利用同中求异法解析非谓语动词

谭凤兰

非谓语动词是每年高考中的必考项目。同学们要想快速准确地做好此类题目，必须要掌握好非谓语动词的基本形式、句法功能及相应的解题技巧，在平时学习中可以利用同中求异法解析非谓语动词试题。

一、 作状语

第一组：

（1）Finding the course very difficult， she decided to move to a lower level. 由于发现这个课程很难，她准备换一个低水平的课程。

（2）Founded in the early 20th century， the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. 那所学校建于20世纪早期，现在仍在激励着孩子们对艺术的热爱。

点拨 doing表示非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间为主动关系；done表示非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间为被动关系，且动作先于谓语动词之前完成。

第二组：

（1）I got to the office earlier that day， having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. 由于赶上了七点半从帕丁顿出发的火车，那天我很早就到了办公室。

（2）Having been asked to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film. 由于被叫去加班，我错过了一场好电影。

点拨 having done与having been done的相同点是：非谓语动词动作都发生在谓语动词之前。不同点是：having done表示非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间为主动关系；having been done表示非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间为被动关系。

第三组：

（1）To stay warm at night， I would fill the woodstove， then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. 为了能够取暖，我会填满柴炉，然后设定好半夜的闹钟，以便重新填满柴炉。

（2）The sunlight is white and blinding， throwing hard-edged shadows on the ground. 阳光亮而刺眼，在地上投射出轮廓清晰的影子。

点拨 doing表示伴随，作伴随状语；to do表示目的，作目的状语。

第四组：

（1）Tom took a taxi to the airport， only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车到达机场，结果却发现飞机已经起飞了。

（2）He got up late and hurried to his office， leaving the breakfast untouched. 他起晚了，着急去上班，没吃早饭。

点拨 doing与（only）to do的相同点是都可作结果状语。不同点：doing表示自然而然的结果；（only）to do表示意料之外的结果。

二、作定语

（1）The witnesses questioned by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 刚刚被警察询问的目击者对斗殴给出了截然不同的描述。

（2） Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 半小时后我们要开个会，会上的决定将会影响我们公司的未来。

（3）Were having a meeting now. The decision being made at the meeting will influence the future of our company. 我们正在开会，所做的决定会影响公司的未来。

解析 句（1）中the witness与question by the police just now为被动关系，且已完成，因此选用questioned作后置定语。句（2）中the decision与make为被动关系，且句中明显给出的标志时间词in half an hour表将来，因此用to be made作the decision的后置定语。句（3）明显给出的标志时间词now暗示“正在被做的决定”，因此选择being made作the decision的后置定语。

点拨 done、to be done、 being done都表示被动，但done表示已经被做；to be done表示将要被做； being done表示正在被做。

三、作补足语

（1）Having finished her project， she was invited by the school to speak to the new students. 完成课题后，她被学校邀请给学生做演讲。

（2）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. 我看见一条蛇正在往树上爬，捕捉猎物作早餐。

（3）Before driving into the city， you are required to get your car washed. 你开车去城里之前，必须先洗车。endprint

解析 句（1）的谓语是被动语态，原主动语态为invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作补足语；句（2）强调动作正在进行，符合结构“感官动词+ sb / sth +doing”，因此选择winding作补足语；句（3）意为你应该让别人洗车，即“车被洗”，符合结构“get sth done”。

点拨 ①以下动词常跟不定式作补足语：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官动词、使役动词后接省略to的不定式（即do）或现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）作补足语：后接do时强调动作的全过程；后接doing时强调动作正在进行；后接done时表示某事被做即让别人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主语

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以帮助你快速应对紧急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一个多么健谈的人，有些场合最好还是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假装不知道规则是没用的。

点拨 非谓语动词作主语时，若主语较长，通常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主语表示具体动作，表语一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中动名词作主语表示抽象动作，表语多是一些特定的形容词或名词，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作宾语

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我记得我离开办公室之前锁了门，但忘了关灯。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一个人就是通过不断的犯错并改正才能学会一门语言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手这个工作，那他将面临更大的挑战，别无选择。

