金属硫蛋白-2(MT-2)表达调控和蛋白相互作用研究进展
2014-04-18尹磊淼综述徐玉东王文倩杨永清审校
尹磊淼(综述) 王 宇 徐玉东 魏 颖 王文倩 杨永清(审校)
(上海中医药大学上海市针灸经络研究所 上海 200030)
金属硫蛋白-2(MT-2)表达调控和蛋白相互作用研究进展
尹磊淼(综述) 王 宇 徐玉东 魏 颖 王文倩 杨永清△(审校)
(上海中医药大学上海市针灸经络研究所 上海 200030)
金属硫蛋白-2(metallothionein-2,MT-2)作用广泛,具有多种生物学功能。本文介绍了MT-2生物学特性、表达调控机制和蛋白相互作用等研究进展,以期对MT-2蛋白有更全面的认识,并基于某一特定疾病进行系统性研究。
金属硫蛋白-2(MT-2); 表达调控;蛋白相互作用
金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)最早由Margoshes和Vallee博士[1]于1957年研究金属生物学作用时被发现,因其含有丰富巯基且能螯合大量金属离子,故被称为金属硫蛋白。经金属硫蛋白命名委员会统计的20个成员虽然普遍分子量较低,仅含有60~63个氨基酸,但半胱氨酸含量占23%~33%,且均呈保守性分布[2]。金属硫蛋白多肽链不含芳香族氨基酸,但每个蛋白分子可通过半胱氨酸巯基结合7~12个金属离子,从而具有特殊的金属巯基化合物光谱特性[3]。哺乳动物金属硫蛋白可分为4个亚型[4],其中MT-1和MT-2在肺脏、大脑等全身组织和器官中表达,并且肝脏和肾脏中表达水平最高,MT-3仅在中枢神经系统和男性生殖系统表达,MT-4仅在层状上皮细胞表达[5-6]。
MT-2是金属硫蛋白家族中的重要成员之一,主要生理特性表现为金属离子结合性和还原性,能与锌、铜、铁、镉等二价离子可逆性结合以维持体内金属离子平衡[3],也可通过巯基(-SH)与机体氧自由基结合,具有较强的还原性[7]。MT-2还参与细胞增殖、凋亡、分化等生物学过程,并和癌症、呼吸及神经系统等疾病密切相关[8-9]。本文对MT-2的生物学特性、表达调控机制和生物学效应及其与某些重大疾病的关系进行综述。
MT-2蛋白分子生物学特性
结合二价金属离子 人类MT-2蛋白相对分子质量(Mr)为6×103,但蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳条带位置特殊,出现在相对分子质量为(12~15)×103区域。等电点为p H4.0,基因染色体定位于第16号染色体长臂13区,编码61个氨基酸,其中20个为半胱氨酸[6]。金属离子与半胱氨酸相结合形成四面体,存在于MT-2蛋白呈哑铃状空间结构的α和β两个独立功能域中[10]。MT-2蛋白结构示意图见图1。
结合的金属离子在特定条件下可以解离以获得还原状态下Apo-MT-2。Liang等[11]将30μmol/L MT-2重组蛋白加入到含10 mmol/L二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)的缓冲液中(10mmol/L Tris-Hcl,100 mmol/L KCl,p H=7.4),4℃孵育3 h,透析后即可去除结合的二价金属离子和DTT。Koh等[12]将2.4 mg MT-2蛋白在0.5 mol/L HCl中孵育3 min脱去金属离子,再通过分子筛层析回收Apo-MT-2。研究同时发现利用DTNB法检测MT-2蛋白结合不同金属离子亲和度高低依次为:铜离子>铬离子>锌离子,而抗氧化性能强弱依次为:Apo-MT-2>Zn-MT-2>Cd-MT-2>Cu-MT-2[11]。在氧化剂存在条件下,MT-2巯基和二价离子亲和性降低[1]。
参与氧化应激 MT-2蛋白多肽链半胱氨酸除了能与金属离子结合外,也是蛋白还原性的活性位点,能与机体氧自由基反应,清除游离活性氧,减轻细胞氧化损伤,并广泛参与体内氧化还原反应[7]。其分子机制主要包括促自由基形成化合物能显著增强MT-2表达,MT-2蛋白对自由基的清除及细胞抗氧化保护作用等。Bauman等[13]研究发现给予小鼠皮下注射0.1~0.5 mmol/kg百草枯(Paraquat)能使肝脏MT-2蛋白表达增强36倍。注射氮基三醋酸铁可使肝MT-2蛋白表达在4 h内提高2.5倍,肾MT-2蛋白提高4倍[14]。表达增高的MT-2蛋白可直接清除自由基等活性基团,对肝、肾等细胞产生良好保护作用。Wang等[15]研究发现MT-2蛋白可有效抑制双氧水对心肌细胞产生的脂质过氧化作用。腹腔注射2.5 mg/kg MT蛋白可通过促进胞内双氧水分解,有效保护铊元素对大鼠肝脏的氧化应激损伤[16]。MT-2还可抑制DNA氧化损伤产物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHDG)的产生,保护细胞DNA不受破坏[17]。
