张骞“凿空”西域
2014-07-15王蓬
王蓬
张骞,汉中人,建元中为郎。是时天子问匈奴降者,皆言匈奴破月氏王,以其头为饮器,月氏遁逃,而常怨仇匈奴,无与共击之。汉方欲事灭胡,闻此言,因欲通使。道必更匈奴中,乃募能使者。骞以郎应募,使月氏,与堂邑氏故胡奴甘父俱出陇西。经匈奴,匈奴得之,传诣单于。单于留之,曰:“月氏在吾北,汉何以得往使?吾欲越使,汉肯听我乎?”留骞十余岁,与妻有子,然骞持汉节不失。
——《史记·大宛列传》
Zhang Qian, born in Hanzhong, was an official in the Emperor Han Wus time. The Emperor got to know from a captive of Huns that the Huns defeated the Rouzhi King and used his skull as a wine vessel. The people of Rouzhi ran away. He hated the Huns but could not find an ally to attack the enemy. This information made the Emperor want to get connection with Rouzhi, when the Han Dynasty planned to kill the Huns at that time. It was only through Huns area that could Han people go to Rouzhi, and the imperial court tried to recruit persons who could finish the mission. Zhang Was Chosen and together with the former Huns slave Gan Fu, they went through the west of Longshan Mountains and when they entered the Huns area, they were caught. When it was reported to Khan, the king of Huns, Khan said: “Rouzhi is in the north of our area. Why do the Han envoys go there? If I want to send envoys to Vietnam, will the Han Dynasty agree?” So Zhang Qian was kept there for more than ten years, and suns were born there, but he saved his credentials as an envoy.
Excerpts from Records of the History-Dawan
历史的呼唤
司马迁与张骞均为西汉同时代人,尽管史家讲究“生不列传”,但由于张骞两次出使西域,出生入死,敢为人先,打击匈奴,交好西域,当时也为惊天地、泣鬼神之壮举,故司马迁在《史记·大宛列传》中,开篇即以数百字介绍张骞生平业绩及贡献。东汉班固作《汉书》时,则把张骞、大将军李广利并列建立专节作传,使得张骞“凿空”,开拓丝绸之路的历史功勋,名标青史,永垂后世。2000年间,非但没有被岁月淹没,倒因为中西方政治、经济、科技、文化交流,丝绸之路至今仍是中西交往的重要通道,被誉为“欧亚大陆桥”,在我国对外经济交流上发挥着重大作用。追思先贤,当年张骞不畏艰险,“凿空”丝路的精神也益发应该彰显、发扬光大,张骞当之无愧地被列为世界级的文化名人。
时势造英雄,张骞“凿空”西域的壮举并非偶然,是汉代那种敢于标新立异、气吞八荒时代精神的集中凸显,也是当时的国情时势所造就。秦汉之际,当中原经过春秋战乱,合纵连横,此消彼立,最终中国西部黄河流域的秦国崛起,战败诸国“六王毕,四海一”统一中原的当口,占据北方草原的匈奴,以游牧狩猎为生,从小精于骑马射箭,且无任何礼仪束缚,一切以利益为转移,只讲目的,不择手段。每当秋高马肥之时,便南下劫掠,中原地域广阔,农户居住分散,匈奴系马背民族,每攻一地,大肆抢劫财物、牛羊和妇女,得手后迅速撤离,无法集中防御,更无法有效抗击。所以,临近北方的燕、赵、韩等国都曾大修长城。秦统一后,把各国长城连接起来,还派大将蒙恬率兵30万迎击匈奴。匈奴大败,退回漠北,秦军占领河套,并修筑了秦直道,解除了匈奴对长安的威胁。岂料,匈奴趁秦末汉初中原动乱,卷土重来,匈奴骑兵甚至突袭太原,逼近长安,严重威胁立国未久的西汉王朝。汉高祖刘邦也曾进行反击,岂料,匈奴“控弦之士已达三十万”,正值兵强马壮之时,汉军在山西平城一带反为匈奴所败。此战使汉王朝上下均认识到暂时还没有实力与匈奴对抗,只能采取“和亲纳贡”绥靖匈奴,平息“边患”。这种状况一直持续到汉武帝时代,此时的汉王朝已不同于开国之初,经历过半个世纪的“文景之治”,文帝、景帝均奉行“黄老无为”的哲学思想,不争边功,尽量创造宽松环境,便于百姓休养生息。倡导冶铁煮盐,兴修水利,政府轻徭薄赋,百姓安居乐业,公私仓库丰盈,“京师之钱,累百万巨”,国家综合实力增强,有了进行战争所必需的雄厚物力财力。汉武帝17岁登基,年纪虽轻,却性格刚毅,胸怀大志,不甘心向匈奴示弱,召集大臣商议,决心对匈奴改绥靖为反击,这一重大政策的改变,史称“元光决策”。
恰在这时,汉武帝从受降的匈奴人口中得知,匈奴攻占了原由大月氏人放牧的河西走廊一带,杀死月氏国王,还把其脑骨做成酒器。月氏人被迫西迁至伊犁一带,但难忘故土,非常想与其他部落联合,共击匈奴,以报前仇。得知这些情况,汉武帝喜出望外,他敏锐地把握住了这个历史机遇,因为匈奴此时已发展壮大到“精兵四十万骑”,决不可小视,若能够与月氏人结成同盟,联合夹击,才能有取胜的把握。