoechst33342/PI 双染、Giemsa染色法检测细胞凋亡情况,DHE染色法检测细胞内ROS含量。结果表明,与对照组2相比,浓度为0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL的亚硒酸钠保护组的延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞活力上升,细胞凋亡数目减少,活性氧含量减少。其中以0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠处理组效果最显著。说明0.5 μg/mL的亚硒酸钠可以减少过氧化氢所致的延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞的氧化损伤,提高细胞活力,抑制细胞凋亡,减少细胞内ROS含量。表明亚硒酸钠对延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞过氧化氢所致氧化损伤具有保护作用。

关键词:亚硒酸钠;乳腺上皮细胞;氧化损伤;凋亡

中图分类号: S827.1文献标志码: A文章编号:1002-1302(2014)02-0155-04

收稿日期:2013-07-23

基金项目:吉林省科技厅重点项目(编号:20100228)。

作者简介:孙婧陶(1990—),女,河北承德人,硕士,主要从事动物繁殖与生物技术研究。E-mail:sunjt1990@126.com。

通信作者:方南洙(1960—),男,朝鲜族,博士,教授,主要从事动物繁殖与生物技术研究。E-mail:nzfang@ybu.edu.cn。有氧代谢会产生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),包括羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧化物阴离子( O-2· )、单线态氧(1O2)及过氧化氢(H2O2),这些物质会在生物体内不断生成[1]。细胞自身的抗氧化功能会使细胞处于平衡状态,但是当这种平衡一旦被打乱,细胞即处于氧化应激状态下。氧化应激存在时,这种氧化损伤会导致一些至关重要的生物分子(包括诱导氧化损伤的基因组)聚集,最终导致一些生物效应,比如信号传导的改变、与有丝分裂相关表达基因的改变、突变及细胞死亡[2-3]等。凋亡(细胞程序性死亡),是细胞参与的自我破坏的一种细胞死亡形式,该过程伴随着细胞一系列典型的形态变化及生物化学变化[4],包括细胞缩小、染色质固缩、DNA核小体间的裂解[5]。细胞凋亡与坏死尽管都能造成细胞死亡,但是二者是不同的。为了防止坏死,受到破坏细胞的细胞膜破裂,紧接着会向细胞内基质释放酶,造成炎症反应。已经有研究证明ROS和氧化损伤与细胞凋亡是有关联的[6-8]。低剂量的H2O2通过产生羟基自由基(·OH)和改变氧化/抗氧化途径来诱导凋亡[9]。

硒对于维持各种各样生理活动是必要的一种元素[10],同时硒是GSH-Px的成分,具有抗氧化的作用,它是生物体内重要的活性氧自由基清除剂,以Sec(含硒半胱氨酸)的形式发挥作用,硒参与构成了它的生物活性中心。GSH-Px用来调节细胞内和细胞间过氧化氢浓度[11]。硒元素与维生素E一样被认为在清除自由基方面能够发挥重要作用[12-13]。在细胞培养中,硒元素以亚硒酸钠的形式存在,通过减少自由基及抑制脂质过氧化物来保护细胞免受氧化伤害[14-17]。Gopalakrishina 等研究称,向骨髓间质细胞的培养基中添加硒元素,可以很好地使细胞抗氧化功能恢复从而降低对细胞的伤害[18]。因此,向培养基中添加亚硒酸钠可以对受到氧化损伤的细胞进行保护。

1材料与方法

1.1材料

主要试剂:胎牛血清(fetaL bovine serum,FBS)购自GIBCO;姬姆萨(Giemsa)染液购自贝索生物科技有限公司;其他药品,均购自SIGMA公司。

1.2方法

1.2.1延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞(DGMECs)的培养乳腺上皮细胞用含10% FBS的DMEM/F12培养液培养,同时加入100 mg/mL青霉素、100 mg/mL链霉素、5 μg/mL胰岛素。培养条件为38 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度。乳腺上皮细胞传代采用胰蛋白酶消化法,细胞达到80%融合状态时,用温水浴后的PBS洗涤2次,加入0.15 %Trypsin-0.02 %EDTA,置于培养箱中,消化4~5 min,在倒置显微镜下观察消化情况,待细胞收缩变圆时,用含有10% FBS的DMEM/F12培养液终止消化,吹打使细胞脱离瓶壁形成单细胞悬液,离心,接种(图1)。

