外周静脉置入中心静脉导管与植入式静脉输液港在乳腺癌化疗中的应用
2014-03-24郑明康陈辉
郑明康 陈辉
1.广东省珠海市妇幼保健院普外科,广东珠海519000;2.华中科技大学同济医学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖北武汉430030
外周静脉置入中心静脉导管与植入式静脉输液港在乳腺癌化疗中的应用
郑明康1陈辉2
1.广东省珠海市妇幼保健院普外科,广东珠海519000;2.华中科技大学同济医学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,湖北武汉430030
目的通过对外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)与植入式静脉输液港(TIVAP)在乳腺癌化疗的应用比较,为乳腺癌化疗选择理想深静脉通道提供科学依据。方法收集2008年7月~2012年1月于珠海市妇幼保健院诊治的乳腺癌患者244例,按照置管方式分为PICC组(139例)及TIVAP组(105例)。对两组患者在置管操作时间、置管长度、置管成功率、置管并发症发生率等各方面进行对比分析。结果PICC组置管操作时间[(12.63± 8.03)min]明显少于TIVAP组[(33.84±11.74)min],PICC组置管长度[(42.85±2.48)cm]长于TIVAP组[(11.76±0.70)cm],差异均有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组置管总成功率均为100.00%,PICC组一次置管成功率为92.09%(128/ 139),二次置管成功率为6.47%(9/139),三次置管成功率为1.44%(2/139);TIVAP组一次置管成功率为88.57%(93/105),二次置管成功率为11.43%(12/105);两组置管成功率及一次置管成功率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PICC组的导管异位发生率(9.35%)、静脉炎发生率(9.35%)及导管堵塞发生率(4.32%)均高于TIVAP组(均为0.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);TIVAP组总并发症发生率(9.52%)低于PICC组总并发症发生率(35.97%),差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论TIVAP比PICC并发症发生率低,更加安全、可靠,可作为乳腺癌化疗理想深静脉通道。
外周静脉置入中心静脉导管;植入式静脉输液港;乳腺肿瘤
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重危害妇女的身心健康。随着当代医学的不断发展,乳腺癌治疗已由以往单纯依靠手术治疗向包括化疗在内的综合治疗转变,其中辅助化疗占有重要地位。乳腺癌化疗需要建立有效、能够长期使用的静脉输液通道。外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)[1-3]及植入式静脉输液港(TIVAP)[4-8]均能够为肿瘤患者提供一个长期、有效的深静脉通道,但两种中心静脉导管途径各有利弊,本研究分析其各自特点,为乳腺癌患者化疗最佳的深静脉通道选择提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2008年7月~2012年1月珠海市妇幼保健院收治的病历资料完整并进行首次化疗乳腺癌患者244例,其中使用PICC的139例为PICC组,植入式静脉输液港(TIVAP)的105例为TIVAP组。所有患者均为女性,PICC组年龄为(46.51±8.79)岁,体重指数为(23.18±2.29)kg/m2;TIVAP组,年龄为(46.03±8.88)岁,体重指数为(23.29±2.17)kg/m2。两组患者年龄及体重指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 留置PICC及日常维护
选用美国BD公司生产的外周中心静脉导管套装(商品名福彼乐),通常选择健侧上肢弹性好、粗直、便于穿刺、无外伤的血管,首选贵要静脉,其次肘正中静脉,再次头静脉。
1.2.1 置管方法由静脉输液护士小组PICC专业组护士在治疗室或手术室完成置管。嘱患者取平卧位,健侧上肢外展90°,选取肘窝附近贵要静脉、或肘正中静脉、或头静脉为穿刺点,测量置管长度(从穿刺点沿静脉走向至右胸锁关节再向下至第三肋间隙即到上腔静脉距离);穿刺置管成功后将体外导管放置成“S”状,用胶布固定圆盘;术后行X线检查明确导管尖端位置并记录结果。
1.2.2 PICC维护和使用每1周进行1次维护,通常维护包括冲洗导管、更换敷料、更换肝素帽。乳腺癌化疗周期为3周,除了化疗期间维护冲洗导管外,其余2周均需返院对PICC进行常规维护;若透明敷料贴松动或潮湿时随时返院进行更换。
1.3 留置TIVAP及日常维护
选用美国巴德生产的三向瓣膜式7Fr单腔静脉输液港(由供穿刺用的注射座和硅胶导管组成),首选健侧颈内静脉,其次健侧锁骨下静脉或患侧颈内静脉及锁骨下静脉,本研究均选择颈内静脉。1.3.1置管方法由医生在手术室局部浸润麻醉下采用Seldinger技术完成置管。置管前通常行B超检查了解颈内静脉走向,并用笔于体表画出颈内静脉走向。嘱患者取平卧位,头朝向预期穿刺部位反方向,取胸锁乳突肌中点颈动脉外侧0.5 cm作为穿刺点,测量置管长度(从穿刺点沿静脉走向至右胸锁关节再向下至第三肋间隙即到上腔静脉距离)。通过留置导管、打通导管隧道、导管与输液泵连接、固定输液泵及关闭切口等一系列操作完成置管。术后行X线检查明确导管尖端位置并记录结果。
谈到和老师之间的关系时,46.96%的学生认为他们和老师之间就如鱼和水一样不可分离;32.66%的学生则认为和老师之间的关系就像母鸡和小鸡一样,充满了爱,照顾和温暖,意指两者关系相处融洽。而10.34%、10.03%的学生分别认为他们和老师之间的关系就如猫和老鼠、警察和小偷,皆有害怕的意义。
