有问必答
2014-07-03曾克辉
曾克辉
1. 问:专有名词China”中国”的小写形式china是”瓷器”吗?
答:是的,在英语中有少数专有名词的小写形式的意义是不一样的,又如:
Japan指“日本”;japan指“日本式漆器”。Jordan指“约旦”;jordan指“尿壶”。John指“约翰”;john指“厕所”。Russia 指“俄罗斯”;russia指“俄罗斯皮革”。Turkey 指“土耳其”;turkey指“火鸡”。Shanghai指“上海”;shanghai指“拐骗,诱拐”。
2. 问:请问“He can speak English, and that very well.”是什么意思?
答:句意为:“他会说英语,而且说得非常好”。在口语中,and that...或and...at that是很常见的,均译为“而且”,通常用于补充性强调。又如:
He misspells the word and that very often. 他拼错了这个单词,而且常常错。
He thought of an idea, and a good one at that. 他想到一个主意,而且是个好主意。
3. 问:老师说“For each Olympics, a special village is built for them to live in...”中的for them to live in在逻辑上与主语a special village发生动宾关系,是反射不定式的复合结构作定语。这样说对吗?
答:对。反射不定式就是主动语态的不定式产生反射动作(必须是及物动词),主要用于以下三种结构:
①主语+be+表语+反射不定式(与主语是逻辑上的动宾关系)
The question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
The stone is too heavy to carry. 这块石头太重,搬不动。
The article is easy to understand. 这篇文章很易懂。
注:若直接用不定式作表语则要用被动式。如:
The question is to be answered. 这个问题得要回答。
②主语+谓语+宾语+反射不定式(作定语修饰宾语,主语为逻辑上的动作执行者)。例如:
He has something to say. 他有话要说。
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只钢笔写字。
注:若主语不是不定式逻辑上的动作执行者,则要用不定式的被动式。比较:
Do you have anything to be taken to Tom in town? 你有什么东西要带到镇里给汤姆吗? (带东西给汤姆的不是主语“you”,而是问话者。)
Do you have anything to take to Tom in town? 你有什么东西要带到镇里给汤姆吗?(带东西给汤姆的就是主语“you”。)
③ 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语+反射不定式(作定语修饰直接宾语,间接宾语为逻辑上的动作执行者)。如:
He brought me some little rabbits to raise. 他带来几只小兔子给我养。
The teacher lent John some materials to consult. 老师借给约翰一些资料查阅。
4. 问:如何区分as for, as to和as with?
答:这是三个很常用的短语介词(或成语介词),区分如下:
①as for, as to “就……而论;至于……”,介绍新话题或对已谈过的事作进一步的说明,放在句首。这样用时,as for和as to没有什么区别;但as for似乎更常用一些。
As for me, I'd rather stay at home. 至于我,我想我还不如留在家里。
②以下三种情况要用as to。
a.表示about“关于;有关”的意义。多放在句中,后接名词、代词或名词性从句。
He wrote to me as to his work and study. 他写信告诉我有关他的工作和学习的情况。
b.表示according to“根据;按照”的含义。
They sorted the apples as to size and color. 他们按照大小和颜色将鸡蛋进行分类。
c.表示in proportion to“与……成比例;与……相称”的意义。
Her expenditure is not as to her income. 她的收入和开支不相称。
③as with“正如;与……一样”
As with what I said, he failed again. 正如我所说的,他又一次失败了。
注:as is the case with常用来构成比较状语从句。例如:
As is the case with a lazy schoolboy, Tom always leaves what should be done today for tomorrow. 正像懒惰的小学生一样,汤姆总是把今天该做的事留到明天。
5.问:may well和may as well是否一样?可以互换使用吗?endprint
答:不一样,它们所表达的意义完全不同。
①may well“很可能;有充分理由可以;完全可以”。例如:
This novel may well become a classic. 这本小说很有可能会成为经典作品。
You may well participate with us in our gains. 你们完全可以跟我们共享利益。
注:这种结构还可以用倒装句式。如:
She can turn down your request, and well she may (do so). 她可以拒绝你的要求,并且她有充分的理由这么做。
②may/might as well“最好;不妨;还不如”;注意:had better... 最好……(积极心态);may / might as well ...“还是……好”(消极或无奈)。例如:
Since he wont listen to you, you may as well let him be. 既然他不听你的,那就随他去吧。
Now that youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 既然你有一次机会,你还是充分利用它为好。
③may as well ... as...“完全可以把……像……一样”;例如:
You may as well call a bike as a bicycle. 你大可把bike叫做bicycle。
You may as well treat him as your own son. 你完全可以把他当作你的亲生儿子。
④might as well ... as ...“与其……不如……”;例如:
You might as well throw money into the sea as lend it to William. 你与其借钱给威廉,还不如把钱扔到海里。
6.问:before引导的时间状语从句有时候并不译为“在……之前”(尽管它有这种含义),这是为什么呢?