MT-2蛋白诱导表达机制MT-2表达受到多种转录因子调节。Heuchel等[18]发现锌、镉等金属离子刺激机体表达MT主要通过激活金属反应转录因子1(metal-responsive transcription factor-1, MTF-1)实现。利用小鼠MTF-1基因敲除细胞,Bi等[19]研究发现环己酰亚胺可通过作用MTF-1使MT表达增加5倍以上,且呈现明显时效和量效关系。Kelly等[20]研究认为位于MT-2基因上游1kb处和MT-1基因上游7kb处的两个糖皮质激素反应元件可分别调控MT-1/2表达。锌指蛋白PZ120包含POZ结构域,可与DNA序列结合参与基因表达调控,其多肽链被发现可特异性结合MT-2 DNA转录起始区序列,从而抑制启动子的转录激活[21]。锌指蛋白Sp1参与机体发育、细胞有丝分裂等表达调控,能和MT-2竞争性地结合锌等二价离子[22],维持Apo-MT-2在细胞内的稳定存在[23],进而调控p53等下游信号通路[24]。其他转录因子如抗氧化反应元件(anti-oxidative response element,ARE)[25],CUP1/2 (Cu-binding protein 1/2)[26]以及ras基因[27]等也被发现和MT蛋白表达密切相关。
环境中金属离子是提高机体MT-2表达的重要因素。连续2天(每天1次)腹腔注射10 mg/kg ZnSO4可将大鼠贫化铀损伤模型肾脏MT-2基因表达显著提高2倍,并将死亡高峰时间平均推迟4天,生存率提高60.03%[28]。分别给予细胞不同浓度CdSO4、CuCl2和ZnSO4刺激,发现MT-2 mRNA最强表达出现在100μmol/L CuCl2处理4 h后[29]。给Caco-2细胞200μmol/L ZnSO4刺激,12 h后MT蛋白表达提高了2倍[30]。Kikuchi等[31]研究发现500μmol/L ZnCl2或50μmol/L CdCl2孵育48 h可以显著提高MT蛋白在人星形细胞瘤细胞中表达,且IL-1(100 U/m L)中加入10μmol/L ZnCl2可有效提高其对MT蛋白诱导的表达水平。
Ghoshal等[32]发现感染流感病毒可将小鼠肝脏MT-2表达提高15~20倍,肺脏MT-2表达提高8~12倍,该效应可由IL-6、IL-10和IL-12等白细胞介素激活JAK-STAT信号通路实现,而皮质激素受体抑制剂RU-486可拮抗MT-2表达增高。此外,利用聚丙烯管限制小鼠活动12 h可将小鼠肝脏MT-2蛋白表达提高10~20倍,皮下预先注射0.5 mg RU-486可降低MT-2表达至模型组的50%,但儿茶酚胺受体阻滞剂纳多洛尔对其表达无影响[33]。
MT-2蛋白相互作用分子MT-2蛋白除了离子结合性和还原性,还可以通过配体受体相互作用传递信号,从而介导更广泛的生物学作用。MT蛋白发现者之一Vallee实验室曾发现ATP可与MT蛋白1∶1结合,参与锌离子解离和蛋白巯基二硫键形成等生物学过程[34]。虽然Zangger等[35]对该发现提出过质疑,但人们一直没有停止对MT结合蛋白的探索。
Klassen等[36]利用表面等离子共振技术发现肾远端小管细胞表面megalin受体可以和MT蛋白结合并介导对蛋白内吞摄取,MT多肽链序列SCKKSCC是上述反应关键位点。Rao等[37]利用酵母双杂交技术发现MT-2和蛋白激酶C家族PKCmu相互作用,参与前列腺癌细胞增殖和化学耐药性。Gonçalves等[38]利用酵母双杂交技术发现MT-2蛋白和转甲状腺素蛋白存在相互作用关系,并利用竞争结合测定、免疫共沉淀、交叉耦合和免疫印迹等多种技术证明这可能是阿尔茨海默病潜在的治疗靶点。Cui等[39]同样利用酵母双杂交技术发现食管癌相关基因2和MT-2相互作用,并利用GST pull down技术和免疫共沉淀技术加以确认。在乳腺癌上皮细胞中,野生型和突变无活性P53蛋白均能和MT蛋白相结合,参与细胞凋亡等生物学过程[40]。Xia等[41]也利用表面等离子共振技术证实P53和Apo-MT存在直接结合作用。
利用在线生物信息学基因蛋白相互作用检索工具STRING(Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins,http://string. embl.de),我们对MT-2潜在的直接或间接相互作用蛋白进行搜索和预测,发现该蛋白可能和基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metallopeptidase 9,MMP9),褪黑素受体1B(melatonin receptor 1B,MTNR1B)和G蛋白偶联受体50(G protein-coupled receptor 50,GPR50)等存在相互作用关系(图2),这为进一步研究MT-2蛋白机制提供了新的线索。
