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糖化清蛋白酶法快速检测与糖化血红蛋白检测的临床比较

2014-07-05邱媛沈莉戎红辉李永祥姚明

中国现代医生 2014年17期
关键词:糖尿病

邱媛+沈莉+戎红辉+李永祥+姚明

[摘要] 目的 评估糖化清蛋白检测反映血糖水平的临床意义。方法 采用糖化清蛋白(GA)快速检测法与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)检测法分别检测糖尿病与非糖尿患者血糖水平,分析二者的相关性以及糖化清蛋白快速检测法的精确性与灵敏度。结果 糖化清蛋白快速检测法精密度良好,且抗干扰能力较好,均符合临床检测的要求。GA与HbA1c、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hBG)均呈良好的正相关性, 其回归方程分别为Y=0.89X+0.21,Y=0.84X+0.11,Y=0.92X+0.15; r值分别为0.94、0.92、0.96(P<0.01)。 结论 GA快速检测法可反映糖尿病患者近期整体血糖水平,具有重要临床价值。

[关键词] 糖尿病;糖基化血红蛋白;糖化血清白蛋白

[中图分类号] R587.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)17-0086-03

Clinical comparison of the enzymatic measurement of glycated albumin and the detection of glycated hemoglobin

QIU Yuan1 SHEN Li1 RONG Honghui1 LI Yongxiang1 YAO Ming2

1.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314015, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314002, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance of enzymatic measurement of glycated albumin (GA). Methods A total of 72 cases of patients with diabetes mellitus and 110 cases of healthy controls were enrolled. The levels of GA were detected by using enzymatic measurement, and the precision and linear rage of the detection kits were analyzed by the detection of samples with high and low levels of GA, and the correlation between GA and other indexes was evaluated. Results The enzymatic measurement of GA was with good precision and better anti-interference ability, and met the requirements of clinical testing. In patients group,there was fine correlation between GA and glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbAlc),fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2h postprandial blood glucose (2hBG) (equation of linear regression: Y=0.89X+0.21,Y=0.84X+0.11,Y=0.92X+0.15; r=0.94,0.92,0.96; P< 0.01). Conclusion The enzymatic measurement of GA is with fine precision and anti-interference ability, could be well correlated with HbAlc.

[Key words] Diabetes mellitus;Glycosylated hemoglobin A; Glycated albumin

糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)是红细胞内的血红蛋白与血糖不可逆结合的产物,其浓度与血糖水平成正比,且其含量不受血糖短暂波动的影响。HbA1c的检测反映了患者近8~12周的血糖控制情况,是目前临床糖尿病疗效判定和调整治疗方案的金标准[1]。但是,由于血红蛋白半衰期较长,HbA1c反映的是血糖的平均值,因此对于红细胞更新率增加和/或血糖波动幅度较大的患者,HbA1c不能准确反映血糖的控制情况,亦不能灵敏反映血糖的波动情况[2]。与糖化血红蛋白相比,血清清蛋白(GA)代谢半衰期为21d,因此GA反映了患者近2~3周内的平均血糖水平,对短期内血糖变化更为敏感[3]。本研究拟采用酶法快速检测糖尿病患者GA,分析GA与常用血糖指标的相关性,评估GA酶法快速检测在糖尿病患者中应用的临床意义。

1 资料与方法

1.1 临床资料

2012年1~12月我院体检中心体检者血样182例,其中正常健康者110例(对照组),年龄21~65岁;确诊为糖尿病患者72例(糖尿病组),均符合1999年世界卫生组织的糖尿病诊断标准:空腹血糖(FPG)≥7.0mmol/L和/或餐后2h血糖(2hBG)≥11.1mmol/L,年龄33~65岁。所有患者肝、肾、心脏、呼吸功能正常,排除其他代谢性疾病。endprint

1.2 检测方法

采用雅培C16000全自动生化分析仪。采用己糖激酶法检测血糖浓度(试剂由日本积水医疗株式会社提供),采用液态酶法检测GA浓度(试剂由日本旭化成公司提供),采用果糖基肽氧化酶法检测HbAlc浓度(试剂由北京九强公司提供)。由全自动生化分析仪自动完成检测过程,每次测定时均进行质控,确定试剂的精密度、线性等性能。