1.2.2H2O2诱导氧化损伤模型的建立参照先前研究[19],选取可以导致40%~50%细胞凋亡的100 μmol/L的H2O2作用4 h建立氧化损伤模型。

1.2.3亚硒酸钠(Sodium seLenite,SS)的配制用超纯水将亚硒酸钠溶解,配置成1 mg/mL的亚硒酸钠储存液,分装,-20 ℃ 保存。用无FBS的DMEM/F12培养液稀释成各所需浓度,亚硒酸钠的工作浓度为0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL,即用即配。

1.2.4试验分组待细胞长至60%~70%融合状态时,分为以下5个试验组:(1)对照组1:换为无FBS的DMEM/F12培养液培养28 h;(2)对照组2:先用无FBS的DMEM/F12培养液培养24 h,再换为含100 μmol/L的H2O2培养液培养 4 h;(3)亚硒酸钠处理组:用含不同浓度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)亚硒酸钠DMEM/F12培养基培养24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培养液培养4 h。

1.2.5细胞活力检测将细胞密度调整为1×107个/L接种于96孔板,培养24 h后吸弃原培养液,加入含不同浓度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)的SS的DMEM/F12培养液,处理细胞24 h,吸弃原培养基,PBS洗涤。除对照组1外,其余各组均加入100 μmol/L的H2O2培养液,刺激细胞4 h,然后每孔加入20 μL 四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT,5 mg/mL),置于培养箱中孵育4 h,小心吸取上清液,每孔加入DMSO 150 μL,振荡器上振荡10 min,使紫色结晶甲瓒充分溶解,于490 nm处用酶标仪测定吸光度值(D)。各浓度组细胞存活率=各浓度组D490 nm值/不添加亚硒酸钠组D490 nm×100%。endprint

1.2.6Hoechst33342/PI双染色检测细胞凋亡采用 Hoechst33342/PI 双染色检测DGMECs细胞凋亡。6孔培养板内,每孔接种1×107个细胞,用“1.2.4”试验分组方法对细胞进行培养后,弃去上清,小心用磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)洗涤1次,每孔加入10 μg/mL的 Hoechst33342 染液1 mL,置于培养箱中37 ℃避光反应 20 min,弃上清,PBS洗涤3次,每孔再加入20 μg/mL的PI染液 1 mL,37 ℃避光反应15 min,PBS洗涤3次。染色完成后,置于荧光显微镜下,在波长为365 nm的紫外灯下观察细胞凋亡情况。

1.2.7Giemsa染色盖玻片经泡酸、高压灭菌后,在超净台内自然晾干,小心放入6孔板内,制作细胞爬片。取对数生长期的DGMECs,离心,将细胞密度调整为2×105个/mL,用含10%FBS的DMEM/F12培养液重悬细胞,取100~200 μL细胞悬液接种于盖玻片上,隔夜,向6孔板内加入足量的细胞培养液,培养24 h。对照组1:换为无FBS的DMEM/F12培养液培养28 h;对照组2:先用无FBS的DMEM/F12培养液培养24 h,再换为含100 μmol/L的H2O2培养液培养4 h;亚硒酸钠处理组:用浓度为0.5 μg/mL的亚硒酸钠DMEM/F12培养基培养24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培养液培养4 h。结束培养后,用PBS洗涤3次,1.5%甲醛室温下固定20 min,吸弃固定液,PBS洗涤3次,加入冰甲醛,室温下透化20 min。小心取出盖玻片,先用瑞氏-姬姆萨A液染色3~5 min,再将瑞氏-姬姆萨B液滴加于A液上面(滴加之量为A液的 2~3倍),以嘴或洗耳球吹出微风使液面产生涟漪状,使两液充分混合,染色15~20 min,以流水将染色液冲洗干净。置于显微镜下观察细胞的形态学变化。

1.2.8活性氧(ROS)的测定DGMECs接种于6孔培养板(1×107个/孔),待细胞长至60%~80%融合状态时,用“124”试验分组方法对细胞进行培养后,弃去上清,小心用PBS洗涤1次,加入20 μmol/L的DHE(Dihydroethidium) 1 mL,37 ℃ 孵育30 min,PBS洗涤细胞5次,以充分洗去未进入细胞的DHE。直接用荧光显微镜观察红色荧光强度。

1.2.9数据分析采用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析,方差分析多重比较检验数据差异性,显著标准为P<0.05。试验数据以“x±s”表示。