点拨 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾经做过某事，to do表示要做某事。介词后的宾语时须用动名词形式，但but/except后面接不定式作宾语，若前面的谓语部分含有do时，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后无to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint

解析 句（1）的谓语是被动语态，原主动语态为invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作补足语；句（2）强调动作正在进行，符合结构“感官动词+ sb / sth +doing”，因此选择winding作补足语；句（3）意为你应该让别人洗车，即“车被洗”，符合结构“get sth done”。

点拨 ①以下动词常跟不定式作补足语：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官动词、使役动词后接省略to的不定式（即do）或现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）作补足语：后接do时强调动作的全过程；后接doing时强调动作正在进行；后接done时表示某事被做即让别人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主语

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以帮助你快速应对紧急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一个多么健谈的人，有些场合最好还是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假装不知道规则是没用的。

点拨 非谓语动词作主语时，若主语较长，通常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主语表示具体动作，表语一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中动名词作主语表示抽象动作，表语多是一些特定的形容词或名词，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作宾语

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我记得我离开办公室之前锁了门，但忘了关灯。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一个人就是通过不断的犯错并改正才能学会一门语言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手这个工作，那他将面临更大的挑战，别无选择。

点拨 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾经做过某事，to do表示要做某事。介词后的宾语时须用动名词形式，但but/except后面接不定式作宾语，若前面的谓语部分含有do时，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后无to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint

解析 句（1）的谓语是被动语态，原主动语态为invite her to speak， 句中的to speak作补足语；句（2）强调动作正在进行，符合结构“感官动词+ sb / sth +doing”，因此选择winding作补足语；句（3）意为你应该让别人洗车，即“车被洗”，符合结构“get sth done”。

点拨 ①以下动词常跟不定式作补足语：want， wish， ask， tell， order， beg， permit， help， advise， persuade， allow， prepare， cause， force， call on， wait for， invite。

②感官动词、使役动词后接省略to的不定式（即do）或现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）作补足语：后接do时强调动作的全过程；后接doing时强调动作正在进行；后接done时表示某事被做即让别人做某事；或遭遇不幸。

四、作主语

（1）Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 了解急救的基本技能可以帮助你快速应对紧急事件。

（2）No matter how bright a talker you are， there are times when its better to remain silent. 不管你是一个多么健谈的人，有些场合最好还是保持沉默。

（3）Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 假装不知道规则是没用的。

点拨 非谓语动词作主语时，若主语较长，通常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子后面。It is +adj+（for sb/ sth）to do 句型中不定式作主语表示具体动作，表语一般是：clever， good， foolish， honest， kind， lazy， right， stupid， wise等。It is +adj/n +doing句型中动名词作主语表示抽象动作，表语多是一些特定的形容词或名词，如useful（no use）， good（no good），nice（no fun）等。

五、 作宾语

（1）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lights. 我记得我离开办公室之前锁了门，但忘了关灯。

（2）One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting them. 一个人就是通过不断的犯错并改正才能学会一门语言。

（3）If he takes on this work， he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接手这个工作，那他将面临更大的挑战，别无选择。

点拨 remember/forget /regret doing表示曾经做过某事，to do表示要做某事。介词后的宾语时须用动名词形式，但but/except后面接不定式作宾语，若前面的谓语部分含有do时，后面的不定式要省略to，即“前有do后无to”。

1. To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.

A. speak. B. speaking

C. spoken D. to speak

2. Henry cant attend the party at Toms at present because he is preparing for the party at Marys tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. to held； being held

D. held； to be held

3. —When did you go to Shanghai？

—I remember there when I was a child.

A. having taken B. to be taken

C. having been taken D. to take

4. at the cafeteria before， Tina didnt want to eat there again.

A. Having eaten B. To eat

C. Eat D. Eating

5. which university to attend， the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A. Not knowing B. Knowing not

C. Not known D. Known not

6. Listen！ Do you hear someone for help？

A. calling B. call C. to call D. calledendprint