1.3 统计学分析

计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,使用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析,组间比较采用t检验,采用person相关性分析参数间相关性,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 精密度检测

按照美国临床实验标准委员会(NCCLS)的标准,分别进行批内与批间精密度检测。采用GA含量为4.2%、11.0% 、20.2%标准品血清3份,其中一份连续测定20次以确定批内精密度;另两份每日分上下午各测1次,连续20 d,得到批间精密。结果批内与批间CV%值分别为1.28、2.71,符合要求。

2.2 线性测定

取GA高值标本,用稀释液稀释成4%、8%、12%、16%、20% 5个浓度梯度,测定GA含量,进行线性回归分析。其回归方程为Y=0.92X+0.23,r=0.96(X为测定值,Y为理论值),符合要求。

2.3干扰试验

取GA浓度为11.0%的标本4份,分别加入40μL蒸馏水或等量的含8.7 mmol/L甘油三酯或8.4 mmol/L胆固醇,或824 μmol/L胆红素的标准血清,测定GA含量以确定以上因素对GA测定结果的影响,结果显示上述干扰因素对GA酶法快速测定结果无干扰。

2.4 糖尿病检测指标分析

与健康对照组相比,糖尿病组患者HbA1c、GA、FPG、2hBG均明显增高(P<0.01),见表1。

表1 两组血糖指标对比(x±s)

注:与对照组相比具有统计学意义(*P <0.05)

2.5 相关性分析

对147例患者的相关性分析显示,GA与HbA1c、FPG、2hBG均具有良好的正相关性,其回归方程分别为Y=0.89X+0.21,Y=0.84X+0.11,Y=0.92X+0.15;r值分别为0.94、0.92、0.96(P均< 0.01)。

3讨论

糖尿病的诊断与疗效的检测主要依赖于对血糖浓度的监测,其中糖基化蛋白质的测定是重要手段。与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者体内存在多种糖基化蛋白质。这些糖基化蛋白质中,HbA1c作为判定糖尿病患者血糖控制水平的金标准,其含量与血糖水平、并发症的发生率密切相关[1]。而全血HbAlc水平控制在7.0 以下可有效降低糖尿病慢性并发症如肾病、白内障、动脉硬化的发生率,表明HbAlc与糖尿病并发症间同样存在紧密联系[4]。

与先前的研究结果一致,我们的结果表明,糖尿病患者HbAlc较非糖尿病患者明显增高。但是,HbAlc是血红蛋白与血糖间缓慢的不可逆结合的产物,其浓度主要受一段时期内血糖平均水平与红细胞平均寿命的影响[5]。体内红细胞的平均寿命约120 d,因此HbAlc仅反映抽血前2~3个月内血糖的平均水平[6]。但是血糖波动、进食以及运动HbAlc影响不大,因此其不能反映患者短期内血糖波动的程度。此外红细胞的更新率增加,如贫血、溶血等情况下,其准确性亦受到影响[7]。

GA由血清清蛋白和葡萄糖以非酶促的氧化反应结合生成。与血红蛋白不同,清蛋白的半衰期不受血红蛋白代谢率的影响,因此检测GA反映血糖控制水平时可以避免上述血红细胞代谢紊乱的影响[8]。与血红蛋白相比,血清清蛋白的半衰期较短,约为21d,因此当出现短期血糖控制水平波动时,GA的反应更为灵敏[9]。2型糖尿病患者接受胰岛素治疗2周后,HbAlc从10.9%降至10.0%,而GA 水平从35.6%降至25.0%[10]。提示GA 比HbAlc更能反映DM 药物和其他因素导致的短期内血糖水平的波动情况,能迅速、灵敏、特异地评价和监控降糖药物的疗效。此外,GA 比HbA1c能更好地反映糖尿病慢性并发症,出现此现象的原因除了与GA能更好地反映短期内血糖波动幅度外, GA本身的细胞毒性也是重要原因。研究发现血GA浓度升高使视网膜感光细胞的凋亡增加,表明高GA血症对视网膜神经元存在直接毒性,与DM引起的视网膜病变密切相关[11];高GA血症导致肾小球系膜细胞增生与Ⅳ型胶原分泌增加,促进肾小球硬化,加重糖尿病性肾病的病理改变[12]。