1.3.2 TIVAP使用和维护用无损伤蝶翼针垂直刺入输液港泵隔膜直至到达储液槽底部,调整无损伤针,使针的斜面背对输液泵的导管接口,用生理盐水采用脉冲方式冲洗输液泵,正压封管,包扎固定无损伤蝶翼针。无损伤蝶翼针可留置1周,而乳腺癌化疗通常采用化疗结束当天冲洗导管后即可拔出蝶翼针。输液港每4周只需用生理盐水采用脉冲方式冲洗导管维护1次,而乳腺癌化疗周期通常为3周,且每次化疗结束后均已用生理盐水冲洗导管,故化疗间隙期无需对输液港进行特殊护理。
1.4 观察指标
置管操作时间,置管长度,置管成功率,置管并发症发生率。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析,正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组计量资料采用t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 PICC组与TIVAP组置管情况
TIVAP组置管操作时间明显长于PICC组,但PICC组置管长度明显长于TIVAP组,差异均有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表1。
表1 PICC组与TIVAP组置管操作时间、置管长度情况(x±s)
2.2 PICC组与TIVAP组置管成功率情况
两组置管总成功率及一次置管成功率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
表2 PICC组与TIVAP组置管成功率情况[n(%)]
2.3 PICC组与TIVAP组并发症发生率比较
两组置管时常见的并发症中,PICC组的导管异位、静脉炎、导管堵塞的发生率均高于TIVAP组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TIVAP组并发症发生率(9.52%)低于PICC组(35.97%),差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表3。
3 讨论
3.1 PICC与TIVAP置管比较
PICC选择经贵要静脉、头静脉、肘正中静脉等浅静脉穿刺置管,所选血管直观易见及易触及,具有创伤小及操作简单方便等优点[9],所需时间较少;而TIVAP则选择颈内静脉等深静脉穿刺置管,由具有经验医师在手术室通过局部浸润麻醉下操作[10],包括颈内静脉穿刺、打通皮下隧道、切开锁骨下窝皮肤游离皮囊及放置输液泵、缝合固定输液泵及缝合切口等一系列操作过程,故其操作流程所需时间较长。这两种深静脉通道置管特点决定了置管操作复杂程度及耗时上存在差异,本研究结果提示,TIVAP置管操作比PICC置管操作时间长,差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。
表3 PICC组与TIVAP组置管时早期并发症发生率比较[n(%)]
PICC及TIVAP均为良好的深静脉通道,其导管末端要求位于上腔静脉中下1/3与右心房间[11]。PICC置管穿刺静脉选择贵要静脉、头静脉、肘正中静脉等浅静脉,且穿刺点位于肘窝附近,距导管末端位置较远,故导管留置长度较长。而TIVAP选择颈内静脉中点处穿刺置管,颈内静脉为深静脉,距离上腔静脉近,故其导管留置长度相应较短。本研究中,PICC导管长度平均为(42.85±2.48)cm,而TIVAP导管留置长度平均为(11.76±0.70)cm,其差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。
3.2 PICC与TIVAP置管成功率
PICC及TIVAP均有很高的置管成功率,但并非每例患者均能做到一次置管成功。有研究表明[12],反复穿刺置管或置管失败,则与置管相关的并发症发生率将升高。因此提高置管成功率尤为关键及重要,近年来,为了进一步提高置管成功率,尤其一次置管成功率,采用血管超声辅助置管越来越多[13-14],此外通过血管超声辅助置管能够降低置管并发症的发生率[15-16]。
本研究中PICC及TIVAP置管总成功率均为100.00%,但PICC组一次置管成功率稍高于TIVAP组,可能与经浅表静脉穿刺比经深静脉穿刺相对容易有关,但两组置管成功率比较以及一次置管成功率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),不能说明PICC一次置管成功率必定高于TIVAP的一次置管成功率。
3.3 PICC与TIVAP置管并发症发生率
PICC及TIVAP置管并发症大致分为穿刺时发生的早期并发症和置管后发生的晚期并发症。PICC穿刺静脉通常为贵要静脉、肘正中静脉、头静脉等上肢浅静脉,通常可视可触及,基本无伴行动脉,故不易引起误穿动脉情况发生,且穿刺点通常位于肘窝附近,远离胸腔,不易导致气胸及血胸等并发症发生。但PICC穿刺所选的上述静脉血管管径小、静脉瓣多,置管行程变化大,容易发生导管异位。在本研究中,PICC组导管异位率为9.35%,高于TIVAP组(0.00%),差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01),考虑与所选择穿刺静脉解剖特点相关。
TIVAP所选穿刺静脉为颈内静脉,距上腔静脉路径短、直,导管异位发生率低[17-18]。本次研究中,经颈内静脉穿刺植入输液港,无导管异位发生。但穿刺部位解剖毗邻关系较复杂,有伴行动脉及毗邻胸腔,故穿刺时容易发生气胸、血胸及动脉误穿,甚至血肿形成[17]。在本研究,TIVAP置管时气胸发生率为0.95%,动脉误穿发生率为2.86%,出血或血肿发生率为2.86%,高于文献报道[17],考虑与本次研究样本量偏少有关。
PICC术后发生的静脉炎主要为化学性静脉炎、机械性静脉炎和细菌性静脉炎,其中常见为机械性静脉炎。PICC因其导管位于静脉内较长,置管侧上肢活动受限,容易引起机械性静脉炎[19],而TIVAP导管留置长度短且埋置于皮下有关,不易发生机械性静脉炎。本研究中,PICC静脉炎发生率为9.35%,PICC置管晚期并发症发生率最高的并发症,稍高于Yue等[20]报道的7.5%,考虑与研究样本量偏少有关。而TIVAP则无静脉炎发生。
