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腹腔镜胆囊切除术中变异胆囊动脉出血的预防与处理

2014-01-24王蔚蓝吕永峰孙海明

中国微创外科杂志 2014年6期
关键词:出血点胆管开腹

王蔚蓝 吴 伟 吕永峰 孙海明

(浙江省长兴县人民医院普外科,长兴 313100)

·短篇论著·

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中变异胆囊动脉出血的预防与处理

王蔚蓝*吴 伟 吕永峰 孙海明

(浙江省长兴县人民医院普外科,长兴 313100)

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)中变异胆囊动脉出血的预防与处理措施。方法2001年3月~2013年10月我院行LC 8016例,其中21例发生变异胆囊动脉出血,术中采用电凝止血、钛夹夹闭、压迫止血以及中转开腹止血等方法处理。结果胆囊动脉变异情况:位于胆囊三角内13例,表现为胆囊动脉分为前后两支或双胆囊动脉12例,三支胆囊动脉1例;位于胆囊三角外7例,其中紧贴胆囊管后方上行4例,紧贴胆囊管前方上行1例,来自胃十二指肠动脉与变异右肝动脉各1例;胆囊动脉同时出现于胆囊三角内外1例,该例一支动脉为典型胆囊动脉,另一支位于胆囊管浅表。18例在腹腔镜下成功止血,3例止血困难中转开腹后成功止血。术后住院时间3~9 d,平均4.8 d。21例术后随访2~6个月,平均3个月,无胆管损伤、继发出血、腹腔感染等并发症。结论胆囊动脉变异常见,LC术中精细解剖、准确辨认、妥善处理,对预防LC术中变异胆囊动脉出血有重要意义。

腹腔镜胆囊切除术; 胆囊动脉; 变异; 出血

变异胆囊动脉出血是腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中腹内出血并发症的主要原因之一,可能造成胆管损伤等不良后果。我院2001年3月~2013年10月行LC 8016例,其中发生变异胆囊动脉出血21例,发生率0.26%(21/8016),现报道如下。

1 临床资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本组21例,男7例,女14例。年龄31~65岁,平均46.9岁。慢性结石性胆囊炎11例,急性结石性胆囊炎7例,胆囊息肉样病变2例,胆囊息肉病变合并胆囊结石1例。超声提示单发结石6例,多发结石13例,结石大小3~25 mm;3例胆囊息肉样病变均单发,分别为15、12、10 mm。合并原发性高血压4例,糖尿病1例,肝硬化1例。

1.2 方法

采用气管插管静脉吸入复合全身麻醉。三孔法LC。术中出血均发生在解剖胆囊三角或分离周围组织时,发生出血后,即对出血点进行钳夹,吸引器吸去积血暴露术野,电凝止血或钛夹夹闭出血血管。对于位于胆囊管后的胆囊动脉损伤,可视具体情况与胆囊管共同夹闭或分别夹闭;如果出血较为凶猛,难以辨清出血血管时,即用纱条或胆囊压迫出血处,吸引器吸除局部积血,压迫10~20 min后,移开压迫物,夹住出血点后钛夹夹闭;对于出血汹涌,出血难以控制则中转开腹。术中注意避免胆管损伤等副损伤。

2 结果

胆囊动脉变异情况:变异胆囊动脉位于胆囊三角内13例,表现为胆囊动脉分为前后两支或双胆囊动脉12例,三支胆囊动脉1例;变异胆囊动脉位于胆囊三角外7例,其中紧贴胆囊管后方上行4例,紧贴胆囊管前方上行1例,来自胃十二指肠动脉与变异右肝动脉各1例;胆囊动脉同时出现于胆囊三角内外1例,该例一支动脉为典型胆囊动脉,另一支位于胆囊管浅表。18例在腹腔镜下成功止血,3例止血困难中转开腹后成功止血。术中出血量30~500 ml,平均125 ml。术后住院时间3~9 d,平均4.8 d。21例术后随访2~6个月,平均3个月,经血常规、肝功能及超声等检查,无胆管损伤、继发出血、腹腔感染等并发症。

3 讨论

变异胆囊动脉出血是引起LC术中出血和中转开腹的主要原因之一。典型胆囊动脉发自肝右动脉,单支走行于胆囊三角处,行至胆囊左缘处分为深浅两支,分别分布于胆囊的肝床面与游离面,但是上述典型关系只占50%~70%[1]。胆囊动脉的起源、位置、走行及数量常出现变异[2]。刘学停等[3]对1318例LC的胆囊动脉进行解剖与观察,胆囊动脉一支型占74.3%,二支型占19.5%,三支型占1.8%,缺如或细小型占4.4%;位于Calot三角内占85.6%,Calot三角外者占14.4%。余同辉等[4]报道LC术中发生胆囊动脉出血146例,其中因胆囊动脉变异引起主干及分支出血48例,占32.9%。变异胆囊动脉在LC术中容易损伤出血,常见原因有:①解剖胆囊三角时满足于处理好一支胆囊动脉,忽略并切断了胆囊动脉后支或其他分支,导致出血。本组12例出血属上述情况。②剪断胆囊管时过深,损伤了紧贴于胆囊管后方的胆囊动脉。③对异位起源或走行异常的胆囊动脉未能识别,随意将其撕脱或切断导致出血。④LC时如遇胆囊三角组织致密,解剖困难时,变异的胆囊动脉更容易受到损伤。

