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心力衰竭治疗前后aVR导联QRS波振幅与脑钠肽的变化

2014-06-28荀平孙莉李恒斌尚怡君

中国医药科学 2014年4期
关键词:脑钠肽利尿剂心力衰竭

荀平??孙莉??李恒斌??尚怡君

[摘要] 目的 探讨心力衰竭患者利尿治疗前后aVR导联QRS波振幅与脑钠肽变化的关系,探讨心力衰竭治疗有效的心电图指标,为临床疗效评估提供简便易行的预测方法。方法 观察心力衰竭患者50例,分别于入院时利尿治疗前及治疗后出院时行12导联心电图检查,观察aVR导联QRS波振幅变化;监测体重;测定脑钠肽浓度。结果 心力衰竭患者经利尿治疗后心电图aVR导联QRS波的振幅较治疗前显著增高,体重显著下降,BNP显著下降。结论 aVR导联QRS波振幅变化与脑钠肽可以用来评估心力衰竭患者利尿治疗疗效的简单可靠的指标。

[关键词] 心力衰竭;利尿剂;aVR导联QRS波振幅;脑钠肽

[中图分类号] R540.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)04-57-03

Analysis on changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide before and after the treatment of heart failure

XUN Ping SUN Li LI Hengbin SHANG Yijun

Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Treatment Centre,Jilin Central General Hospital,Jilin 132013,China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) before and after the diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure, and to explore the effective indices of ECG for the treatment of heart failure, so as to provide easy predictions for the evaluation of clinical curative effects. Methods 50 patients with heart failure were observed and received 12-lead ECG before the diuretic therapy on admission and after the therapy on discharge. Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead were observed; patients' weights were monitored; concentrations of BNP were tested. Results The QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead for patients with heart failure after the diuretic therapy was significantly higher than that before the therapy. Patients' weights and BNP concentrations significantly reduced. Conclusion Changes of QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead and BNP can be used as easy and reliable indices for the evaluation of curative effects of diuretic therapy for patients with heart failure.

[Key words] Heart failure;Diuretics;QRS-wave amplitude in aVR lead;Brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)

近年来随着人口老龄化,心力衰竭患者的发病率也逐年上升,心血管疾病的诊治水平也得到了飞速发展,检测心力衰竭的技术也在不断进步。心脏彩超、N末端B型人脑利钠肽(NT-proBNP)[1]也大大提高了心力衰竭患者检测的敏感性和特异性,在检测心功能中起到重要作用,但该两项检测仅在一定规模的大医院才能进行,且价格偏贵,基层医院更渴望有一种更简便、更经济、更大众化、随时可以应用的检测技术来评价心力衰竭治疗效果。心电图是目前最为普及的一项检测技术,具有简便、准确、快速、无创等优势,可以用于心力衰竭治疗效果的评价[2]。本文旨在研究心力衰竭患者利尿治疗前后心电图aVR导联(Ld aVR) QRS波振幅与体重及BNP变化的关系。

1 资料与方法

1.1 对象

研究对象为2013年1~12月入住吉林市中心医院心内科的所有急性及慢性心力衰竭伴液体潴留的患者(NYHA分级III~IV级)。男28例,女22例,平均年龄(65.0±4.6)岁。排除心律失常、肺气肿、肝硬化腹水、肾功能不全、束支传导阻滞等患者。入院后接受利尿治疗,根据病情口服及静脉应用利尿剂。

1.2 观察指标及检测方法

1.2.1 Ld aVR测量 采用日本光电9130P 12导联心电图机,所有患者于入院时利尿治疗前及治疗后出院时安静状态下记录12导联心电图,走纸速度25mm/s,心电图标准电压为1mV。测量方法:将

aVR导联R波振幅的绝对值与S波或Q波振幅的绝对值相加,心电图纸上两条横线间(1mm)表示0.1mV。

1.2.2 体重的监测 所有患者穿统一的病号服,应用同一校正后体重计,于入院时利尿治疗前及治疗后出院时晨起空腹,排空膀胱后测量体重,体重以kg为单位,精确到0.1kg。

1.2.3 血清NT-proBNP测定 所有对象采集于入院时利尿治疗前及治疗后出院时行清晨空腹肘静脉血3mL,待自然凝固后1h内在离心机以3000r/min离心10min分离血清,应用德国罗氏诊断公司Elecsys2010NT-proBNP自动分析仪进行检测,以pro-BNP试剂盒(上海西唐生物科技有限公司),利用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA法)测定血清BNP。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS13.0软件分析,计量资料以()表示,患者利尿治疗前后各变量差异的显著性分析应用配对t检验。利尿治疗前后aVR导联QRS波振幅与体重变化间的关系分析及脑钠肽变化关系分析分别采用直线相关分析。以P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 心力衰竭患者利尿治疗前后各指标的比较

患者于入院时利尿治疗前及治疗后出院时aVR导联QRS波振幅增加、体重下降及NT-proBNP下降,且差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.2 心力衰竭利尿治疗前后体重变化值(△体重)

