Literature Review of Bozhou Tusi Studies （2001—2013）

LI Yueping��

Abstract：

Based on the topic of the “Bozhou Tusi”， we obtained 35 publications of Chinese journals from the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database （2001-2013）. This article will review and make some comments on all of the literature of Bozhou Tusi Studies from different perspectives.

I. Studies from the Perspective of History

1. Historical Vicissitude

History is a long process. From the perspective of history， we know how the name of Wengan came into being； the formation and historical functions of the Tusi system in Bozhou； Yang Ying-longs rebellion and its process； the historical background and the influence of the Ping Bo Battle； the documents about the Ping Bo War and their historical value； and the historical geographical study on the placename of “Hai Long Tun”.

2. Historic People

When we talk about historical vicissitude and its development， we must talk about those historic people and their important functions in the historical vicissitude and their development. These important people had “epoch-making” historic function. If there had not been these people and their great achievements， relevant histories and historical events would be have to be rewritten. These important people include Qin Liangyu， the Yangs， the Tians， Yang Yinglong， and so on. We must take the viewpoint of the historical materialism dialectic to comment on these historic people， and only by doing so， can we get the right evaluations and conclusions， or we would only get biased conclusions.

II. Studies from the Perspective of Society

1. Social Systems

Social systems were a product of social development. The Tusi system was a product of social development during a certain historical stage in China. During this historical stage， it played an active role in the fields of social security， economy， military， life and other aspects under their control in the regions. In the same way， all of the Yang Tusi played a positive part in all of these aspects for over seven hundred years.

2. Social Relationship

The Yang Tusi in Bozhou made a great endeavor to take quite different， but efficient measures to keep up and deal with the relationship with the central government， the relationship with Shuix Tusi， the relationship with the inner Tuguan （the local officers） and the relationship with the common people under their control of regions. This was so as to obtain the goal of helping the central government and ruling the governed regions， as well as dealing with the relationship of harmounous neighbours in order to keep up good friendship.

3. Military Events

Social development certainly encountered “domestic strife and foreign agression”， which was bound to lead to military events and military actions. The Bozhou Tusi used to defend their regions and protect the common people and maintain the local security at the peace time， but during the time of war， they had to obey the orders of the general assigned by the central government and take part in the military actions to defend against invaders. However， Yang Yinglongs rebelion resulted in the fall of the rule of the Yang Tusis in Bozhou for over seven hundred years.

III. Studies from the Perspective of Culture

1. Tusi Culture

During their controlling and ruling Bozhou， the Yang Tusi in Bozhou had paid such great attention to Confucian culture that it had a chance to spread widely in the areas under the control of the Yang Tusi in Bozhou and around. Finally， a unique Tusi culture formed， which played a huge role and had a positive effect both in Bozhou and the whole western part of China， not only in the field of politics， but also in the fields of economy and culture as well. Tusi cultural heritage in Bozhou is a valuable study， worthy of taking active measures to protect and develop.

2. Tusi Education

Most of the Yang Tuguan who had been influenced by Han culture paid attention to education， which made the Yang Tusi in Bozhou pay attention to education. Education developed in the Tusi areas in Bozhou. As a result of this， the cultural qualities of the people was raised and flourished； the development of literature and art in the northern part of Qian （Guizhou） was promoted， and the rule and control of the central government in Bozhou had been consolidated. By doing so， national unity had been maintained and social civilization and progress in the ethnic minority areas of western part in China had been promoted.

3. Tusi Graves

Graves were not only places for burying dead bodies， but also were places for embodying social etiquette， religion and beliefs， customs of burial， and architectural arts. Graves are very important historical cultural relics. The graves of the Yangs had unique value as cultural relics. They recorded social development and wars on the old special place at that time； and recorded a familys rise and fall in history. All of the things in the graves， such as gravestones， headstones and epitaphs， have important academic value， and are very important for the people who study the families of the Yang Tusi. To some extent， the graves of the Yangs， with their grand scale and exquisite construction， embodied the development of culture and economy in Bozhou.

IV. Deficiencies in the Studies

Although， there are many articles about Bozhou Tusi studies in 2001-2013， especially in 2012-2013， we can find some deficiencies in these studies：

1. The definition is not certain. Which Tusi lasted the longest in the border area， Tianshi Tusi or Yang Tusi？

2. There is a lack of studies on the relevant historical cultural relics， such as Sanyuanshan， Paotaipo etc. around Hailongtun. This gap will need to be filled in.

3. There are not enough important study results which have impact. Over 85% study results have been published in journals in Guizhou， and about 80% have been published in common journals， which indicates that the impact of study results needs to be raised.

4. The number of people who have taken on the study of the Bozhou Tusi should be increased. More people are needed to take part in the study of the Bozhou Tusi so as to obtain more and better study results.

Summary

The Yang Tusi in Bozhou witnessed the stages of the emergence， development and dying out of ancient Tusi system. As far as Tusi cultural studies go， the Yang Tusi in Bozhou is a typical example of Tusi cultural studies， and to some extent， it is the local history of Zunyi from the late of Tang to the mid of Ming Dynasty. The studies of the Bozhou Tusi have great meaning.

Key Words： Bozhou； Bozhou Tusi； Yang Tusi； Tusi study； literature review

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Data sources： China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database （http：//acad.cnki.net/Kns55/brief/result.aspx？dbPrefix=CJFQ）.

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