加速溶剂萃取技术在食品安全检测领域中的应用
2013-11-12付海滨闫超杰李修平徐宜宏
付海滨,闫超杰,李修平,张 敏,蒋 施,徐宜宏
(1.沈阳出入境检验检疫局,辽宁 沈阳 110016;2.锦州出入境检验检疫局,辽宁 锦州 121013;3.济宁出入境检验检疫局,山东 济宁 272100;4.沈阳农业大学 工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110866)
食品安全早已成为全世界所面临的一个迫切需要解决的问题,食品中有害化学物质残留,以及病原微生物污染问题,是困扰当前食品安全的重要因素之一.食品安全若要得到保障,必须依靠完善的食品质量监管体系,而精准高效的检验方法是其中不可缺少的重要组成部分.目前,世界各国都在积极制定相关法令政策,研发更为快速、准确、灵敏的检测方法.
在食品安全检测过程中,样品前处理通常是最关键和费时的一步.食品样品中目标化合物的浓度很低,有大量杂质和干扰物存在,因此只有在对目标化合物进行分离和富集后,才能用标准的分析测试方法进行检测.食品安全检测前处理中已报道的提取方法有[1]:索氏提取(SOX)、液-液萃取(LLE)、固相萃取(SPE)、微波辅助萃取(MAE)、超声辅助萃取(UE)等,但这些方法分别存在着明显的不足:提取时间长、萃取溶剂用量多、分析人员劳动强度大、回收率及精确度不高等.1995年Richter等[2]提出了一种全新的萃取方法——加速溶剂萃取法(Accelerated Solvent Extraction,ASE),为残留分析提供了省时、省溶剂、安全、自动化的萃取技术.
目前,国内外学者已经开展了ASE技术在食品安全检测中的运用等一系列研究.本文对加速溶剂萃取技术的基本原理及其在食品安全检测技术中的应用情况进行了综述,从而使分析工作者更加深入了解加速溶剂萃取技术在食品安全检测分析中的应用及前景.
1 加速溶剂萃取技术的基本原理及特点
加速溶剂萃取(ASE)是指在较高的温度(最高200℃)和压力(10.3Pa)下,用有机溶剂萃取固体或半固体的自动化过程.ASE的基本原理是在高温及加压条件下,增加物质溶解度和溶质扩散率,提高萃取的效率,大大减少溶剂用量,缩短提取时间.ASE萃取过程的主要影响因素是温度和压力,温度的增高能够打断溶剂与基质之间的作用力(范德华力、氢键等),使被溶物快速从基质中解析出来,溶剂体系温度升高时,被提取物的溶解度随之增大,降低了溶剂和样品基质之间的表面张力,使溶剂更好地进入样品基质,有利于被萃取物与溶剂的接触;而液体对溶质的溶解能力远远大于气体[3],升高压力使溶剂的沸点也相应增高,从而使溶剂在萃取的过程中始终保持液态.
加速溶剂萃取(ASE)是近年广泛应用的样品前处理技术,与传统的萃取方法相比,ASE 具有几项显著的优点:①萃取时间短,仅用12~20 min即可完成;②溶剂用量少,15~45mL溶剂用量;③萃取效率高,同时使用多元溶剂萃取;④安全,全自动地进行大量样品处理,减少了对操作者的毒害,同时ASE 萃取的整个操作处于密闭系统,减少溶剂挥发对环境的污染,和环境的相容性好.目前,该技术已经被美国国家环保局批准为EPA3545号标准方法.表1是几种传统的萃取方法与ASE方法的比较.
表1 传统萃取方法与ASE方法的比较Table 1 Compared of traditional extraction method and ASE method
2 加速溶剂萃取技术在食品安全检测领域的应用
2.1 食品中药物残留萃取
在食品安全检测领域,农、兽药残留是最受民生关注和检测机构日常开展的检验项目,食品中农、兽药种类复杂,不同种类的食品(如蔬菜、水果、肉类等)使用农药种类不同,一种食品还可能使用多种农药,因此,食品中农、兽药残留检测不仅要快速准确,而且还要实现多残留同时检测.目前,很多检验机构实验室已具备了先进的食品分析仪器,但在样品前处理阶段仍使用传统的人工操作方法.传统方法费时费力,往往检测回收率比较低.近年来ASE作为新出现的高效、快速、安全的前处理技术得到了食品安全检测人员的极大关注,该方法不但可以满足同时处理大量样品的需要,而且方法回收率较高、分析结果快速准确,同时相对标准偏差也在食品安全检测允许的范围内.表2为近年来主要报道的ASE 方法在农、兽药残留检测中的应用.
表2 ASE在农、兽药残留检测中的应用Table 2 Application of ASE in detection of pesticide and veterinary drug residue
2.2 食品中持久性有机污染致癌物质萃取
持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,简称POPs)指人类合成的能持久存在于环境中、通过生物食物链累积、并对人类健康造成有害影响的化学物质.它具备4种特性:高毒、持久、生物积累性、亲脂憎水性.而位于生物链顶端的人类,则把这些毒性放大到了7 万倍.近年来,以二噁英、多氯联苯、多环芳烃为代表的持久性有机污染致癌物质一直为世界各国政府和组织所关注.ASE方法因其快速高效在食品中持久性污染物残留检测中也得到了深入应用.表3为近年来报道的ASE 方法在持久性有机污染物残留检测中的应用.
表3 ASE方法在持久性有机污染物残留检测中的应用及参考文献Table 3 Application of ASE method in detection of persistent organic pollutants residue and references
2.3 其他种类污染物残留萃取
加速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术因其具有提取效率高,操作简单快捷的特点,目前也广泛应用于食品中无机污染物、防腐剂等其他种类污染物残留检测的前处理实验中.实验证明,与传统的萃取方法相比,加速溶剂萃取法在回收率和提取率等方面确实有很大的优越性,鉴于报道文献较多,表4仅列举几类近年来报道的ASE 方法在其他种类污染物残留检测中的应用.
表4 ASE方法在其他种类污染物残留检测中的应用及参考文献Table 4 Application of ASE method in detection of other types of pollutants residue and references
3 结 语
迄今为止,加速溶剂萃取技术已在农业、环境、药物、化工等方面得到了广泛的应用,在食品安全检测领域加速溶剂萃取技术主要被用来萃取食品中的有毒有害物质.加速溶剂萃取技术是一种新的利用高温高压进行提取的技术,在样品处理中具有自动化、省时省溶剂、安全等特点,同时也可以满足食品检测需处理大量样品的要求,适用于多种样品中多种分析物的提取和富集,相信加速溶剂萃取技术在食品安全检测领域具有广阔的研究和应用前景.
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