答:这是before从句的特殊句式。在这种复合句中,主句包含表时间段的短语,且为肯定句常译成“……(后)才……”;主句包含表时间段的短语,且为否定句常译成“……就”。这样的句型通常使用三种时态:
①一般将来时
a.It will be+时间段+before…do“还要过……才……”
It will be three years before his son returns from abroad. 还要过三年他儿子才从国外回来。
b.It will not be long before“过不了多久就会……”
It will not be long before he realizes his mistakes.过不了多久,他就会意识到自己的错误。
②一般过去时
a.It was +时间段+before...did “过了……才……”
It was a week before I knew the truth. 过了一个星期,我才了解真相。
b.It was not long before... “不久就……了;没过多久就……”
It was not long before he told me all about it.
没过多久他就把一切告诉我了。
③过去将来时
a.It would be+时间段+before... “还要过……才……”
It would be some time before the painkillers took effect. 止痛片得过些时候才会见效。
b.It would not be long before…“不多久就会……”
The expert predicted that it would not be long before robots replaced humans. 那位专家预言:要不了多久机器人会代替人类。
注:除“It + be + 时间段 + before”句式结构外,有些场合同样不将before从句译为”在……之前”。如:
I came to the riverside before I knew it. 我不知不觉来到河边。
She burst out crying before I came into the room. 还等没我进屋她就放声大哭了。
7.问:在“How beautiful a girl she is!”中,为什么冠词“a”不放在beautiful之前?
答:当形容词修饰表泛指的单数可数名词时,不定冠词“a (an)”通常位于形容词之前,但也有一些例外情况。
①当形容词被how, however, so, as, too, enough等副词修饰时,不定冠词要直接放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:
You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is. 你几乎想象不到那孩子有多聪明。
I have never seen so kind a man. 我从没见过这么善良的人。
Thats too hard a task for me. 那个任务对我来说太艰巨了。
She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients. 她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。
②由as, though构成的倒装形式的让步状语从句中,当作表语的名词被形容词修饰时,不定冠词放在形容词后:
Rough a man as/though he is, he is a hen-pecked husband. 尽管他很粗鲁,但他是一个妻管严。
③当名词前面有what, many, half, such等限定词修饰的时候,不定冠词必须紧跟在这些限定词之后。例如:
I came to see what a stupid thing I had done. 我意识到我干了一件多么愚蠢的事。
I met him many a time in the bus. 我在公共汽车上见过他多次。
He left half an hour ago. 半小时前他就离开了。
Ive never dreamed of doing such a thing. 我从未想过去干这样的事。
④当形容词被quite, rather等副词修饰时,不定冠词既可置于形容词之前也可置于形容词之后。例如:
He came across to me as being quite a nice person. = He came across to me as being a quite nice person. 他在我的印象中是一个挺好的人。
Forrest was a rather stupid boy. = Forrest was rather a stupid boy. 佛里斯特是个相当愚蠢的男孩。endprint