几组近似词辨析
2014-07-03杨剑
杨剑
1. anyway与any way
这一对词的意思并不一样。anyway和anyhow同义,但前者多用于美国英语,后者多用于英国英语。anyway在句中用作副词和连接词,意为“无论如何;不管怎样”,相当于in any case和at any rate。例如:
Anyway,we can try.不管怎样,我们可以试试看。
I will not change my mind anyway.无论如何我都不愿意改变我的想法。
“I can give you a lift if you wait.”—“No,Ill walk. Thanks,anyway.”“如果你等一下,我可以开车送你去。”——“不用了,我步行好了。谢谢你(尽管我不坐你的车)!”
Any way的意思是“任何方法;任何方式”,way是名词,any是修饰它的定语。例如:
He could not find the way to the village in any way.他怎么也找不到那条通向村庄的路。
I cannot manage it any way.我无法做到此事。
2. as well as与as well
作为习语用作介词时,as well as的涵义是“还有;不但……而且……”。值得注意的是,在A as well as B的结构里,语意的重点在A,不在B。因此,“He can speak Spanish as well as English.”的译文应该是:“他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语”,决不能译作:“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。如果这样翻译,就本末倒置了。as well as和 not only... but also...同义,但前者的语意重点和后者的语意重点恰好颠倒。
如果 as well as用作连词引出比较从句,则意为“和……一样好”。因此,“He speaks Spanish as well as English.”应译作:“他说西班牙语和说英语一样好”。语意的重点依旧在前部,不在后半部。
请注意as well as的以下用法:
She called on you as well as I.不但我来看你,她也拜访了你。
She called on you as well as me.她不但拜访了我,也拜访了你。
在下列句中,as well as表示“像……一样”:
She as well as you is an English teacher.她像你一样也是英文教师。
这里的谓语动词用is,不用are,因为句中的主语是she,不是she和you。
As well则是副词短语,其义为“也”,相当于too,它一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。例如:
He is a worker,and a poet as well.他是工人,也是诗人。
China possesses enormous quantities of coal and is rich in other minerals as well.中国拥有大量煤炭,其他的矿藏也很丰富。
3. asleep与sleeping
这两个词都表示“入睡;睡着”,但用法各异,主要区别有以下几点:
asleep是表语形容词,在句中放在动词之后;它不能放在名词之前,例如我们不可以说:Look at the asleep baby,应把asleep改为sleeping。例如:
She was fast asleep;I couldnt wake her up.她睡得很熟,我喊不醒她。
The old man has fallen asleep.那个老人睡着了。
sleeping 是定语形容词,它放在它所修饰的名词之前,如the sleeping baby。例如:
Who is that sleeping man?那个在睡觉的人是谁?
Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹事生非。
sleeping一词有构词能力,它能和另一些词构成复合名词。如:sleeping-bag(睡袋);sleeping-car(卧铺车);sleeping-pill(安眠药);sleeping-sickness(昏睡症);sleeping-partner(不参与经营的匿名合伙人)。
sleeping有一近义词,即sleepy。sleepy既可作表语,又可作定语。作表语时意为“困倦;想睡觉”,用作定语时意为“贪睡;寂静的”。例如:
The children fell sleepy;put them to bed.孩子们困了,把他们放到床上睡吧。
Here are the outskirts/suburbs of Kowloon.Do you like this sleepy valley?这里是九龙的郊区。你喜欢这寂静的山谷吗?
4. at ease与with ease
这两个介词短语的词义范围和使用场合并不相同。at ease的意思是“安逸地;安心地;自在地”(feeling confident or relaxed),其反义短语为ill at ease;with ease的意思是“轻松地;容易地”(easily or without difficulty)。
就使用场合而言,at ease既可作表语,又可作状语;with ease只能用作状语。例如:endprint
The old couple are now quite at ease as their son is out of danger.这一对老夫妻现在可以安心了,因为他们的儿子已经脱离危险。
With good social security,the aged can live at ease.有好的社会保障,老年人都过得很安逸。
I dont know why he is ill at ease.我不知道为什么他心神不宁。
They fulfilled the task with ease.他们轻松地完成了任务。
Everyday we marched twenty miles with ease.每天我们毫不费力地行进二十英里。
注:stand at ease是军事术语,意为“稍息”;take ones ease意为“休息”或“无拘无束”。例如:
The soldiers are standing at ease now.士兵们现在在立正稍息。
We are now taking our ease.我们现在是优哉游哉。
Please sit and take your ease while enjoying a cup of coffee.请坐下来舒舒服服地喝杯咖啡。
5. at heart与by heart
这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。
At heart 的意思是“在心里;心底里”或“本质上”(from the heart,from the bottom of ones heart or essentially)。by heart 的意思是“背诵;熟记”(by rote;to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly)。例如:
That socialite is a rascal at heart.那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。
A councillor should have the collective interest of society at heart.议员应当关心大众的利益。
Mr Wang looks stem,but he is kind at heart.王先生看来严肃,但实质上他很仁慈。
I know this poem by heart.我能背诵这首诗。
I dont see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book!我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所有的日期都记下来!
请注意下列短语的意思:
in ones heart of hearts 在内心深处
take something to heart 认真考虑/关注某事
set ones heart on something 决心做/得到某事/物
cut(or touch)sb to the heart 触及某人痛处
ones heart is in something 把整个心放在某事上
与此类似区别的词语有:
in demand 非常需要的,受欢迎的
on demand 一经要求
at fault 有过失的;有错
to a fault 过份地endprint