MT-2蛋白参与癌症、呼吸系统疾病等多种重大疾患MT-2蛋白是多种癌症标记物并参与肿瘤发生、发展和调控[9]。Goulding等[42]分析100例原发性乳腺癌患者病理资料发现MT蛋白高表达和乳腺癌肿瘤类型、复发以及预后等密切相关。Martano等[43]利用免疫组化技术发现MT表达和分泌腺肿瘤发病密切相关,可能是潜在诊断标记物。MT-2蛋白在非小细胞肺癌组织中表达显著性增强,结合Ki-67和微小染色体支持蛋白2(minichromosome maintenance protein-2,MCM-2)可对疾病预后作出判断[44]。利用MT-1/2基因敲除小鼠模型,Majumder等[45]研究发现MT蛋白能有效保护肝损伤并降低肝癌发生率。
MT-2蛋白参与呼吸系统疾病多种生理病理过程。Inoue等[46]利用鸡卵蛋白致敏野生型和MT基因敲除小鼠,激发后24 h观察发现肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β、嗜酸细胞活化趋化因子等表达显著增强。Takano等[47]认为MT基因敲除小鼠比野生型小鼠更容易发生肺部炎症和肺水肿。在镍诱导肺损伤模型中,MT转基因小鼠平均生存时间为124.8 h,明显高于对照组103.4 h和MT基因敲除组84.8 h,基因表达谱研究发现潜在机制涉及炎症控制、纤维化和肺表面活性物质平衡等生物学过程[48]。
小结MT-2作用广泛,涉及多种生物学过程并参与机体多种重大疾病的发生,在今后的研究中需要在效应机制和临床应用中给予更多关注。应整合生物信息学、生物化学和分子生物学等方法和技术,进一步研究其蛋白功能、表达调控和相互作用机制,以期对MT-2蛋白有更全面认识,并基于某一特定疾病进行系统性研究。
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The research progress of gene expression regulation and protein-protein interaction of metallothionein-2(MT-2)
YIN Lei-miao,WANG Yu,XU Yu-dong,WEI Ying,WANG Wen-qian,YANG Yong-qing△
(Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai 200030,China)
Metallothionein-2(MT-2)is a protein with a variety of biological functions.This article describes the biological characteristics,expression regulation mechanisms and protein interaction studies of MT-2,which lays a solid foundation for further comprehensive study of the protein in a particular disease.
metallothionein-2(MT-2); expression regulation; protein-protein interaction
Q 51
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2014.01.022
2012-11-30;编辑:张秀峰)
国家自然科学基金(81001548,8117334,81173332,81202753);上海市青年科技启明星计划(12QA1403000);上海市教委和上海市教育发展基金会“晨光计划”资助项目(10CG45);上海市卫生系统优秀青年人才培养计划(XYQ2013081)
△Corresponding author E-mail:dryqyang@163.com
*This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81001548,8117334,81173332,81202753);Shanghai Rising-Star program(12QA1403000);“Chen Guang”project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation(10CG45),and Science Foundation for the Excellent Youth Scholars of Shanghai Health System(13Y065).