连词的判定
2014-05-26曾飞华
曾飞华
连词的分类
1.并列连词
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句、句子。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,both...and,not only...but also,either...or,neither...nor,(and)then等。
2. 从属连词
从属连词用来引导复合句。如引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when,while,as,after,before,since,until (till) ,as soon as,once等。引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless,in case,as(so)long as,on condition(that)等。引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though,even if/though等。引导比较状语从句的从属连词有:than,as(so)...as等。引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:lest,so that,in order that等。引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so...that,such...that等。引导名词性从句的从属连词有:that,whether,if等。
二、易混的连词
1. but与while
but表示转折,while表示对比。如:
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
2. but与however
however表示让步,译为“无论如何”。如:
However we adopt healthcare reform,it isnt going to save major amounts of money.
注意:however可以表示转折,译为“然而,不过,仍然”,但是这时为副词,而并非连词。如:
This was not an easy decision. It is,however,a decision that we feel is dictated by our duty.
3. for与because
一般情况下,同学们最好用because引导从句,因为同 because引导的从句相比,for引导的从句的用法要受到某些限制:(1)for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前;(2)for引导的从句不能位于not,but或任何连词之后;(3)for引导的从句不能用于回答问题;(4)for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
4.“no matter+what/who...”与whatever/whoever...
前者只能引导让步状语从句,而后者既可引导让步状语从句,也可引导名词性从句。
[误] I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest.
[正] I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.
[析]引导名词性从句时只能用whoever。
[误] You must hand in no matter what youve found.
[正] You must hand in whatever youve found.
[析] 引导名词性从句时只能用whatever。
5. whether与if
两者引导名词性从句时都是从属连词,意为“是否”,本身不作成分,此时句子中往往出现表示“不肯定”意义的一些短语,如not sure/certain,not known/decided等。
whether 和if 引导动词后的宾语从句时可互换,但下列情况一般只能用whether:(1)引导介词后的宾语从句;(2)引导主语从句; (3) 引导表语从句;(4)引导同位语从句;(5)后面出现or not。
[误] If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
[正] Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
[析]引导主语从句只能用whether。
6. while,when,as 引导时间状语从句时的区别
while只能表示“在一段时间或过程中”,即只能表示时间的“一段”,后面一般用进行时或表示状态的结构。
when常与一般时态连用,用于表示一个动作与另一个动作在同一时间发生,或一个动作在另一动作所延续的时间范围内发生,可以表示一段时间,也可表示时间的“一点”。
as引导时间状语从句时,表示两个动作同时进行,意为“一边……一边……”,还可表示第二个动作发生在第一个动作结束之前。
[误] I picked up some French words as I was having a holiday in Paris.
[正] I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris.
[析]while强调“在……过程中”,as说明两个动作同时进行。
[误] We were having classes while someone knocked at the door.
[正] We were having classes when someone knocked at the door.
[析]when可表示时间的“一点”,而while不能。
三、解题技巧
1.理清内在联系,把握逻辑关系
完形填空二主要考查对语境的把握。所以,同学们做题时应在把握主题的基础上,在上下文语境上多下工夫,要特别注意一些能体现语境变化和逻辑关系的关联词语。通过抓住关联词语,理清空格处前后的逻辑关系后,首先界定空格处所起的语法作用,确定空格处的词性,然后根据上下文确定它的意义,最后落实到具体的一个单词上。
完形填空二要求考生判断前后两句的逻辑关系,填上一个关联词语。这时就要认真阅读这两个句子,细心领会两句的真正含义,从而准确把握两者的逻辑关系。
例1 I dont mind picking up your things from the store. _____ the walk will do me good.
答案及解析:答案为“Besides”。前后存在递进关系,填“Besides”。
例2 Gone with the Wind was a great movie,_____ it was a little long.
答案及解析:答案为“but”。前后存在转折关系,此处要求填能连接句子的连词。
例3 They sometimes put the note on the kitchen table,the refrigerator, _____ another place where their children are sure to find it.
答案及解析:答案为“or”。前后名词同为并列宾语,且为选择关系,用or连接。
例4 ...while the other was humorous _____ too shallow ...
答案及解析:答案为“but”。前后意义发生转折,用连词but。
2.熟记习语句式,以求触类旁通
完形填空二有一部分题考查考生对习语、短语、惯用法和常见句式的熟练程度,所以同学们平时要注意积累,反复练习。通常此类题考查短语中的介词和副词较多。有时也考查一些常见的句型搭配,如so/such...that,it is...(for sb.) to do sth.,there is no doubt that,there is no sense/point in doing sth.,sb. has no difficulty/trouble in doing sth.,be about to do sth. when等。
例5 I was about to go out for a walk _____ it began to rain.
答案及解析:答案为“when”。be about to do sth. when...是个常见句型,意为“刚要做某事,这时……”。
(作者单位:湖南祁东县育贤中学)
(责任编校 筑彭益)