早期GA的测定依靠高效液相色谱法,成本高、效率低不适于临床应用。固体与液态酶法GA测定技术的开发成功,大大降低了检测成本,提高了检测效率,简化了操作过程[13,14]。GA酶法快速检测是采用糖化氨基酸氧化酶将内源性糖化氨基酸分解为葡萄糖酮醛、氨基酸、双氧水而去除,在处理液中加入对白蛋白特异的蛋白酶将GA水解为糖化氨基酸,再次使用糖化氨基酸氧化酶将GA水解生成的糖化氨基酸水解为葡萄糖酮醛、氨基酸、过氧化氢。生成的过氧化氢与N, N-双(4-磺丁基)-3-甲基苯胺二钠盐在过氧化物酶的作用下定量生成蓝紫色色素,通过测定此紫蓝色色素的吸光度,计算GA浓度。我们的研究结果显示,液态酶法快速检测GA的精密度良好,且抗干扰能力较好,能准确地区别糖尿病与非糖尿病患者。GA与HbA1c、FPG、2hBG均呈良好的正相关性[14,15],表明酶法检测GA简便快速,且准确可靠。

因此,GA快速检测法可反映糖尿病患者近期整体血糖水平,具有重要临床价值。

[参考文献]

[1] Schleicher ED, Gerbitz KD, Dolhofer R, et al. Clinical utility of non enzymatic glycosylated blood proteins as an index of glucose control[J]. Diabetes Care, 1984, 7(6):548-556.endprint

[2] Lee SY, Chen YC, Tsai IC, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin-corrected fructosamine are good indicators for glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3):57762.

[3] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[4] Cozma AI, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, et al. Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(7): 1611-1620.

[5] Kouzuma T, Uemastu Y, Usami T, et al. Study of glycated aminoacid elimination reaction for an improved enzymatic glycated albumin measurement method[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2004, 346(2):135-143.

[6] Sany D, Elshahawy Y, Anwar W. Glycated albumin versus glycated hemoglobin as glycemic indicator in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus: Variables that influence[J]. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2013, 24(2): 260-273.

[7] Shen Y, Pu LJ, Lu L, et al. Glycated albumin is superior to hemoglobin A1c for evaluating the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Cardiology, 2012, 123(2): 84-90.

[8] Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Millioni R, et al. Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis and insulin effect in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria[J]. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29(2):323-328.

[9] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[10] Kim C, Bullard KM, Herman WH, et al. Association between iron deficiency and AIc levels among adults without diabetes in the national health and nutrition examination survey,1999-2006[J]. Diabetes Care,2010,33(4):780-785.

[11] Song SO, Kim KJ, Lee BW, et al. Predicts the progression of carotid arterial atherosclerosis[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 225(2):450-455.

[12] Cohen MP, Iautenslager GT, Hud E, et a1. Inhibiting albumin glycation at tenuates dysregulation of VEGFR2 1 and collagenⅣ subchain production and the development of renal insufficiency[J]. Ann Physiol Renal Physiol, 2007, 292(2):789-795.

[13] 贾珂珂,李国权,张捷. 酮胺氧化酶法测定糖化白蛋白的评价[J]. 中国实验诊断学,2010,14(10):1620-1623.

[14] 吕冰,王立. 2型糖尿病患者平均血糖值与糖化白蛋白相关性研究[J]. 疑难病杂志,2013,(2):28-30.

[15] 汤世博,曹利民. 糖化血红蛋白检测方法研究进展[J]. 北京生物医学工程,2013,32(3):325-329.

(收稿日期:2014-01-07)endprint

[2] Lee SY, Chen YC, Tsai IC, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin-corrected fructosamine are good indicators for glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3):57762.

[3] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[4] Cozma AI, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, et al. Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(7): 1611-1620.