预防LC术中变异胆囊动脉出血,我们认为应注意以下几点:①首先要从思想上要重视,认识到胆囊动脉起源、数目、走行等常有变异,术中有警惕、有准备。②解剖胆囊三角及其周围要细心、耐心,对于一些炎症较重、组织致密者,术中使用吸引器进行吸刮处理常有助于解剖,充分游离胆囊后三角也有助于暴露“三管”与胆囊血管,切忌盲目或随意切断任何可疑管道或组织。③在解剖胆囊三角时确认为供应胆囊血管后,靠近胆囊壁进行夹闭、切断,这样即使发生血管损伤出血,因常有一定长度的血管残端,出血一般容易控制。④处理好胆囊三角内的一支胆囊动脉后,仍不能掉以轻心,因为胆囊动脉呈多个分支常有出现,尤其是处理好较细的胆囊动脉后更应注意。⑤因胆囊管后方常有变异胆囊动脉,所以在剪断胆囊管时应与钛夹保持同一层面,仅剪断已夹住的组织,不要剪得过深,以免损伤深面的胆囊动脉。

LC术中发生变异胆囊动脉出血后,除应保持沉着冷静的心态外,处理时还应根据具体情况:①对于胆囊三角内的较小血管损伤,出血点可辨清者,可即时钳夹出血点,吸引器吸去积血,出血点电凝止血或用钛夹夹闭;②对于较粗胆囊动脉损伤,出血凶猛者,处理较为棘手,因出血常很快淹没术野,有时腹腔镜头亦常被喷血模糊,暴露很困难,无法辨清出血血管,我们的经验是如果即时无法明确夹住出血处,即用纱条或胆囊暂时压迫出血处10~20 min,然后吸去积血,移去压迫物,夹住出血点后钛夹夹闭;③对于三孔法LC必要时可增加穿刺孔以便暴露;④对于胆囊管旁走行的胆囊动脉出血,在注意避免损伤胆管的情况下,可与胆囊管一起用钛夹夹闭,亦可在稍作分离后分别夹闭;⑤对于来自内脏动脉的胆囊动脉,只要明确为变异胆囊动脉,可用钛夹夹闭;⑥对于出血汹涌,出血难以控制者,应果断中转开腹,以策安全。

1 许文景.腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的临床分析.中国实用医药,2011,6(12):70.

2 李 莉,黄子星,李真林,等. 胆囊动脉的解剖及CT血管重建. 中国普外基础与临床杂志,2012,19(7):787-789.

3 刘学停,孟翔凌,王敬民,等. 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉的解剖观察及临床意义.安徽医科大学学报,2010,45(4):575-576.

4 余同辉,黄峻松,黄奕江,等. 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的预防及处理.中国微创外科杂志,2012,12(12):1082-1084.

(修回日期:2014-04-10)

(责任编辑:李贺琼)

PreventionandManagementofHemorrhagefromAbnormalCysticArteryDuringLaparoscopicCholecystectomy

WangWeilan,WuWei,LvYongfeng,etal.

DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,ChangxingCountyPeople’sHospital,Changxing313100,China

WangWeilan,E-mail:wwl3602@163.com

ObjectiveTo explore the prevention and management of hemorrhage from abnormal cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).MethodsThe clinical data of 8016 patients who underwent LC from March 2001 to October 2013 in this hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Bleeding of abnormal cystic artery occurred in 21 cases. Electronic coagulation, titanium clipping, compression hemostasis, and conversion to laparotomy were used to control the hemorrhage.ResultsThe abnormal cystic artery was located in the Calot Triangle in 13 cases, of which two branches or double cystic arteries were found in 12 cases and three cystic arteries in 1 case. The abnormal cystic artery was located outside the Calot Triangle in 7 cases, of which adjacency to the rear part of the cystic duct was seen in 4 cases, adjacency to the front surface of the cystic duct in 1 case, originating from gastroduodenal artery in 1 case, and originating from abnormal right hepatic artery in 1 case. The cystic artery was located both in and outside the Calot Triangle in 1 case, with one branch at normal site and the other branch on the surface of the cystic duct. Bleeding was successfully controlled under laparoscope in 18 cases, while a conversion to laparotomy for hemostasis was carried out in 3 cases. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.8 days (range, 3-9 days). The 21 patients were followed up for 2-6 months with a mean of 3 months. No complications such as cystic duct injury, secondary hemorrhage, or intra-abdominal infection were found after operation.ConclusionsThe anatomical variations of cystic artery are not seldom seen. Careful separation, accurate judgment and management are the key to the prevention of hemorrhage during LC.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Cystic artery; Variation; Hemorrhage

R657.406

:A

:1009-6604(2014)06-0551-02

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2014.06.022

2014-01-23)

*通讯作者,E-mail:wwl3602@163.com

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