与aVR导联QRS波振幅增加值(△Ld aVR)有相关性(R=0.240,P<0.05);△Ld aVR与脑钠肽变化值NT-proBNP)有相关性(R=0.382,P<0.05)。

3 讨论

本研究证实,心力衰竭液体潴留的患者经利尿治疗后心电图aVR导联QRS波振幅较治疗前显著增高,体重显著下降,NT-proBNP显著下降。随着心功能好转,aVR导联QRS波振幅增加与体重下降值及NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相关性。

近年来,已有一些临床研究表明心力衰竭经治疗后,QRS波群振幅变化与心功能改善存在相关性[3-4],本研究也证实肢体导联aVR导联振幅增加提示心功能改善,与既往研究结果一致[5-6]。心力衰竭时液体潴留导致体表心电图aVR导联QRS波振幅下降的机制可能如下:(1)六轴系统中,aVR导联位于额面右上60°,其负极位于左下30°,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联之间。Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联QRS波振幅之和反映6个肢体导联的电压值的变化情况,那么Ⅰ和Ⅱ导联可以代替六个肢体导联。而Ⅰ和Ⅱ导联的代数和的反向为aVR导联,故aVR导联可以代表6个肢体导联(Kirchff's第二电压理论[4,7]),aVR导联QRS波振幅变化可以用来很好的监测心力衰竭患者液体潴留状态。(2)aVR导联QRS波振幅的高低除了受心室除极向量的影响,还受机体体液阻抗的影响[8]。心脏与体表电极间导电介质主要包括肺与容积导体(除肺以外围绕心脏的器官和组织),其导电性能可通过相应的电阻抗(复合阻抗)来表示。水是身体里低阻抗物质,体液容量过多时,使机体的复合阻抗降低。当心力衰竭发生时,左房的充盈压升高,左右心室容量增加,当肺水肿、心包积液、胸腔积液和外周浮肿等使更多的体液潴留在肺部及外周,机体就是潴留了大量的导电介质,增加了心室与胸壁的距离,使胸部及全身的复合电阻抗减弱[9],传导性增加,aVR导联QRS波振幅降低。经过利尿治疗后,患者心力衰竭症状缓解,体重减轻,容量负荷减少,全身电阻抗升高,传导性下降,使aVR导联QRS波振幅增加。

NT-proBNP水平是评价心力衰竭严重程度和预后的敏感客观指标[10],可反映心力衰竭患者心功能变化情况[11],本研究证实心力衰竭利尿治疗后心功能改善,NT-proBNP较前下降,aVR导联QRS波振幅较前升高。aVR导联QRS波振幅变化与NT-proBNP下降值存在良好的相关性。提示aVR导联QRS波振幅变化可以作为一项评价心力衰竭患者利尿治疗后心功能的指标。且Ld aVR相对心脏彩超检查复杂及成本而论,aVR导联QRS波振幅更简便,更直接。

综上所述,心电图aVR导联QRS波振幅具有简便、快速、无创的特点,结合NT-proBNP、心脏彩超检查有利于提高心力衰竭患者诊断的敏感性及特异性,可广泛应用于基层医院,更适用于心力衰竭患者病情的初步评价,并可用于评估心力衰竭患者利尿治疗的效果及心功能改善的良好指标。

[参考文献]

[1] Ciccone MM,Cortese F,Gesualdo M,et al.A Novel Cardiac Bio-Marker:ST2:A review[J].Molecules,2013,18(12):15314-15328.

[2] Madias JE.Superiority of the limb leads over the precordial leads on the 12-lead ECG inmonitoring ?uctuating ?uid overload in a patient with congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2007,40:395-399.

[3] Madias JE,Agarwal H,Win M,et al.Effect of weight loss in congestive heart failure from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy on electrocardiographic QRS voltage[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,89(1):86-88.

[4] Lumlertgul S,Chenthanakij B,Madias JE.ECG leads I and II to evaluate diuresis of patients with congestive heart failure admitted to the hospital via the emergency department[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(1):64-71.

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

[5] Madias JE.aVR,an index of all ECG limb leads,with clinical utility for monitoring of patients with edematous states,including heart failure[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009,32(12):1567-1576.

[6] Madias JE,Song J,White CM,et al.Response of the ECG to short-term diuresis in patients with heart failure[J].Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2005,10(3):288-296.

[7] John EM.On the Use of the Inverse Electrocardiogram Leads[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,103(2):221-226.

[8] Madias JE,Attanti S,Narayan V.Relationship among electrocardiographic potential amplitude,weight,and resistance/reactance/impedance in a patient with peripheral edema treated for congestive heart failure[J].J Electrocardiol,2003,36(2):167-171.

[9] Madias JE.On the mechanism of augmentation of electrocardiogram QRS complexes in patients with congestive heart failure responding to diuresis[J].J Electrocardiol,2005,38(1):54-57.

[10] Cowie MR,Mendez GF.BNP and congestive heart failure[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2002,44(4):293-321.

[11] Galinier M,Berry M,Delmas C,et al.Interest of NT-proBNP in chronic heart failure follow-up[J].Ann Biol Clin(Paris),2013,71:39-45.

(收稿日期:2013-12-28)

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