英语动词不定式用法分析
2014-03-30李晓丹
李晓丹
(大连市第二十四中学,辽宁 大连116001)
一、动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形组成,不带to的不定式与动词原形同形。它可以带宾语,构成动词不定式短语,在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用,因此在句中可充当谓语以外的任何成分,即主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补、主补和同位语。其否定式为not(to)+动词原形。动词不定式具有动词的性质,因此有时态和语态变化。
1.时态
(1)动词不定式的一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或将在其后发生。
They are learning to sing and dance.他们在学习歌舞。
The teacher asked us to look over what we had learned.老师让我们复习所学内容。
(2)动词不定式的进行式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生,并且正在进行中。
The weather seems to be improving.天气似乎在好转。
(3)动词不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should like,would like等动词后,表示动作在谓语之前发生,但行为没有实现。
I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的帮助。(实际上我却没有得到。)
(4)不定式的完成进行式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,并一直在进行。
They are quite happy to have been cooperating happily with us till now.他们非常高兴能和我们一直愉快地合作。
2.语态
(1)当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式。
I felt a little bit puzzled to be asked such a question.被问了这样一个问题,我有点迷惑不解。
(2)不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。某些形容词作表语,动词不定式用来修饰这个形容词,而且动词不定式和句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时,一般用不定式的主动式表达被动意义。这些形容词包括fine,hard,important,nice,painful,pleasant,possible,safe,simple,strange,difficult,easy等。
This machine is very easy____.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012 辽宁卷)
A.operating B.to be operating
C.operated D.to operate
答案为D。
In many people’s opinion,that company,though relatively small,is pleasant____.(2010 四川卷)
A.to deal with B.dealing with
C.to be dealt with D.dealt with
答案为A。
二、动词不定式的语法功能
1.作主语
动词不定式作主语时常用形式主语it,而真正的主语则被置于句子后部。
No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when it’s better ____silent.(2012浙江卷)
A.remain B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
答案为D。to remain silent是真正的主语。
如果不定式要带逻辑主语,则需用介词of 或for来引导。用for 引导的形容词有:important,necessary,impossible,better,worse,easy,difficult,heavy,light 等;需用of 引导的 形 容 词 有:good,nice,kind,bad,cruel,wicked,clever,bright,wise,silly,foolish,stupid等,这些形容词主要表示做这件事的人的品格或素质。不定式前的sb.可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式相当于sb.is+形容词+to do句式。
2.作宾语
有些动词只能接不定式(短语)作宾语,如afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish,want,should(would)like等。
There were many talented actors out there just waiting____.(2010江西卷)
A.to discover B.to be discovered
C.discovered D.being discovered
答案为B。不定式做wait的宾语。
有些及物动词的宾语要用“疑问词+动词不定式短语”,如advise,ask,decide,find out,instruct,know,forget,imagine,learn,observe,remember,tell,think,understand,wonder等。
He told us whether ____apicnic was still under discussion.(2009四川卷)
A.to have B.having
C.have D.had
答案为A。
介词的宾语一般为动名词,但在下列短语的介词后要用不定式:have no choice but,do nothing(anything/everything)but(except),can’t but,can’t choose but,can’t help but。除了have no choice but外,but后面to都要省略。
If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but ____an even greater challenge.(2012陕西卷)
A.meets B.meeting
C.meet D.to meet
答案为D。
3.作表语
当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,plan,purpose等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句时,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用。
His aim is to study abroad in the near future.他的目标是在不久的将来出国学习。
What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.我想说的是忘掉那些不愉快的经历。
4.作定语
不定式作定语需后置,形式为something to be done。
The airport ____next year will help promote tourism in this area.(2013四川卷)
A.being completed B.to be completed
C.completed D.having been completed
答案为B。意为“明年修的飞机场”。
不定式作定语与所修饰词之间具有主谓、动宾、同位语等多种关系。其中,同位语关系高考题常出现。
Volunteering gives you a chance ____lives,including your own.(2013北京卷)
A.change B.changing
C.changed D.to change
答案为D。不定式与chance为同位关系。
The ability ____an idea is as important as the idea itself.(2011湖南卷)
A.expressing B.expressed
C.to express D.to cover
答案为C。不定式与ability为同位关系。
用不定式作同位语的名词通常是表示企图、倾向、目的、愿望,打算、能力、意向等意义的名词,如plan,ability,attempt,wish等。
当被修饰的是不定代词,如everything,anything,much,little 等,或名词前是由形容词最高级、序数词、the only等强调结构修饰,非谓语动词作定语则只能用动词不定式。
——The last one ____pays the meal.
——Agreed!(2007 全国I)
A.arrived B.arrives
C.to arrive D.arriving
答案为C。
5.作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因等。
____warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.(2013湖南卷)
A.Staying B.Stayed
C.To stay D.Stay
答案为C,表示目的。
George returned after the war,only ____that his wife had left him.(2012山东卷)
A.to be told B.telling
C.being told D.told
答案为A。only to do表示出乎意料的结果。主语George与不定式的动词逻辑上是被动关系。
The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy____anything that happened to be on.(2012全国卷II)
A.to watch B.watching
C.watched D.to have watched
答案为A。动词不定式(短语)常跟在一些形容词后面,说明产生这些情绪的原因,如happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。
We were astonished ____the temple still in its original condition.(2010辽宁卷)
A.finding B.to find
C.find D.to be found
答案为B。
6.作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补足语
宾语与其宾补或主语与其主补形成逻辑上的主谓关系。常见动词有:ask,force,get,allow,prefer,expect,advise,permit,request,order,invite,help,wish,want,like,hate等。
Having finished her project,she was invited by the school______to the new students.(2012江西卷)
A.speaking B.having spoken
C.to speak D.to have spoken
答案为C。不定式作主语补足语。
Passengers are permitted________only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.(2011 天 津卷)
A.to carry B.carrying
C.to be carried D.being carried
答案为A。不定式作主语补足语。
7.作独立成分
动词不定式(短语)可以用来做句子的独立成分。这些短语有:to begin with(首先),to tell the truth(说实在的),to make a long story short(长话短说),to be brief(简言之),to be exact(确切地说),to be frank(坦率地说),to conclude(总而言之)等。
_________,the pay isn’t attractive enough,though the job itself is quite interesting.(2009 浙江卷)
A.Generally speaking
B.On the contrary
C.In particular
D.To be honest
答案为D。to be honest说实话。
综上所述,不定式的用法比较灵活,在历年各地高考中均有体现。高考复习应勤做归纳,抓住重点,灵活运用。