[5] Kouzuma T, Uemastu Y, Usami T, et al. Study of glycated aminoacid elimination reaction for an improved enzymatic glycated albumin measurement method[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2004, 346(2):135-143.

[6] Sany D, Elshahawy Y, Anwar W. Glycated albumin versus glycated hemoglobin as glycemic indicator in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus: Variables that influence[J]. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2013, 24(2): 260-273.

[7] Shen Y, Pu LJ, Lu L, et al. Glycated albumin is superior to hemoglobin A1c for evaluating the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Cardiology, 2012, 123(2): 84-90.

[8] Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Millioni R, et al. Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis and insulin effect in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria[J]. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29(2):323-328.

[9] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[10] Kim C, Bullard KM, Herman WH, et al. Association between iron deficiency and AIc levels among adults without diabetes in the national health and nutrition examination survey,1999-2006[J]. Diabetes Care,2010,33(4):780-785.

[11] Song SO, Kim KJ, Lee BW, et al. Predicts the progression of carotid arterial atherosclerosis[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 225(2):450-455.

[12] Cohen MP, Iautenslager GT, Hud E, et a1. Inhibiting albumin glycation at tenuates dysregulation of VEGFR2 1 and collagenⅣ subchain production and the development of renal insufficiency[J]. Ann Physiol Renal Physiol, 2007, 292(2):789-795.

[13] 贾珂珂,李国权,张捷. 酮胺氧化酶法测定糖化白蛋白的评价[J]. 中国实验诊断学,2010,14(10):1620-1623.

[14] 吕冰,王立. 2型糖尿病患者平均血糖值与糖化白蛋白相关性研究[J]. 疑难病杂志,2013,(2):28-30.

[15] 汤世博,曹利民. 糖化血红蛋白检测方法研究进展[J]. 北京生物医学工程,2013,32(3):325-329.

(收稿日期:2014-01-07)endprint

[2] Lee SY, Chen YC, Tsai IC, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin-corrected fructosamine are good indicators for glycemic control in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3):57762.

[3] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[4] Cozma AI, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, et al. Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(7): 1611-1620.

[5] Kouzuma T, Uemastu Y, Usami T, et al. Study of glycated aminoacid elimination reaction for an improved enzymatic glycated albumin measurement method[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2004, 346(2):135-143.

[6] Sany D, Elshahawy Y, Anwar W. Glycated albumin versus glycated hemoglobin as glycemic indicator in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus: Variables that influence[J]. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2013, 24(2): 260-273.

[7] Shen Y, Pu LJ, Lu L, et al. Glycated albumin is superior to hemoglobin A1c for evaluating the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Cardiology, 2012, 123(2): 84-90.

[8] Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Millioni R, et al. Albumin and fibrinogen synthesis and insulin effect in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria[J]. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29(2):323-328.

[9] Yang C, Li H, Wang Z, et al. Glycated albumin is a potential diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus[J]. Clin Med, 2012, 12(6):568-571.

[10] Kim C, Bullard KM, Herman WH, et al. Association between iron deficiency and AIc levels among adults without diabetes in the national health and nutrition examination survey,1999-2006[J]. Diabetes Care,2010,33(4):780-785.

[11] Song SO, Kim KJ, Lee BW, et al. Predicts the progression of carotid arterial atherosclerosis[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 225(2):450-455.

[12] Cohen MP, Iautenslager GT, Hud E, et a1. Inhibiting albumin glycation at tenuates dysregulation of VEGFR2 1 and collagenⅣ subchain production and the development of renal insufficiency[J]. Ann Physiol Renal Physiol, 2007, 292(2):789-795.

[13] 贾珂珂,李国权,张捷. 酮胺氧化酶法测定糖化白蛋白的评价[J]. 中国实验诊断学,2010,14(10):1620-1623.

[14] 吕冰,王立. 2型糖尿病患者平均血糖值与糖化白蛋白相关性研究[J]. 疑难病杂志,2013,(2):28-30.

[15] 汤世博,曹利民. 糖化血红蛋白检测方法研究进展[J]. 北京生物医学工程,2013,32(3):325-329.

(收稿日期:2014-01-07)endprint

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