输液不畅通常因导管受压、导管打折、导管末端吸附于血管壁或导管部分堵塞所致,其中的导管堵塞为输液不畅常见原因,考虑与导管的长度及导管的类型相关。本研究中PICC的导管阻塞率为4.32%,低于王秀荣等[21]报道PICC的导管阻塞发生率(21.3%),亦低于Yue等[20]报道的导管阻塞率(9.5%),但TIVAP组无导管阻塞。其原因可能在于PICC导管较长且导管末端无三向瓣膜式结构,而本研究所选择的TIVAP为三向瓣膜式导管及留置导管较短。导管阻塞将影响导管的使用及可能引起严重后果,故需采取相应措施预防导管。包括:置管时动作轻柔,减少置管过程对血管内膜损失;合理使用导管,避免经导管采血、输血,降低导管内血栓发生率;使用导管后严格用生理盐水采用脉冲方式冲管及正压封管。
综上所述,TIVAP及PICC均能够提供一个长期、有效、安全的深静脉通道,它们均有创伤小、操作简单、置管成功率高、置管并发症发生率低等特点。但TIVAP的并发症发生率更低,更加安全可靠,且日常生活不受限制,故选择通过TIVAP化疗能够使乳腺癌患者获益。
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Comparison of peripherally inserted central catheter and totally implantable venous access port in chemotherapy of breast cancer
ZHENG Mingkang1CHEN Hui2
1.Department of General Surgery,Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Zhuhai City,Guangdong Province,Zhuhai 519000,China;2.Department of Maternal and Child Health Care,Tongji College of Medical,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Hubei Province,Wuhan430030,China.
Objective To compare peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)and totally implantable venous access port(TIVAP)in chemotherapy of breast cancer,and provide scientific basis for choosing ideal deep venous channel. Methods From July 2008 to January 2012,in Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Zhuhai City,244 patients with breast cancer were enrolled and divided into two groups:PICC group(139 cases)and TIVAP group(105 cases).Operating time,catheter length,success rate and incidence rate of complication were compared between the two groups.Results The average operating time[(12.63±8.03)min]of were shorter than that of TIVAP group[(33.84±11.74)min],and the average catheter length[(42.85±2.48)cm]of PICC group were longer than that of TIVAP group[(11.76±0.70)cm]in and,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).In both two groups,total success rate was 100.00%;in PICC group,one time success rate was 92.09%(128/139),two times success rate was 6.47%(9/139),three times success rate was 1.44%(2/139),in TIVAP group,those were 88.57%(93/105),11.43%(12/105)respectively,the differences between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The incidence rate of ectopy(9.35%),the incidence rate of phlebitis(9.35%)and the incidence ratecatheter obstruction(4.32%)of PICC group were higher than those of TIVAP(all were 0.00%),the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05);the total incidence rate of complications of TIVAP group was than that of PICC group(9.52%vs 35.97%),the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01).Conclusion The incidence rate of complication of TIVAP was lower than that of PICC group,TIVAP was safer and more reliable than PICC,it can be an ideal deep venous channel in chemotherapy of breast cancer.
Peripherally inserted central catheter;Totally implantable venous access port;Breast neoplasms
R73
A
1673-7210(2014)10(b)-0047-05
2014-06-25本文编辑:苏畅)