高中英语写作教学模式探究
2014-02-13孙擎婧
孙擎婧
中图分类号:G633.41 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-7661(2014)01-0047-02
英语写作是语言综合运用能力的具体体现,写作中要涉及语法、词汇、文体等诸多方面的知识。因此,写作水平的提高,实质上就是英语水平的总体提高。从2012年起高考英语作文从25分增长到了30分,我们不难看出在英语学习中提高英语写作能力是多么重要。
在课堂上的英语教学中,教师需要通过自己的精心设计来调动学生的积极性,正确引导学生写各种题材的作文。本人在一线教学中深知英语写作的重要性,也了解学生对写作的茫然甚至畏惧。因此,本文就英语写作的教学模式进行了探究,希望我们的学生们都能在英语课堂上快乐地写作。
下面通过一项写作任务进行说明:
假如你是某健康专栏的顾问David,收到李华的来信,信中谈到他每天学习注意力不集中,昏昏欲睡,询问如何才能拥有健康的生活,请给他回信并提出相应的建议。
一、热身讨论,准备材料
写作是一项综合运用各种能力的活动,在动笔前应做好充分准备。写作犹如盖房,建筑工人通常在动手前手头都有蓝图并准备好了足够的材料,写作者也应事先有个规划,同时要收集足够的资料,然后再下笔。这里要求我们写一封建议信,要求提出拥有健康的生活从而能专注于学习的建议。所以,我们从学生们的学习状态如何引入“健康生活”的话题的讨论,这个话题很贴近他们的生活,所以学生们有话可说。要求学生们先分组讨论,然后在全班汇报讨论的结果,并把同学们提出的“健康生活”的建议逐条板书在黑板上。同学们的建议会有:
Firstly, early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. Never stay up too late.
Secondly, keep a balanced diet. Different food provides you with different nutrition which makes you energetic every day.
Thirdly, take regular exercise. Regular exercise builds up your body and reduces your pressure.
Fourthly, keep a good state of mind...
准备好了这些材料后,学生写作心里就有底了,知道了要写什么内容。同时,我们在讨论过程中,用英语在思维,也做好了词汇、句型的准备。
二、学习模板,布局谋篇
其次要考虑如何组织材料和观点,从何处开始,到何处结束,也就是问问自己怎样写,要注意开头和结尾的写法。不同题材的作文有不同的写作模式、具体的要求和套话,这些是老师们要具体明确地教授给学生们的。
这里的建议信一般写法为:
首段:引出问题。
I am sorry you have had so much trouble in doing …
I am writing to express my views concerning…
You have asked for my advice on …and I will try to make some suggestions.
I have some suggestions for you. / Here are my suggestions…/ I hope the tips below will help you.
主体:提出建议。
In my opinion, you would be wise to take the following…
First of all … Meanwhile… In addition …
Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly…
Its important for you to …
If you do… it will be better.
You had better do …
It would be a good idea to …
结尾:提出期望。
Cheer up! Your problems will soon be over.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Dont lose heart, whatever happens.
I will be very glad if you find my suggestions useful.
Please let me know if I can help further.
I hope you can take my advice.
I do hope my suggestions can help you.
建议信的首段应结合要求,直截了当阐明主题,表明写作的意图。提出建议并阐述理由时要注意语气诚恳、委婉,使对方容易接受。最后礼貌地表达希望建议被采纳的愿望。正确使用过渡词和短语,使句与句之间、段与段之间、每处连接的都是和谐的,达到通篇连贯。时态方面也要注意,合情合理地正确使用时态。
三、着手写作,各显神通
做好了以上准备之后,就可以鼓励学生静下心来独立写作了。要求学生先写一个提纲,选取几条自己觉得好的建议,在组织语言、使用关联词、句型等方面充分体现自己的语言基本功。教师可以在学生遇到语言障碍的时候给予指导和启发,最好尽量让他们自己去解决问题,锻炼写作能力。endprint
在语言的使用上应记住一个原则,就是能恰当表达思想的语言就是好的语言,也就是应该用的语言。所以不必总是追求某一类型的语言,如文雅的、艰深的、浅易的或通俗的。同学们平时要勤积累好的句式、段落和短文。很多学生英语写作水平无法提高,还源于他们缺乏自信。由于基本功不扎实,害怕出错,所以不敢动笔。这样实质上严重束缚了他们的思维,阻碍了他们自身能力的提高。因此,同学们应该树立信心,增强自信,要相信错误有时也是一种进步,能力是在不断练习中提高的,尤其是语言能力。语言必须要经常练习,如果弃置不用,记得再牢也会淡忘。平时除作业外,可以选择自由写作。坚持用英语记日记,写读后感、观后感、摘要等,由少到多,由简到繁。这样日积月累,不仅可以扩大词汇量,还能拓宽知识面,增加知识储备,为写作打下良好的基础。
四、交流互评,修改完善
学生们写作完了之后,就要进行交流互评了。教师期待着欣赏他们的文章,学生们也期待着他们的文章会得到怎样的评价。在交流互评阶段,教师可以让学生们分组互评,然后每组推荐一两篇在全班交流。或者,教师直接挑选几位学生在全班交流。进行交流的作文尽量优劣都有,这样可以使同学们在比较中自己体会好与差,教师要及时恰当地评价这些习作,明确指出哪里好、哪里还有待改进、如何改等。
以下是一篇学生习作:
Dear Li Hua,
I wish to make a suggestion about how to lead a healthy life.
First, keep a balanced diet. Each kind of food provides you with different nutrition which helps make your body strong. Second, keep regular daily habits. Arrange your daily timetable properly and obey it strictly. Never stay up too late because the right amount of sleep can make you energetic. Try to achieve a proper balance between work and play, as the proverb says, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Finally, you should take some exercise and most importantly, be in a good mood every day.
I do hope my suggestions can help you lead a healthy life.
Yours,
David
这篇学生作文的优点在于:1. 结构合理,内容完整;2. 语言连贯,条理清晰;3. 基本功扎实,善于使用多种短语和句式,还引用了谚语。不足之处在于语言生硬,不够委婉,这样就使对方不容易接受。建议修改如下:
Dear Li Hua,
Youve asked my advice on how to lead a healthy life. Here are some suggestions for you.
First, you had better keep a balanced diet. Each kind of food provides you with different nutrition which helps make your body strong. Second, its important to keep regular daily habits. Arrange your daily timetable properly and obey it strictly. Never stay up too late because the right amount of sleep can make you energetic. Try to achieve a proper balance between work and play, as the proverb says, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Finally, you should take some exercise and most importantly, be in a good mood every day.
Thanks for reading my letter. I do hope my suggestions can help you lead a healthy life. Cheer up! Your problems will soon be over.
Yours,
David
交流之后,教师还要要求学生们针对同学和老师的评价对自己的作文进行修改、再斟酌,完善后重新誊写在作文本上。
总之,写作能力不是一朝一夕就可以提高的,需要多方面因素的有机结合。在“教”和“学”这对矛盾中,“学”是主体,起决定作用,“教”也起着至关重要的主导作用。因此,学生除不断巩固自身的语言基础和写作技巧外,还要坚持写作实践;教师也应不断反思自己的教学行为,更新观念,更新教学方法,更好地发挥教师的主导作用,最大限度地开发学生潜能,使他们真正实现用英语交际。
(责任编辑 全 玲)endprint