“八·二三炮战”遗址保护规划，厦门，福建，中国

项目设计：张松/上海同济城市规划设计研究院/厦门市文物局

“八·二三炮战”遗址保护规划，厦门，福建，中国

项目设计：张松/上海同济城市规划设计研究院/厦门市文物局

战地遗址的记忆保护

“八·二三炮战”又称金门炮战，是1958年8月23日发生于金门及周边地区的一场战役，从首次炮战至1979年1月停止炮击，其间共有4次较大规模的炮击行动。“八·二三炮战”是建国初期一次较为独特的台海之战，也是战争史上政治意义高于军事意义的战争。

“八·二三炮战”遗址是冷战时期重要的战争遗址。目前留存下来的遗址是炮战期间军事防御体系中的一部分，反映当时的工事构筑、防御部署，以及战时民众生活等。规划将战地遗址类型分为：（1）炮战相关设施，即炮战期间军事指挥、战争攻击、防御等设施；（2）炮战受损设施，炮战期间被炮火击中而毁坏的建构筑物；（3）广播战相关设施，炮战期间对金门广播宣传使用的广播站、喇叭堡等设施；（4）纪念性设施，后人为纪念“八·二三炮战”而修建纪念馆、观光园等。

从总体上看，“八·二三炮战”遗址具有较高的文物价值和一定的开发利用潜力，炮战遗址点既有已被列为厦门市第四批文保单位的万顺楼、“三普”文物点的南京军区总指挥部旧址，又有已废弃的防御碉堡、土战壕等。其中文物价值高的遗址点有万顺楼、文通楼、香山广播站旧址、南京军区总指挥部旧址。

保护规划根据各遗址点本体及周边环境状况进行评估后采取相应的保护修缮和环境整治措施，确定文物本体和周边环境的保护方式，以保证炮战遗址的本体安全，并为展示利用创造条件。针对遗址点的结构性损伤进行加固，战地遗址的修缮需要最大限度地保留历史信息的真实性，其中炮战损毁部分，不应恢复到原来完好的状态，而应尽可能保存建筑损毁后的特别状态。

目前，“八·二三炮战”遗址保护面临着一些挑战，诸如遗址点分布较零散，如何整合保护利用？战争遗址的纪念意义如何展示表现？周边地区快速城市化进程为土地权属复杂的战地遗址保护带来巨大压力等。

因而，保护规划确定近期以战地遗址的文物保护与环境整治为主，通过战地遗址保护挖掘战地文化内涵，丰富厦门城市文化的多样性。今后逐步整合厦门地区“八·二三炮战”战地遗址资源，并将战地遗址群作为一个整体申报福建省重点文物保护单位，以此推动战地遗址展示利用工作的全面开展。此外，国内战争遗址保护的实践案例还不多见，需要加强与金门地区在战地遗址保护及展示利用方面的经验交流，促进海峡两岸的和平往来与文化交往。

项目信息/Credits and Data

设计团队/Project Team：张松，李文墨，付毓，刘洋，

项伊晶等/ZHANG Song, LI Wenmo, FU Yu, LIU Yang, XIANG Yijing, et al.

Conservation of Battlefield Site Memories

823 Artillery Bombardment, also known as Jinmen Bombardment, was a conflict that took place at Jinmen and its surrounding areas on August 23, 1958. From its outbreak to the end in January 1979, there were a total of four large attacks. The 823 Artillery Bombardment is a quite unique battle over the Taiwan Strait in the early days of the newly founded People's Republic of China as well as a battle with more profound political significance than its military purpose in the history of warfare.

The 823 Artillery Bombardment sites are important symbols of the Cold War. The existing sites consists of a part of the military defense system during the bombardment, which reflects the fortification constructions and defensive deployments at that time as well as the people's life in wartime. The battlefield sites are classified into four types in the Conversation Planning: (1) Artillery-related facilities, including the facilities for military command, attack and defense, etc. during the bombardment; (2) Damaged facilities during artillery action, including structures destroyed by artilleries during the bombardment; (3) Facilities related to radio propaganda, including radio stations and loudspeaker blockhouses for propaganda during the bombardment; (4) Memorial facilities such as memorial halls, sightseeing parks built for the 823 Artillery Bombardment.

In general, 823 Artillery Bombardment is highly valued among cultural relics, and has certain potential for development and utilization. The sites of the 823 Artillery Bombardment include Wanshun Building which has been listed in the fourth batch heritage site under Xiamen Municipal protection, former Nanjing Military Command Headquarters which has been included in the "third nationwide census of cultural relics", discarded defense bunkers and earthy trenches, etc, wherein the sites of high value are Wanshun Building, Wentong Building, former Xiangshan Radio Station and former Nanjing Military Command Headquarters.