2结果

2.1亚硒酸钠对氧化应激模型下DGMECs活力的影响

如图2所示,DGMECs由H2O2处理后(对照组2),细胞活力为49.35%,加入各浓度亚硒酸钠后,细胞活力有所上升,0.5 μg/mL处理组(76.28%)、1.0 μg/mL处理组(6595%),与对照组2(49.35%)相比,差异显著(P<005),025 μg/mL处理组(54.45%)与对照组2(49.35%)无显著性差异(P>0.05)。

2.2亚硒酸钠对DGMECs氧化损伤凋亡的影响

由图3可知,对照组2处理的细胞,细胞不仅出现了大面积固缩现象,且已经有少量的细胞出现了坏死现象。亚硒酸钠保护组,细胞出现凋亡及坏死的比例相对于对照组2有所下降,但是0.25 μg/mL保护组,仍然有部分坏死细胞,说明该浓度对DGMECs的保护作用不明显。1.0 μg/mL 保护组,经观察,无坏死细胞出现,但是具有凋亡现象的细胞仍然大量存在。0.5 μg/mL保护组,细胞凋亡比例明显减少,正常形态细胞多于除对照组1外的各组。故选择0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠进行后续试验。

2.3Giemsa染色法观察亚硒酸钠对DGMECs的保护作用

由图4可知,对照组2与对照组1相比,细胞核出现大面积固缩现象,发生凋亡的细胞及凋亡小体被染成深紫色;而 0.5 μg/mL 浓度的亚硒酸钠保护组,细胞核固缩的比例下降,凋亡细胞数量减少。

2.4亚硒酸钠对氧化损伤DGMECs的 ROS水平影响

DHE荧光染色结果显示(图5),对照组1仅见微弱的红色荧光,而对照组2红色荧光强度明显加强,0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠保护组红色荧光强度较对照组2明显下降。故DGMECs在0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠的保护作用下,可以有效减少细胞内ROS含量。

3讨论

在过去的十多年中,家畜普遍硒元素缺乏[20],后来人们开始在饲料中添加充足的硒元素[21],因为它可以显著提高家畜的繁殖性能[22-26],但是,硒元素可以防止家畜繁殖障碍的生物化学机理到现在为止还不是很清楚。

硒作为一种微量元素,小剂量存在时,其对生物体是有益的,但是使用剂量过高,会有很强的毒性作用,甚至有致癌的可能性。硒元素临界的作用剂量目前还没有定论[27-29]。本试验中,向培养液中添加了0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠,有效地保护了DGMECs所受到的氧化应激,但是随着浓度的增加,1.0 μg/mL 亚硒酸钠开始表现出了对细胞的毒性作用,说明 0.5 μg/mL 亚硒酸钠能够提高DGMECs抵制氧化应激的能力,从而减少细胞的氧化损伤程度,提高其细胞活力。通过Hoechst/PI及Giemsa染色结果可知,亚硒酸钠的加入,降低了细胞的凋亡率,推断亚硒酸钠对DGMECs发挥了相应的保护机制。

体外培养环境中的氧浓度要比体内环境中高一些,并且细胞在进行有氧代谢的过程中会产生自由基。硒许多的生物作用都归因于其强大的抗氧化功能,包括直接消除ROS,消除金属离子间的螯合作用,以及重组成Se-GPx抗氧化物。亚硒酸钠通过降低活性氧以及抑制脂质过氧化来防止细胞受到伤害[30]。Yeo等在体外培养脑源性神经前体细胞(NPCs)的研究中发现硒可以防止细胞死亡,并且亚硒酸钠可以抑制NPCs的H2O2诱导凋亡[31]。本研究中,采用DHE染色法检测DGMECs内ROS含量,结果显示0.5 μg/mL亚硒酸钠可以有效地降低细胞内活性氧含量,以减少ROS对细胞带来的损伤。所以,亚硒酸钠作为抗氧化剂来发挥其抗氧化作用,能够有效地抑制细胞在体外培养过程中的氧化应激环境,从而减少DGMECs所受到的氧化损伤。endprint

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[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.

[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint

[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.

[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.

[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.

[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.

[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.

[19]孙婧陶,李兆华,张宝修,等. 过氧化氢诱导延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤模型的建立[J]. 江苏农业科学,2013,41(10):149-152.

[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.

[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.

[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.

[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.

[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.

[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.

[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.

[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.

[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.

[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.

[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.

[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint

[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.

[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.

[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.

[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.

[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.

[19]孙婧陶,李兆华,张宝修,等. 过氧化氢诱导延边奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤模型的建立[J]. 江苏农业科学,2013,41(10):149-152.

[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.

[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.

[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.

[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.

[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.

[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.

[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.

[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.

[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.

[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.

[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.

[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint

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