In this Conservation Planning, corresponding measures of conservation, restoration and environmental renovation will be taken after assessing on the sites and surrounding environment, and the methods for the conservation of the cultural relics and the surrounding environment will be determined so as to ensure the safety of the Artillery Bombardment sites and to create exhibition and utilization conditions. Reinforcement measures will be performed on the sites suffering from structural damage while maintaining the authenticity of historical information to the maximum extent during restoration. The damaged portions of the buildings should be kept in their original special appearance that are formed during artillery action, rather than be reconstructed in a perfect condition.

At present, there are a series of challenges in the conservation of the 823 Artillery Bombardment sites, such as ways to implement the integration of conservation and utilization of the scattered sites, to represent the monumentality of the war sites, enormous pressure caused by fast urbanization and complex land ownership of the war sites, etc.

As a result, recent conservation planning will focus on the conservation of cultural relics and environmental renovations of the war sites, and on the diversification of urban culture of Xiamen via protective excavation of the cultural connotations behind the war sites. In the future, the key emphasis of the project will be turned to the gradual integration of the resources of the 823 Artillery Bombardment sites and the application of the war site cluster as a whole for key historical and cultural monuments and sites under Xiamen protection, whereby promoting the comprehensive implementation of the work on exhibition and utilization of the war sites. In addition, domestic practice case of war site conservation is rare and so exchanges with the Jinmen regions in respect of the conservation, exhibition and utilization of the war sites should be enhanced so as to promote peaceful communication and cultural exchange between both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

评论

刘伯英：我去过金门，战时的阵地、工事、军营、民防设施都完好保存，建设了多座博物馆，记录那段历史，并成为金门开展旅游的重要资源，而且有申遗的打算。

一直想要看大陆这边关于那段历史还留下什么，今天终于看到了。首先，我认为这些战地遗址不仅仅是“记忆的保护”，更重要的是“史实的保护”。二是，不管多困难，都要尽最大努力，最完整地保留和保护。小三通已经开通，两岸合作开展主题旅游，一定会有独特吸引力。

张谨：文物保护规划与城市规划大多着力于空间规划有着很大的不同，其性质更是一个管理规划。由于政出多门，规划需要针对文物权属及管理现状的复杂性和冲突性的现实，协调各方利益，并给出相应的对策。而这种对策不仅是规划与建筑范畴，更是法律与政策范畴。厦门“八·二三炮战”遗址保护规划认识到了其规划对象的独特性，并提出保护面临的关键问题——土地权属的复杂与整合利用的困难等。但是由于专业领域的限制，规划内容更多倾向于展示利用规划与建筑物的修缮，如规划方向能更多向城市宏观管理措施方面倾斜，则更具有可操作性与现实意义。

Comments

LIU Boying: I once went to Jinmen. Wartime formations, fortifications, barracks and civil defense facilities were quite well-preserved. Museums were built to record that historical period. All of these are important resources for Jinmen's tourism industrial development, with which authorities intend to have the site registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

I have been trying to figure out what is left on the mainland from that historical period, and finally I see it. First, I view those battle sites embedding not only "memory protection", but "historical protection". Second, these sites have to be preserved and protected to the utmost regardless of great difficulties ahead. In the context when mini-three-links have been launched and thematic tourism is developed under cross-strait cooperation, the site would surely present its unique charm.

ZHANG Jin: Different from urban planning that mainly focuses on spatial planning, heritage conservation planning in essence is a kind of management planning. Because of relevant policies made by different departments, it is necessary for the planning to coordinate the interests of all departments and put forward the corresponding countermeasures for the complex relationship and conflicts between the ownership and management of the heritage.The countermeasures are not only belong to the category of planning and architecture, they are also belong to the category of law and policy. The conservation planning of the 823 Artillery Bombardment in Xiamen City recognizes the unique feature of the object and proposes critical issues that the planning is faced with, such as the complex land ownership and the difficulties to integrally utilize it. However, due to the constraint of the professional field, the planning is more inclined to the display utilization planning and the renovation of buildings. It would be more workable and of practical significance if the planning paid more attention to the macrolevel management measures for cities.

Conservation Planning of 823 Artillery Bombardment Sites, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 2014

Project Design: ZHANG Song/Shanghai Tongji Urban Planning and Design Institute/Xiamen Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau